Social Science

Lesson Plan
Grade – VII
Term – 1

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 Index

Sr. No. Subject Chapter

1 Environment

2 Inside Our Earth

3 Geography Our Changing Earth

4 Air

5 Water

1 Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years

2 History New Kings and Kingdoms

3 The Delhi Sultans

4 The Mughal Empire

5 Rulers and Buildings

1 On Equality

2 Role of the Government in Health

3 Civics How the State Government Works

4 Growing up as boys and girls

5 Women Can Change The World

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Date Chapter – 1 Class
Day Environment Work

Previous Knowledge:
1. Living things: things that are now or once were alive. It must grow and develop. Ex.-
animals, birds, human beings etc.
2. Non-living things: anything that was never alive, never reproduce. Ex.- air, water,
mountains, soil, etc.
3. Atmosphere: the layers of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial bodies. Ex.- ozone
and others layer
4. Biosphere: the biosphere consists of three components:
(1) lithosphere, (2) atmosphere, and (3)hydrosphere.

Key Terms:
1. Environment- Anything that surrounds any living organism is called environment.
2. Lithosphere-It is the solid, outer part of the earth consisting of the crust.
3. Hydrosphere- It is the part of the earth that contains water.
4. Atmosphere-The layer of air that surrounds the Earth.
5. Barter system- It is a trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of money.
Mind Maps:

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Answer the following questions:
1. What is an ecosystem?
Answer: The system in which all living organisms interact with each other and with the
physical and chemical factors of the environment in which they live, is called an
ecosystem.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you mean by natural environment?
Answer: The environment that comprises of all objects created by nature is called natural
environment. It includes land, air, water, plants and animals.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which are the major components of the environment?
Answer: The major components of the environment are:
(i) Natural environment (consists of all objects created by nature)
(ii) (ii)Human environment (consists of human population)
(iii) Human-made environment (consists of objects created by human beings).
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Give four examples of a human-made environment.
Answer: Four examples of the human-made environment are buildings, parks, industries
and roads.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is lithosphere?
Answer: The solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth is called the lithosphere. It is
made up of rocks and minerals and is covered by a thin layer of soil. It is an irregular
surface with various landforms like mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, etc.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Which are the two major components of the biotic environment?
Answer: Two major components of the biotic environment are plants and animals.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is biosphere?
Answer: Biosphere is the narrow zone of earth where land, water and air interact with
each other to support life. The plant and animal kingdom together make the biosphere.

______________________________________________________________________
1. Give reasons.
(i) Man modifies his environment
(ii) Plants and animals depend on each other.
Answer:
(i) Man modifies his environment to fulfill his needs and make his life comfortable. For
example, he builds houses to live and escape cold weather, hot weather and rains. He
builds industries to produce goods. So he modifies his environment to adapt to the
natural surroundings.
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 (ii) Plants and animals depend on each other for their sustainability. For example, plants
are the producers and animals are the consumers. The plants also produce oxygen
through the process of photosynthesis which is inhaled by humans and animals. On
the other hand, humans and animals give out carbon dioxide gas through their
respiration which is used by the plants in producing their own food.

______________________________________________________________________

Activity: Workbook activity to be completed (Pg. no. 98)

Class Test M.M. 10

1. _________ is the solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth. 1
2. Thin layer of air that surrounds the earth is called _________. 1
3. The world of _______ organisms e.g. plants and animals are called biotic. 1
4. __________ is not a natural ecosystem. 1
5. What do you mean by natural environment? 2
6. What do you mean by manmade environment? Give two examples. 2
7. Define the following- (a) Biosphere (b) Lithosphere 2

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 Date Chapter – 2 Class
Day Inside Our Earth Work

Previous knowledge-
The earth our homeland is a dynamic planet. It is the only celestial body that has life on
which 29% of the earth surface is land and 71% is water. It is a solid ball with a radius of
6371km. It is not absolute spherical in shape. It is constantly undergoing changes inside and
outside.

Key Terms-
1. Mineral- A naturally occurring substance.
2. Magma – The molten rock material in the lower mantle.
3. Rocks- Natural masses of one or more minerals matter occur in nature.
4. Fossils- The remains of the dead plants and animals trapped in the layers of rocks are
called fossils.
5. Core- Innermost layer of the earth.
6. Sediments- These are small fragments of rocks.

Mind Maps-

Answer the following questions-

1. What are the three layers of the earth?
Answer: The three layers of earth are:
(i) Crust (ii) Mantle (iii) Core

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2. What is a rock?
Answer: Any natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth’s crust is called a
rock.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Name three types of rocks.
Answer: The three types of rocks are:
(i) Igneous Rocks (ii) Sedimentary Rocks (iii) Metamorphic Rocks

4. How are extrusive and intrusive rocks formed?

Answer: Extrusive rocks are formed by the molten lava which comes out of volcanoes,
reaches the earth’s surface and cools down rapidly to become a solid piece of rock. For
example, basalt. When the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust, the
solid rocks so formed are called intrusive rocks. For example, granite.
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What do you mean by a rock cycle?
Answer: The process of transformation of rocks from one type to another, under specific
conditions and in a cyclic manner, is called a rock cycle. For example, when the molten
magma cools; it solidifies to become igneous rock. These igneous rocks are broken down
into small particles that are transported and deposited to form sedimentary rocks. When
the igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to heat and pressure they change into
metamorphic rocks.

________________________________________________________________________________________
6. What are the uses of rocks?
Answer: Various uses of rocks are:
 Hard rocks are used in the construction of roads, houses and building
 Shiny and precious rocks are used for making jewellery
 Small stones are used by children in different types of games. For example, seven stones
(pitthoo), hopscotch (stapu/kit kit), five stones (gitti).
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What are metamorphic rocks?
Answer: The type of rocks formed when igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to
heat and pressure are called metamorphic rocks

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4. Give reasons.
(i) We cannot go to the center of the earth.
Answer: To reach the center of the earth one will have to dig a hole 6000 km. deep on the
ocean floor which is an impossible task. Therefore, we cannot go to the center of the
earth. Moreover, the temperature and pressure at the center of the earth are too high to
bear.
________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments.
Answer: Rocks break down into small fragments known as sediments. These sediments
are transported and deposited by wind, water, etc. These loose sediments tend to
compress and harden over time to form layers of rocks known as sedimentary rocks.
________________________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Limestone is changed into marble.
Answer: Igneous and sedimentary rocks change into metamorphic rocks under heat and
pressure. Now, limestone is a type of sedimentary rock that under heat and pressure
changes into marble which is a metamorphic rock.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity-
Work book activity to be completed (Pg. no. 106)

Class Test M.M- 10

Answer the following questions.

1. The outermost layer of the earth’s surface is called _________. 1

2. The earth’s crust is made up of various types of_________. 1
3. The oceanic crust is known as _________. 1
4. What do mean by rocks and what are the different types of rocks? 2
5. Limestone changes in marble. Give reason 2
6. Explain rock cycle with the help of diagram. 3

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Date Chapter – 3 Class
Day Our Changing Earth Work

Previous Knowledge-
The earth is active planet. Changes and movements are taking place all the time inside the
earth. The landforms that we see today have been modified gradually. Changes on earth have
been taking place ever since the earth came into existence, and they are going on even today.

Key Terms-
1. Weathering- The breaking down of rocks, not involving transport of the broken
fragments.
2. Erosion- The combined action of transportation and breaking down of rocks.
3. Richter scale- A numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake.
4. Meander- A loop made by a river in its lower course.
5. Epicentre- The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus.
6. Loess- A plain formed by wind deposition of fine sand particles.
7. Moraine- A deposit of rock debris left by a glacier.
Flow Chart- Evolution of Landforms

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 MUSHROOM ROCKS
Mind Map-

SAND DUNES

SEA
LOESS
CAVES

SEA CLIFF
SEA ARCH
OX BOW
LAKE SEA BEACHES
MEANDER WATERFALL

DELTA RIVER SEA WAVES WINDS

PLAINS

DIFFERENT TYPES OF
LANDFORMS

Answer the following questions-

1. Why do the plates move?
Answer: The movement of molten magma inside the earth causes the plates to move.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are exogenic and endogenic forces?
Answer: Exogenic forces: The forces that work on the surface of the earth are called as
exogenic forces.Endogenic forces: The forces that act in the interior of the earth are
called as endogenic forces.
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is erosion?
Answer: The wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind, ice, etc.
is called erosion.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. How are flood plains formed?
Answer: When a river overflows its banks, it results in the flooding of the nearby areas.
When it floods, it deposits layers of fine soil and other material called sediments along its
banks. This leads to the formation of a flat fertile plains named as floodplains.
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5. What are sand dunes?
Answer: In deserts, the fast-moving winds lift and transport sand from one place to
another. When the wind stops blowing, the sand falls and gets deposited in the low hill-
like structures. These structures are known as sand dunes.
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. How are beaches formed?
Answer: The sea waves deposit sediments along the seashores. This leads to the
formation of beaches.
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What are the ox-bow lakes?
Answer: As the river enters the plain it twists and turns forming large bends known as
meanders. Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the
ends of the meander loop come
closer and closer. Eventually, the meander loop cuts off from the river and forms a cut-
off lake, known as the ox-bow lakes.

________________________________________________________________________________________
Give reasons.
1. Some rocks have the shape of a mushroom.
Answer: Some rocks have a shape of a mushroom because, in desserts, wind erodes the
lower section of rock more than the upper section. Due to this, the lower part of the rock
becomes narrow and the upper part becomes wide, giving it the shape of a mushroom.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Flood plains are very fertile.
Answer: When river water overflows, it results in the flooding of the neighbouring areas.
This deposit a layer of fine soil and other sediments on the river banks, which leads to the
formation of fertile flood plains.
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Sea caves are turned into stacks.
Answer: The sea waves strike at the rocks and form the cracks in the rocks. These cracks
become bigger over time forming the hollow caves on the rocks. They are called sea
caves. Further erosion by the waves breaks the roof, leaving only the walls. These wall-
like features are called stacks. Thus, through continuous erosion, sea caves are turned
into stacks.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Buildings collapse due to earthquakes.
Answer: During an earthquake, vibrations are produced within the earth’s surface as a
result of the movement of the Lithospheric plates. When these vibrations travel outwards
from the epicentre as waves, this leads to a sudden movement of the Earth's surface
which results in the collapse of buildings.
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Activity-
Activity to be done in workbook (pg. no. 114)

Class Test MM:10

1. What is erosion and deposition? 2

2. What are Ox Bow Lakes? 2

3. Flood plains are very fertile. Give reason. 2

4. Define lithospheric plates. 2

5. What should we do to stay safe during an earthquake? 2

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 Date Chapter – 4 Class
Day Air Work

Previous knowledge
Our atmosphere is surrounded by a huge blanket of air called atmosphere. Atmosphere
provides us the air we breathe in. We can feel the presence of air but cannot see the air
around us. Air is not a substance but is a mixture.
Key Terms:
1. Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body.
2. Ozone layer: A thin part of the Earth’s atmosphere almost all of the sun’s harmful
ultraviolet light.
3. Smog: Combination of smoke and fog.
4. Stratosphere: Above troposphere it is cold but clean layer of air.
5. Loo: Hot and dry winds that blows over the plains.
6. Evaporation: Change of liquid state of water into water vapour.
7. Rain gauge: An instrument used for measuring rain.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the atmosphere?
Answer: The blanket of air surrounding the earth is called the atmosphere. It primarily
comprises of nitrogen and oxygen in bulk and other gases like carbon dioxide, helium,
ozone in less quantity. All living beings on earth depend on the atmosphere for their
survival.

________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which two gases make the bulk of the atmosphere?
Answer: The two gases that make the bulk of the atmosphere are:
a. Oxygen (21%) b. Nitrogen (78%)
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which gas creates a greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?
Answer: Carbon dioxide is the gas that creates the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the weather?
Answer: The hour to hour or the day to day condition of the atmosphere is called
weather. Weather can change dramatically change from day-to-day. It may be classified
as hot, dry, cold or wet.
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Name three types of rainfall?
Answer: The three types of rainfall are as follows:
a. Convectional rainfall b. Orographic rainfall c. Cyclonic rainfall
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6. What is air pressure?
Answer: Air pressure is defined as the pressure exerted by the weight of air on the
earth’s surface. The air pressure decreases as height increases and is the highest at the
sea level.

________________________________________________________________________________________
Give reasons.
1. Wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day?
Answer: Wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day because the amount of water
in the air is more on a humid day than on a sunny day due to which the rate of
evaporation decreases and air soaks in less water from the clothes.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Amount of insulation decreases from the equator towards poles?
Answer: Amount of insulation decreases from the equator toward poles because sun rays
fall vertically on the equator and slanting on the poles.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity Time
Do the activity give in chapter 4 ‘Air’ workbook? Make small video describing weather
report.
Class Test

1. Which is the most plentiful gas in the atmosphere? (1)

2. Which layer of the atmosphere helps in radio transmission? (1)
3. Give difference between climate and weather. (2)
4. Describe in brief the composition of the atmosphere. (3)
5. What is precipitation? What are its different forms? (3)

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 Date Chapter – 5 Class
Day Water Work

Previous Knowledge
Water is essential for life. The earth has this necessary ingredient of life in the form of the
hydrosphere. On earth water exists in three states- solid, liquid and gaseous.

Key Terms-

1. Evaporation- The process by which a liquid changes into a gas.

2. Humidity- The amount of water vapour present in the atmosphere.
3. Precipitation- The falling of condensed water vapour, as water droplets or ice crystals,
onto the earth’s surface.
4. Condensation- The process by which a gas or water vapour changes into a liquid.
5. Waves- The water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternately they are called
waves.
6. Tides- The rise and fall in the level of sea water.

Mind Map-

Answer the following questions-

1. What is precipitation?
Answer: Precipitation means anything falling from the sky which include rain, snow,
hail etc. on the surface of the earth when they become too heavy and unable to float in
the air.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the water cycle?
Answer The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between
oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.

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 3. What are the factors affecting the height of the waves?
Answer Factors affecting the height of the waves:
(i) Speed of the wind
(ii) Duration of wind
(iii) Distance the wind blows over water
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Which factors affect the movement of ocean water?
Answer Factors affecting the movement of ocean water:
(i) Temperature
(ii) Earthquake or volcanic eruption
(iii) The gravitational pull of the sun and the moon
(iv) Underwater landslides
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What are tides and how are they caused?
Answer The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day are called a tide.
The strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the surface of the earth
cause the tides.
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. What are ocean currents?
Answer Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in
definite directions.

Give reasons-
1. Ocean water is salty.
2. The quality of water is deteriorating.
Answer
1. Ocean water is salty because it contains a large number of dissolved salts. Most of the
salt is sodium chloride or the common table salt that we eat.
2. The quality of water is deteriorating because we get it from polluted water sources. These
water bodies are getting polluted due to dumping of untreated wastes, sewage, pesticides,
toxic decayed materials into it.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity: Activity to be done in workbook page no. 131

Class Test
1. What is precipitation?
2. What are ocean currents?
3. What are tides and how are they caused?
4. The quality of water is deteriorating. Give reasons for your answer.
5. What are tides and how are they caused? Explain with the help of suitable diagram.

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Date Chapter – 1 Class
Day Tracing Changes Through a Thousand Years Work

Previous Knowledge:
 Manuscripts: A very old book or document that was written by hand.
 Inscriptions: Writings on hard surfaces such as stones or metal.
 Archaeology: The study of the past, based on objects or parts of buildings that are found
in the ground.
 Archaeologist: A person who studies human history and prehistory through the
excavation of sites and the analysis of artefacts and other phartifactsmains.

Key Terms:
1. Cartographer- A person who makes maps.
2. Archive- A place where documents and manuscripts are stored.
3. Habitat- The environment of a region and the social and economic lifestyle of its
residents.
4. Patrons- An influential, wealthy influence supports another person- An artist,
acraftsperson, a learned man, or a noble.

Answer the following questions:

1. Who was considered a “foreigner” in the past?
Answer: In the past a foreigner was someone who was not part of a certain society or
culture. A city dweller, might have regarded a forest dweller as a foreigner.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. List some of the technological changes associated with this period.
Answer: Some of the technological changes associated with this period are − the Persian
wheel, the spinning wheel and firearms in combat.
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the difficulties historians face in using manuscripts?
Answer: While using manuscripts, historians face several difficulties. Manuscripts were
written with hand and as a result there were small but significant difference between any
two copies. The scribes who copied them introduced changes. As a result, historians have
to read different manuscript versions of the same text to guess what the authors had
originally written.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. How do historians divide the past into periods? Do they face any problems in doing
so?

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 Answer: Historians divide the past into periods based on the economic and social factors
which characterize them.
In doing so they are faced with two problems-
1. Economic and social changes keep taking place hence definite boundaries cannot
be drawn.
2. These periods are compared with modernity. Modernity gives a sense of progress.
This implies that there was no progress before, which is not true.
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What were some of the major religious developments during this period?
Answer: Major religious developments of this period are the inclusion of new deities in
Hinduism, emergence of bhakti and the introduction of Islam.
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. In what ways has the meaning of the term “Hindustan” changed over the centuries?
Answer: Over the centuries there has been a vast change in the meaning of the term
“Hindustan”. Today it is understood as India, the modern nation state. In the thirteenth
century the term stood for the lands under the Delhi Sultanate. Babur used the term to
describe the geography, culture and fauna of the subcontinent.
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. How were the affairs of Jatis regulated?
Answer: The affairs of the Jatis were regulated by an assembly of elders, known in some
areas as the Jatis Panchayat.
________________________________________________________________________________________
8. What does the term pan-regional empire mean?
Answer: The term pan-regional empire is applied to an empire that stretches over, many
regions. The Mughal Empire is a good example of such an empire.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity

Workbook Activity to be completed (Page no. – 9)

Class Test M.M. 10

Fill in the blanks:

1. A ____________ makes a map. 1
2. _____________ used the term ‘Hindustan' for the first time in the thirteenth century. 1
3. ___________ were the people who copied manuscripts by hand. 1
4. ___________ are places where manuscripts are kept. 1

Answers the following questions:

5. Who was considered a foreigner in the past? 2

6. What does the term pan- regional empire mean? 2
7. What is the meaning of the term Hindustan? 2
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Date Chapter – 2 Class
Day New Kings and Kingdoms Work

Previous Knowledge-
Ancient Indian society was a master piece, ruled by many great rulers who came up with
genius ideas to rule and administer the country. India was a land of legends who protected
and nurtured India. Some kingdoms were prosperous and wealthy, whereas some fell due to
their political instability.

Key Terms-
6. Dynasty- A dynasty is the succession of rulers from one generation to other.
7. Samantas- The warrior chiefs who were the king’s advisors or also acknowledged as the
king’s subordinates.
8. Sultan- An Arabic term meaning ruler.
9. Ur- The settlement for peasants.
10.Nadu- Groups of ‘Ur’.

2. Who were the parties involved in the “tripartite struggle”?

Answer: The city of Kanauj situated in the Ganga valley was known for its richness. So,
all the three important dynasties of Gurjara- Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas and Palas wanted to
gain control over it. So, the struggle between these three kingdoms was known as the
Tripartite struggle. This conflict continued for a long time and finally it was the
Pratiharas who gained control over Kanauj.

________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What were the qualifications necessary to become a member of a committee of the
Sabha in the Chola Empire?
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 Answer: To become a member of a committee of the Sabha in the Chola Empire, the
following qualifications were necessary:
 The members should be owners of land from which land revenue is collected.
 They should have their own homes.
 They should be between 35 and 70 years of age.
 They should have knowledge of the Vedas.
 They should be well-versed in administrative matters and should be honest.
 They should not be members of any other committee in the last three years.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What were the two major cities under the control of the Chahamanas?
Answer: Chahamanas were later known as Chauhans. One of the most important rulers of
this dynasty was Prithviraj Chauhan who defeated Mohammed Ghori in the First Battle
of Tarain in 1191 A.D. The two major cities in control of the Chahamanas were Delhi
and Ajmer.
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. How did the Rashtrakutas become powerful?
Answer: In the mid-eighth century, Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew his
Chalukya overlord and performed the Hiranya-garbha (literally the golden-womb). When
the ritual was performed with the help of Brahmanas, it was thought to lead to the rebirth
of the sacrifice as a Kshatriya, even if he was not one by birth. Thereafter, they fought
with Gurjara-Pratihara and Pala dynasties and became powerful.
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. What did the new dynasties do to gain acceptance?
Answer: To gain acceptance, the following measures were adopted by the new dynasties:
Many of the new kings adopted high sounding titles like Maharaja-Adhiraja and
Tribhuvana, Chakravartin etc.
• They got independence from their overlords.
• They performed rituals to declare themselves as Kshatriyas with help of Brahmans.
• They built large temples to store their wealth and used the temples in wars.
• They fought many wars to become independent.
• They gained access to land and trade routes by waging wars
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What kind of irrigation works were developed in the Tamil region?
Answer: The irrigation works developed in the Tamil region were:
• Water channels from the river Kaveri were used for agriculture.
• Tanks were built to utilise river and rainwater for irrigation.
• Dams and tanks were provided with sluices to regulate the flow of water.
• Embankments were created in the delta region to prevent flooding.
• Digging of wells for water storage.
• Canals were built for water distribution.
________________________________________________________________________________________
8. What were the activities associated with Chola temples?
Answer: A Chola temple was not only a place of worship but also the hub of economic,
social and cultural life. Chola temples were centres of craft production. Temples were
also endowed with land by rulers as well as by others.
The produce of the land went to maintain all the specialists who worked at the temple and
others who lived nearby – priests, garland-makers, musicians, dancers, etc.

20
Activity-
Work book activity to be completed (Pg. no. 17)

Class Test M.M- 10

1. What were prashastis? 2

2. Why did the rulers want to control Kannauj? 2
3. What were the parties involved in the “Tripartite Struggle”? 2
4. How did the Rashrakutas become powerful? 2
5. Write any two qualifications necessary to become a member of a committee
of the Sabha in the Chola Empire. 2

21
 Date Chapter – 3 Class
Day The Delhi Sultans Work

Previous knowledge
Muslim rule in India was established by Mohammad Ghori in 12th century. During his
conquest on Indian Subcontinent he was helped by his general who ruled over India. This is
regarded as Starting of Sultanate Period.

Key Terms-
1. Iqta- The Khalji and Tughluq monarchs appointed military commanders as governors of
territories of varying sizes. These lands were known as Iqtas.
2. Garrison- It refers to a body of troops which used to be stationed at a particular location.
3. Kharaj- Taxes on agriculture.
4. Doab- A land between two rivers.
Mind Map-

22
Answers the following questions:
1. Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?
Answer. Ananga Pala from the Tomara dynasty of Rajputs first established his capital
at Delhi
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultan?
Answer. The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Persian.
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. In whose reign did the Sultanate reach its farthest extent?
Answer: The Sultanate reached its farthest extent during the reign of Muhammad
Tughluq.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. From which country did Ibn Battuta travel to India?
Answer: Ibn Battuta travelled to India from Morocco.
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is meant by the “internal” and “external” frontiers of the Sultanate?
Answer: ‘Internal’ frontiers of the sultanate refer to the ‘hinterland’ of the garrison
towns. The ‘external’ frontiers, on the other hand, refer to the areas beyond the
hinterland of the garrison towns that included the unconquered territories
especially in the southern parts of India.
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. According to the “circle of justice”, why was it important for military commanders
to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind?
Answer: According to the “circle of justice”, it was important for military commanders
to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind because the salaries of the military
commanders came from the revenue collected from peasants. But the peasants
could pay their revenue only when they were prosperous and happy. Therefore,
it was imperative for military commanders to safeguard the interests of the
peasantry
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Do you think the authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of
ordinary men and women?
Answer: No, the authors of tawarikh would not provide information about the lives of
ordinary men and women because they lived in cities and were not in touch of
the people living in villages. They mainly wrote in expectation of rewards by the
sultan. They had nothing to do with common people.
________________________________________________________________________________________
8. What was the impact of the Mongol invasions on the Delhi Sultanate?
Answer: The impact of the Mongol invasions on the Delhi Sultanate
 They had to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi that posed a big administrative
challenge.
 They had to build new garrison towns for the soldiers.
 They collected produce as tax from lands between the Ganga and Yamuna to feed
their soldiers.
 The soldiers also had to be paid cash that again put strain on the treasury.
 Result of all these protective measures was the weakening of the Delhi Sultanate
________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What were the steps taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties? Why do
you think they may have wanted to defy the orders of the Sultans?
23
 Answer: In order to ensure that the muqtis performed their duties, their office was made
non inheritable. They were assigned iqtas for a short period of time and were transferred
frequently. The muqtis may have wanted to defy the orders of the Sultans because they
did not like the conditions of service that were severely imposed on them.
________________________________________________________________________________________
10.Why were the Delhi Sultans interested in cutting down forests? Does deforestation
occur for the same reasons today?
Answer: The Delhi Sultans were interested in cutting down the forests because they
wanted to give the cleared lands to peasants in order to encourage agriculture. No,
deforestation does not occur for the same reasons today. In fact, today the vegetation-
cover is being cleared for the housing of ever-increasing population, urbanisation and
industrialisation.
________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Raziyya Sultan was unique in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Do you think
women leaders are accepted more readily today?
Answer: Yes, the women leaders are accepted more readily today. Actually, due to the
spread of education, now people have started realising the potential of women. Not only
in cities, but also in villages, women are being elected as Sarpanch and Councillors.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity
Workbook activity to be completed (Pg. no. 25)

Class Test MM.10

1. Name the five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate. (2)

2. Why is the Slave Dynasty called so? (2)
3. Write a short note on Iqta system. (2)
4. Who was the last ruler of Sultanate period? (1)
5. Who was the only woman monarch of Delhi? (1)
6. What is the name dynasty established by Qutb al-Din Aibak? (1)
7. Who shifted his capital to Daulatabad? (1)

24
 Date Chapter – 4 Class
Work
Day The Mughal Empire

Previous knowledge
Mughal history in India spans from 1526 CE to 1857 CE. The Mughal Period of India is
perhaps, its Golden Era. With a firm foundation for its administration, the Mughals were able
to establish a solid economy and flourishing trade.

Key Words-
1. Mansab - means a rank or position which was used by the Mughals to fix rank and
military responsibility.
2. Mansabdars - holder of Mansab known as Mansabdar’s.
3. Jagirs –Mansabdars received their salaries assignments of land called Jagirs.
4. Sulh-I-Kul - peace and harmony.
5. Mir Bakshi - minister in charge of military administration.
6. Suba - provinces
7. Imperial -pertaining to Emperor
8. Bigots - religious scholar who emphasized rituals and dogma.
9. Farman - order of an Emperor
10. Zat - numerical value to determine rank of salary of Mansabdars.

Mind Map-

25
Questions and Answers-
1. What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals?
Answer: Panipat, Lahore, Delhi, Agra, Mathura, Amber, Ajmer, Fatehpur Sikri, Chittor,
Ranthambhore and Allahabad.

________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What were the relationships between the mansabdar’s and the jagir?
Answer: Relationship between the Mansabdars and the jagirs
a. A jagirs was a revenue assignment for the Mansabdars.
b. Mansabdars received their salary as revenue assignments of lands called jagirs.
c. Mansabdars had a right to collect the revenue from their jagirs.
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What was the role of the zamindar in Mughal administration?
Answer: Role of the zamindar in the Mughal administration was as follows:
a. Zamindars were intermediaries between the king and peasants.
b. Local headmen of the villages, powerful chieftains were the zamindars.
c. Peasants paid taxes through zamindars.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. How were the debates with religious scholars important in the formation of Akbar’s
ideas on governance?
Answer: The debates with religious scholars important in the formation of Akbar’s idea
on governance:
a. Their teachings created divisions and disharmony amongst his subject.
b. This finally led Akbar to the idea of Sulh-i Kul or universal peace.
c. Finally, Akbar, with the help of Abul Fazl, formed a vision of governance around the
idea of Sulh-iKul.
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why did the Mughals emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?
Answer: The Mughals emphasized on their Timurid and not their Mongol descent
because Genghiz Khan’s memory was associated with the massacre of innumerable
people. On the other hand, the Mughals were proud of their Timurid ancestry, because it
achieved good name in the history.
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. How important was the income from land revenue to the stability of the Mughal
Empire?
Answer: The income from land revenue was very important for the stability of the
Mughals empire because of the following reasons:
a. Land revenue was the backbone of the Mughal Empire.
b. Without land revenue nothing could be done.
c. The king could not pay the salary of his soldiers. Neither could he do any welfare.

26
7. Why was it important for the Mughals to recruit Mansabdars from diverse
backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis?
Answer: This had the following two important reasons:
a. Mughals did not want Turanis and Iranis to come together and rebel against the
emperor.
b. Mughals also wanted to incorporate the subcontinental people.
________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural
units. Does this pose a challenge to national integration?
Answer: No. This does not pose any challenge to national integration.
a. Unity in diversity is the special feature of India.
b. Indians may belong to different regions, cultures, castes and creed. But this does not
mean that they are different people.
c. They are one and are proud of being born in India.
________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Peasants were vital for economy of the Mughal Empire. Do you think that they are
as important today? Has the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in
India changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals?
Answer: Peasants are as important today as they were during the Mughal Empire.
a. They cultivate land and grow crops without which we cannot survive.
b. They pay land revenue to the government which is used in various development work.
c. We cannot think of a sound economy without them.
d. They are the backbone of the country.
________________________________________________________________________________________
10.The Mughal Empire left its impact on the different regions of the subcontinent in a
variety of ways. Find out if it had any impact in the city, village or region in which
you live.
Answer: Yes, the Mughals Empire left its impact on our lives:
a. The Empire changed the face of the city.
b. We see the Red Fort, Chandni Chowk, Jama Masjid, Humayun’s tomb, the Mughal
garden etc. in the city.
c. These were the contributions of the Mughal emperors who made the city so rich and
colourful.
________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity
Do the activity of chapter ‘The Mughal Empire’ in workbook?
Class Test

1. Who were mansabs? (2)

2. Who was Todar Mal? (2)
3. What was the way of succession among the Mughal rulers? (2)
4. What was the role of zamindar in Mughal administration? (3)
5. Who was the founder of Mughal Empire? (1)

27
Date Chapter – 5 Class
Day Rulers and Buildings Work

Previous Knowledge
Architectural monuments symbolize power and prosperity. During medieval period rulers in
different parts of India built a verity of monuments to demonstrate their power. These
buildings give us an idea of the beauty and variety of medieval Indian architecture.

Key Terms-
1. Garbha Griha-The inner most chamber in a temple, where main idol is kept.
2. Dome- A rounded arched roof.
3. Pietra dura- Inlay work with semi precious stones.
4. Chahar Bagh- It is four gardens because of their symmetrical division into quarters.

Mind Map-

28
Answer the following Questions-

1. How is the ‘trabeate’ principle of architecture different from the arcuate?

Answer: Trabeate principle of architecture is different from the arcuate principle in the
following way:
In the trabeate principle, a horizontal beam is placed across two vertical columns and
roofs, doors and windows are made.
In the arcuate principle, the bricks are joined in an arch shape on a wooden plank, put on
two vertical columns, doors, windows, and roofs, and are made arch-shaped. The weight
of the doors and windows is carried by arches. The keystone of the arch transfers the
weight on the bases of the arch.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is a shikhara?
Answer: A shikhara is the topmost pointed portion of a temple.
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is pietra dura?
Answer: Pietra-dura is the inlays (a series of pictures) that depicted the legendary Greek
god Orpheus playing the flute.

________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the elements of a Mughal Chahar bagh garden?
Answer: Mughal Chahar bagh consists of four gardens. These gardens are placed within
rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels.

________________________________________________________________________________________
5. How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?
Answer: The temples communicated the importance of a king in the following manner:
a) Name of the temples and the king were almost similar
Examples: King: Rajarajadeva.
Temple: Rajarajeshvara.
God: Rajarajeshvaram
b) The main Gods were identical in name with the kings.
c) Lesser deities were gods and goddesses of the allies and subordinates of the ruler.
d) Temple was the miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.

29
 ________________________________________________________________________________________
6. An inscription in Shah Jahan’s diwan-i khas in Delhi stated, “If there is Paradise on Earth
it is here, it is here, it is here”. How was this image created?
Answer: Shah Jahan’s diwan-i khas was designed in such a way that it fused together in a
grand harmonious synthesis. It was carefully planned. It was placed within a large
courtyard. Behind the emperor’s throne there were a series of pietra-dura inlays. It
depicted the legendery god Orpheus playing the lute. The diwan-e khas was aimed to
communicate that the king’s justice would treat the high and the low as equals, creating a
world where all could live together in harmony. The diwan-i khas reflected the image of
a paradise in itself.
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. How did the Mughal court suggest that everyone—the rich and the poor, the powerful
and the weak—received justice equally from the emperor?
Answer: The Diwan-i aam of the Mughal court suggested that justice was made for all in
an equal way. The construction of audience hall was designed to communicate that the
king’s justice was equal for the high and the low. Its aim was to create a world where all
could live together in harmony.
________________________________________________________________________________________
8. What role did the Yamuna play in the layout of the new Mughal city at Shahjahanabad?
Answer: The Yamuna played the following role in the layout of the new Mughal city at
Shahjahanabad.
a) The palace was commanded by the riverfront.
b) Only the specially favoured nobles like Dara Shukoh were given access to the river.
c) All others had to construct their houses far away from the river Yamuna.

________________________________________________________________________________________
9. The rich and powerful construct large houses today. In what ways were the constructions
of kings and their courtiers different in the past?
Answer: The constructions of kings and their courtiers were different in the past in the
following ways:
a) Safety and security was a major consideration.
b) Diwan-i am was constructed for the general public.
c) The constructions were carried out on uplands and surrounded by water bodies.

30
Activity Visit any temple and mosque of Medieval period, identify the characteristic features
that you have learnt about in this chapter. Make a collage of the pictures of each.

Class Test

1. List any five historical sites of Delhi. (2)

2. What is meant by trabeate style of architecture? (2)
3. What is chahar bagh? Name one monument situated in chahar bagh. (2)
4. Who built Khajuraho temples? (1)
5. Who built Humayun’s tomb? (1)
6. Which Temple had the tallest shikhara amongst temples of its time? (1)
7. Name the sultans associated with Qutub Minar. (1)

31
 Date Chapter – 1 Class
Work
Day On Equality

Previous knowledge:
A Constitution is necessary because of the following reasons:
1. It is an important law of the land.
2. It determines the relationship of the citizens with the governments.
3. It lays down principles and guidelines which are required for people belonging to
different ethnic and religious groups to live in harmony.

Key Terms-
1. Universal adult franchise- It means that all adults (age of 18 or above) citizens have the
right to vote irrespective of their social or economic backgrounds.
2. Dignity- This refers to thinking of oneself and other persons as worthy of respect.
3. Constitution- A document that lays down the basic rules and regulations for people and
the government in the country to follow.
4. Civil Rights Movement- A movement that began in USA in 1950’s in which African-
American people demanded equal rights and an end to racial discrimination.

Answer the following.

1. In a democracy, why is a universal adult franchise important?
Answer. In a democracy, a universal adult franchise is important, as it is based on the
idea of equality. It assures that all every adult in a country has one vote irrespective of
his/her socioeconomic backgrounds.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which the article address
inequality?
Answer. Article 15 addresses inequality in the following two ways:
(i) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race,
caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
(ii) No citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of
them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to:
(a) Access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or
(b) The use of wells, tanks, bathing Ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained
wholly or partly out of state funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. In what ways was Omprakash Valmiki’s experience similar to that of the Ansari?
Answer. Omprakash Valmiki's experience was similar to the Ansaris in the following
ways:
32
 (a) Both of them were discriminated against because of their birth, which is prohibited
under Article 15.
(b) Both of them had to suffer unequal treatment because they belonged to a different
caste and religion.
(a) Both of them were not given an equal opportunity.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. What do you understand by the term “all person is equal before the law”? Why do
you think it is important in a democracy?
Answer. The term “all persons are equal before the law” states that all citizens are
entitled to constitutional rights and freedom irrespective of their social or economic
background. No person shall be discriminated against on the grounds of race, religion,
caste or gender. This is important in a democracy to preserve the true nature of a
democratic society where everyone is given equal recognition and provided with equal
opportunities.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. The Government of India passed the Disabilities Act in 1995. This law states that
persons with disabilities have equal rights and that the government should make
possible their full participation. The government has to provide free education and
integrate children with disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states that
all public spaces including buildings, school etc. should be accessible and provided
with ramps.
Answer. No, the law stated above is not being implemented in this regard as the disabled
person is not able to access the public place. It is quite unsafe for him/her to be carried
down by the security guards. It also affects his dignity because he/she has to depend on
others for his movement.
To make the building accessible, the government should build a ramp along the stairs of
the building.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity
Workbook activity to be completed (Pg. No. 187)

Class Test M.M. 10

Fill in the blanks:

1. Equality is a key feature of _________. 1

2. Joothan is autobiography of ________. 1
3. Every person is equal before _____. 1
4. ______ was first state in India to introduce midday meal scheme. 1

Answers the following questions:

5. Why universal adult franchise is important in a democracy? 2

6. In what ways was Omprakash Valmiki’s experience similar to that of the
Ansaris? 2
7. What is Civil Rights Movement? 2

33
 Date Chapter – 2 Class
Work
Day Role of the Government in Health

Previous Knowledge-
It is considered that the government in a democracy has to work towards the welfare of the
people. It provides different facilities to the citizens of a country. Some are called public
facilities like sanitation, electricity, transport, health etc. Healthy persons are like asset for
his country.

Key Terms-

1. Public- An activity or a service that is meant for all people in the country and is mainly
organized by the government.
2. Private- An activity or service that is organized by an individual or a company for their
own gain.
3. Medical tourists- This refers to foreigners who come to this country specifically for
medical treatment at hospitals that offer world class facilities at a lower cost than what
they would have to pay in their own country.
4. Communicable diseases- Diseases that are spread from one person to another in many
ways such as through water, food, air etc.
5. OPD- This is where people are first brought in and treated in a hospital without being
admitted to any special ward.
6. Ethics- Moral principles that influence a person’s behaviour.
7. Generic names- These are chemical names of the drugs.

Answer the following questions-

1. In this chapter you have read that health is a wider concept than illness. Look at
this quote from the Constitution and explain the terms ‘living standard’ and ‘public
health’ in your own words. An important part of the Constitution says it is the
“duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to
improve public health.”
Answer: Living standard means the level of living of people at which they live. If they
live in hygienic conditions enjoying all the comforts of life, it means their living standard
is high. On the contrary, if they are bound to live in filthy surroundings and drink
polluted water and eat unhygienic foods, it means they lead a low standard of living.
Public health - It refers to the health of the general public. The Constitution of India
ensures equal access to health to all without any discrimination.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the different ways through which the government can take steps to
provide healthcare for all? Discuss.
Answer: The government can take steps to provide healthcare for all by:
(a) Increasing the number of hospitals, healthcare centres and family welfare centres.
(b) Organising free camps for check-up of general public.
(c) Organising Pulse Polio campaigns.

34
 (d) Spreading health awareness among common people through different means.
Workshops, seminars and training camps can also prove to be effective ways.

________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What differences do you find between private and public health services in your
area?
Answer:
(a) Public health services are run by the government while private health services are
managed by the individuals or companies.
(b) Public health services provide health care facilities either free or at a low cost so that
even the poor can seek treatment easily.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ‘Improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases. Explain with the
help of examples.
Answer: Water and sanitation are the basic necessities for the maintenance of our health.
Poor quality of water causes a lot of health problems. Similarly, poor sanitation causes
many epidemics giving birth to dangerous insects and worms. Recently we saw the
spread of Dengue caused by Andes (a mosquito). Malaria is also caused by a mosquito
called Anopheles. Improvement in water and sanitation can control these happenings.

Activity:
Activity to be done in workbook (pg. no. 28)

Class Test MM:10

1. What is a primary health centre? 2

2. Write any one ways how public health services better or worse than private
health services? 2
3. What do you mean by OPD? 2
4. What is meant by ‘Living Standard’ in reference to this chapter? 2
5. Who are called as medical tourists? 2

35
 Date Chapter – 3 Class
Work
Day How the State Government Works

Previous Knowledge-
Government is the system or group of people governing a state. It is responsible for creating
and enforcing the rules of a society, defence, foreign affairs, economy etc. It works at three
levels – National, State and Local.

Key terms
1. General election – Election to constitute a new Lok Sabha.
2. Secret ballot – System of casting votes in secrecy so that no one knows for who a person
has voted.
3. Mid - term poll – When election are held due to dissolution of Lok Sabha or legislative
assembly before its term is over of 5 years.
4. By election – When election are held in a particular constituency due to death or
resignation of the representation of that constituency.
5. Election petition – If candidates are not satisfied with the way elections have been held,
they can challenge the election & their rivals by election petition.
Answer the following questions:
1. Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how is
the person elected?
Answer: In accordance with the number of population, a state is divided into
constituencies. For representation in the Legislative Assembly, every constituency elects
one representative who shoulders the responsibility of representing his/her constituency
at the national level. These representatives are called MLA’s or Member of Legislative
Assembly are elected through a general election. They may be part of a political party or
independent candidates. They also have the additional responsibility of presenting the
needs and demands of their constituency at the Legislative Assembly.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How did some MLAs become Ministers? Explain
Answer:
a. The party which gets the majority votes in the general elections forms the government.
b. As per constitutional norms, the ruling party elects its leader as the Chief Minister of
the respective state.
c. Upon the election of a Chief Minister, he/she constitutes a cabinet with members of
his/her party included. This is done in consultation with the Governor of the state.
d. Once the MLAs are ordained as ministers through the formation of the cabinet, they
are allotted portfolios such as health, law, education etc.
e. Thus they become responsible for the portfolio allotted to him/her.
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why should decisions taken by the Chief Ministers and other ministers be debated
in the Legislative Assembly?
Answer: Every decision taken by the Chief Minister and his/her cabinet must be debated
upon the Legislative Assembly to ensure that the decision being taken is in the best
interest of the common people at large. Also discussed is the level of priority the said
decision must be given, the subsequent cost of implementing it or whether such a

36
 decision will earn the objections of any particular community.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the
work done by government departments?
Answer: The core difference between the work done by MLAs in the assembly and
government departments is that every government department is headed by a minister
who is also an MLA. The minister approves any work done or proposed by the
department. The department is responsible for the completion of the work while the
MLAs coordinate between the Legislative Assembly and the various government
machinery that will be involved in the completion of any projects undertaken.

________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity
Collect the information about the functioning of governing body of state. Write a short
note on any of the topic.

Class Test

1. What are the different levels of government in India? (1)

2. What do you mean by the term ‘Constituency’? (1)

3. What is the tenure of Legislative Assembly? (1)

4. What do mean by elections? (2)

5. How is the chief minister appointed? (2)

6. Why only some MLAs become minister? (3)

37
 Date Chapter – 4 Class
Work
Day Growing up as boys and girls

Previous Knowledge-
Gender is the concept of being manly or womanly. It describes the separates qualities that
men and women are usually expected to have. It is how people see themselves and how
society sees them. Each society or culture defines gender differently.

Key Terms-
1. Identity- It is a sense of self awareness of one is.
2. Double burden- Literally means a double load. It is commonly used to describe the
women’s work situation.
3. Care-giving- It refers to a range of tasks related to looking after and nurturing.
4. De-value- When someone is not given due recognition for a task or job they have done.

Answer the following questions-

1. Are the statements given alongside true or false? Support your answer with the use
of an example –
(a) All societies do not think similarly about the roles that boys and girls play
(b) Our society does not make a distinction between boys and girls when they are
growing up
(c) Women who stay at home do not work
(d) The work that women do is less valued
Answer.
(a) This statement is true. The society in which we live gives more importance to the
work done by boys instead of the work done by girls.
(b) This statement is false. Our society makes a distinction between boys and girls right
from the outset of their growing phase. For example, both are given different toys to
play. Girls are usually given dolls and kitchen sets to play with whereas boys are
given cars, guns, bat and ball, etc. Girls are made to spend more time in kitchen to
help their mother while boys are more involved in outdoor activities like bringing
household things from market etc.
(c) This statement is false. A woman who stays at home does all the household activities
like washing clothes, sweeping, cleaning, cooking food and many other jobs to keep
the entire house in order.
(d) This statement is true. Despite the fact that women do a lot of work, their work is less
valued because they do not get paid for it. It is assumed that household work is
something that comes naturally to women.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Housework is invisible and unpaid work. Housework is physically demanding
Housework is time-consuming. Write in your own words what is meant by the terms
‘invisible’, ‘physically demanding’, and ‘time consuming’? Give one example of each
based on the household tasks undertaken by women in your home.

38
 Answer.
(i) Invisible - Here, it refers to the work that remains unnoticed. For example, we
hardly realise the efforts put by our mother in making breakfast and packing our
lunch boxes for school.
(ii) (ii) Physically demanding - It means that the household work is very difficult in
which women have to put a lot of physical effort. Women do a lot of heavy-duty
work. For example, they have to wash the clothes of the entire family.
(iii) Time-consuming - It means that the household chores take up a lot of time due to
which women hardly get time for themselves. They start working right from the
early morning and continue up to late at night. They are seen busy in care-giving
tasks and fulfilling the needs of their family members all through the day
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The list of toys and games given above clearly shows that the society makes a
distinction between boys and girls, right from their growing up phase. This is done
to infuse the required qualities within girls and boys. Boys are taught to be tough
and strong while girls are expected to behave in a gentle and graceful manner.
Answer. Yes, the toys/games boys and girls are given to play with have a direct
relationship with the roles they have to play when they grow up into adult men and
women List of toys and games that boys play with is:
Toys - cars, guns, bat & ball, superhero figures, etc.
Games - football, volleyball, cricket, basketball, etc.
List of toys and games girls play with is:
Toys - dolls, kitchen set, doll house, makeup set, etc.
Games - badminton, skipping, table-tennis, etc.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. If you someone working as a domestic help in your house or locality talk to her and
find out a little bit more about her life – Who are her family members? Where is her
home? How many hours does she work? How much does she get paid? Write a small
story based on these details.
Answer. Rekha has been working in my neighbour's house for several years as domestic
help. She hails from a village in Bengal. She lives here in Delhi with her husband and
three kids, two daughters and a son. She lives in a small rented room in Delhi. She comes
at around 7.30 in the morning and after finishing a day's work she leaves by 6:00 pm. She
gets Rs.5000/- per month with all other amenities like food, clothing etc.
________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity
Do activity given in workbook.

Class Test

1. Name the islands located in Pacific Ocean. (1)

2. What is considered to be the primary job of women? (1)
3. Define following terms: de-value, domestic worker. (2)
4. What do mean by gender and gender inequality? (2)
5. What are Anganwadis? (2)
6. Why is the work done by women given less value than the work done by men? (2)
39
 Date Chapter – 5 Class
Work
Day Women Can Change The World

Previous Knowledge-
In India, women were traditionally expected to stay within the house. Some roles are
regarded as masculine or feminine. Women were not getting equal opportunities as men.

Key Terms-
1. Stereotype- When we believe that people belonging to particular groups based on religion,
wealth, language are bound to have certain fixed characteristics or can only do a certain
type of work, we create stereotype.
2. Discrimination- When we do not treat people equally or with respect we are indulging in
discrimination.
3. Violation- When someone forcefully breaks the law or a rule or openly shows disrespect,
we can say that he or she has committed a violation.
4. Sexual harassment- This refers to physical or verbal behaviour that is of a sexual nature
and against the wishes of a woman.

Mind Map-
Fever Opportunities and Rigid Expectension
 Women are given fever opportunities
 Women's role linked within the family
 Girls do not get the same support as boys in various aspects
Learning For Change
 Going to school is very important
 As times progressed, women struggled to learn to read and write
 This brought changes in the society
Schooling & Education Today
 Today both boys and girls attend school in large numbers
 Poor families still cannot afford education
 Some drop out due to discrimination
Women's Movement
 Women and girls Now have the right to Education
o Protesting
 Raise voice when violations take place
o Showing Solidarity
 Show solidarity with other women and causes
o Raising Awareness
 Raise public awareness on women's rights issues
o Campaigning
 Led to fight discrimination violence, sexual harassment
40
 Answer the following questions-
1. How do you think stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, affect women’s
right to equality?
Answer: Women are considered inferior to men. There is a belief that women don’t have
technical mind and therefore they cannot be scientists. It is thought that women are good
at only certain jobs such as teaching and nursing. These stereotypes about women
capability or incapability of doing certain jobs badly affect women’s right to equality. It
is due to this reason that women are paid less wages than their male counterparts.
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. List one reason why learning the alphabet was so important to women like
Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai and Rokeya.
Answer: Learning the alphabet was so important to these women because only after that
they became able to write stories, letters and autobiographies which described their own
experiences of inequality.

________________________________________________________________________________________
3. “Poor girls drop out of school because they are not interested in getting an
education”. Re-read the last paragraph on page 62 and explain why this statement is
not true.
Answer: Poor girls do not leave school because they wish so but because they are
compelled to do so, due to several reasons. In rural and poor areas of the country there are
no proper schools. There is also dearth of teachers who can teach on a regular basis. If a
school is not close to people’s homes, and there is no transport facility, parents do not
show their willingness to send their girls to school.
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Can you describe two methods of struggle that the women’s movement used to raise
issues? If you had to organise a struggle against stereotypes, about what women can
or cannot do, what method would you employ from the ones that you have read
about? Why would you choose this particular method?
Answer: Two methods of struggle that the women’s movement used:
(a) Campaigning- To fight discrimination and violence against women. Women groups
spoke against dowry deaths, sexual harassment. Laws were formulated in 1997 to
protect women against sexual harassment. Anti dowry laws were passed in 1980s.
(b) Protesting. The women movement raises its voice when violations against women take
place. Public rallies and demonstrations are a very powerful way of drawing attention to
injustices.
________________________________________________________________________________________

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Activity
Do a presentation on any woman who has achieved success in life despite great odds.

Class Test

1. What is the literacy rate among women in 2001 census? (1)

2. What is the title of Rashsundari Devi autobiography? (1)

3. Where did Ramabai set mission for widows? (1)

4. When do we celebrate International Women’s Day? (1)

5. Why the children of certain communities more likely to leave primary school? (2)

6. Define the terms violation, discrimination. (2)

7. How do you think stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, affect women’s
right to equality? (2)

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 Revision Test – 1
A. Fill in the blanks: (1×3=3)
1. Kharaj was a type of tax implemented on________
2. The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother, was ________
3. Prashastis means________
B. Answer the following questions in one word: (1×3=3)
1. What is the literal meaning of hiranya-garbha?
2. Which ruler first established his capital at Delhi?
3. Who used the term Hindustan for the first time and when?
C. Answer the following questions in short: (2×2=4)
1. How did the Rashtrakutas become powerful?
2. What is meant by the ‘internal’ and ‘external’ frontiers of the Sultanate?

Revision Test – 2
A. Fill in the blanks: (1×3=3)
1. As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure__________
2. Generally the warm ocean currents originate near__________
3. Ox bow lakes are found in__________
B. Answer the following questions in one word: (1×3=3)
1. When under heat and pressure igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks change their form
and more precious rocks are formed to be known as.
2. It is a method of trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of money.
3. It is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like running water, glacier,
wind, groundwater, and sea waves.
C. Answer the following questions in short: (2×2=4)
1. What are tides and how are they caused?
2. Amount of insolation decreases from the equator towards the poles? Give reasons for
your answer.
Revision Test – 3
A. Fill in the blanks: (1×3=3)
1. Several women today work both inside and outside the home. This is often referred to
as________
2. Every adult irrespective of caste, creed, religion, region, sex, the rich or poor background
is allowed to vote. This is called________
3. This Article addresses inequality in terms of access to shops, public restaurants, hotels
and places of public entertainment________
B. Answer the following questions in one word: (1×3=3)
1. What did Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain do for the girls?
2. What was a very important activity on the Samoan islands in the 1920s?
3. Name some water-borne diseases.
C. Answer the following questions in short: (2×2=4)
1. How did some MLAs become Ministers? Explain.
2. List one reason why learning the alphabet was so important to women like Rashsundari
Devi, Ramabai, and Rokeya?

43
 Sample Paper Term – 1 (2022-2023)
Date: - Class: - VII
Time: - Subject: - Social Science (Code - 087) M.M: - 80

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
 All questions are compulsory.
 Question paper comprises of four sections- A, B, C and D. There are 16 questions in
the question paper.
 Section - A Question number 1 to 20 are objective Type Questions. Each Question
carries one mark.
 Section - B Question no. 1 to 10 (do any eight) are short answer type questions,
carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 20 to 35 words.
 Section - C Question no. 1 to 8 (do any six) are long answer type questions, carrying
5 marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 40 to 45 words.
 Section - D is map based, carrying 6 marks.
 Write all your details on the answer sheet carefully.
 Read all the questions carefully before answering.
 Check your answers before submitting the answer sheet.
 Do not write anything on question paper.
 Keep your answer sheet neat.
 Take care of time management. No extra time will be given to any student.

Section – A (1×20=20)
1. Cartographer is a person who makes:
(a) cartoons (b) caricatures (c) maps (d) none of these
2. Which type of people collected Manuscripts?
(a) Poor people (b) Wealthy people (c) Local people (d) None of these
3. What is Vetti?
(a) Rent (b) Tax (c) Revenue (d) None of these
4. What is the literal meaning of hiranya-garbha?
(a) Rashtrakutas (b) Dantidurga (c) Golden womb (d) Golden deer
5. Which ruler first established his capital at Delhi?
(a) Chauhans ruler (b) Tomara Rajput ruler (c) Turkish ruler (d) Khalji dynasty
6. Kharaj was a type of tax on___________.
(a) houses (b) cattle (c) trade (d) cultivation
7. The name of residence of Mughal Emperors in Delhi was_____.
(a) red fort (b) old fort. (c) siri fort (d) none of these

44
8. The literal meaning of Sulh-i kul is______.
(a) post (b) religion (c) universal peace (d) inheritance
9. The domain of water is referred to_____.
(a) hydrosphere (b) lithosphere (c) atmosphere (d) biosphere
10. The upper most layer of the earth’s surface is called______.
(a) crust (b) brust (c) roads (d) forest
11. Sudden movements in the earth are called_____.
(a) earthquakes (b) building mountains (c) focus (d) none of these
12. What are the important objects for survival of plants and animals?
(a) Rainfall (b) Sun light (c) Oxygen (d) All of these
13. Which day of the year is celebrated as Water Day?
(a) 26 January (b) 15 January (c) 15 August (d) 22 March
14. Whose autobiography is ‘Joothan’?
(a) Omprakash Valmiki’s (b) Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s
(c) Mahatma Gandhi’s (d) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s
15. Which type of healthcare facility is costly?
(a) Private (b) Public (c) Both a & b (d) None of these
16. What does PHC mean?
(a) Private Health Centre (b) Public Health Court
(c) Primary Health Centre (d) All of these
17. What is the full form of MLA?
(a) Member of Law Authority (b) Member of Legislative Assembly
(c) Minister of Law Abiding Authority (d) None of these
18. Who is responsible for medical services?
(a) Transport Minister (b) Police Inspector
(c) Education Minister (d) Health Minister
19. What was a very important activity on Samoan islands in the 1920s?
(a) Fishing (b) Playing cricket (c) Textile (d) None of these
20. What was the title of Rashsundari’s autobiography ?
(a) Discovery of India (b) Meri 21 Kavitayen
(c) Amar Jiban (d) None of these

Section – B (Do any 8) (3×8=24)

1. Who was considered a ‘foreigner’ in the past?

2. How did the Rashtrakutas become powerful?
3. Which are the major components of the environment?

45
4. What are the uses of rocks?
5. What are exogenic and endogenic forces?
6. Name three types of rainfall. Explains with the help of diagram.
7. In a democracy why is Universal Adult Franchise important?
8. How do you think stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, affect women’s
right to equity?
9. Differentiate between the following:
Intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks
10. Give reasons for your answer:
Wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day.

Section – C (Do any 6) (5×6=30)

1. (a) Do you think the authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of
ordinary men and women?
(b) What is meant by the ‘internal’ and ‘external’ frontiers of the Sultanate?
2. What was the role of the zamindar in Mughal administration?
3. Which are the major components of the environments? Explain with the help of a flow
chart.
4. What are tides and how are they caused?
5. How did some MLAs become Ministers? Explain.
6. How is rainfall important for us? What happens when there is excess rain?
7. Comprehension:
Rashsundari Devi was born in West Bengal, some 200 years ago. At the age of 60,
she wrote her autobiography in Bangla. Her book titled Amar Jiban is the first known
autobiography written by an Indian woman. Rashsundari Devi was a housewife from
a rich landlord's family.
Answer the following questions:
(a) Name the autobiography of Rashsundari Devi.
(b) In which language her autobiography is written and when?
(c) Rashsundari Devi was born in which state of India?
8. Draw a labelled diagram of water cycle.
46
 Section – D (1×6=6)

Locate the followings on the political map of India:

1. Two major cities under the control of Chahamanas.
2. Earth quake-prone area
3. Any two Central provinces under the control of Mughals.
4. Agra
5. A monument made by red stone.
6. A monument made by white marble.

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