Chapter 4 Vocabulary

Vocabulary
In vocabulary questions, we can solve the question by using one of two techniques:
a. Contextual Clue:
We can use the contextual clue especially with the modern English vocabulary because the modern English
vocabulary has many synonyms, some of which are near synonyms and some are far synonyms:
For example, the word SIMPLE. You couldn’t respond me directly if I asked you what does the word simple
mean? You must check the sentence in which the word SIMPLE exists to decide its meaning.
Ex1: “The yesterday’s exam was very SIMPLE as I solved all without one mistake.”
The word SIMPLE nearly means
A) Easy
B) Modest
C) Unadorned
D) Straight
For sure here the writer means the exam was easy.
EX2: “This man is very rich, but when you talk to him you will find him so SIMPLE”
The word SIMPLE nearly means
A) Easy
B) Modest
C) Unadorned
D) Straight
Here the author uses the word SIMPLE to describe the rich man as a modest man.
EX3: “I don’t like to wear a colorful t-shirts, and all my clothes are SIMPLE.
The word SIMPLE nearly means
A) Easy
B) Modest
C) Unadorned
D) Straight
The writer means that his clothes are without to much colors or drawings, so he means that his clothes are
unadorned.
EX: “This land is SIMPLE, without any lakes or hills.
The word SIMPLE nearly means
A) Easy
B) Modest
C) Unadorned
D) Straight
As per the context the writer means that the land is straight without lakes or hills

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 Chapter 4 Vocabulary
Exercise 1
1-
It seems to us incontestable that our common As used in line 21, “common” most nearly means
happiness, above all that of women, requires that A) average.
they never aspire to the exercise of political rights B) shared.
and functions. C) coarse.
D) similar.

2-
The researchers were also able to devise a As used in line 65, “devise” most nearly means
mathematical model that describes the movement A) create.
and formation of these waves. B) solve.
C) imagine.
D) begin.
3-
"Akira came directly, breaking all tradition. Was As used in line 1 and line 65, “directly” most
that it? Had he followed form—had he asked his nearly means
mother to speak to his father to approach a A) frankly.
go-between—would Chie have been more receptive?" B) confidently.
C) without mediation.
"I ask directly because the use of a go-between takes D) with precision.
much time."

4-
"Akira came directly, breaking all tradition. Was As used in line 2, “form” most nearly means
that it? Had he followed form—had he asked his A) appearance.
mother to speak to his father to approach a B) custom.
go-between—would Chie have been more receptive?" C) structure.
D) nature.

5-
involved today. Though disfranchised, we have few As used in line 36, “best” most nearly means
women in the best sense; we have simply so many A) superior.
reflections, varieties, and dilutions of the masculine B) excellent.
gender. C) genuine.
D) rarest.
6-
waves into account. “If we want to have more and As used in line 19, “capture” is closest in meaning to
more accurate climate models, we have to be able to A) control.
capture processes such as this,” Peacock says. B) record.
C) secure.
D) absorb.
7-
Lady Carlotta stepped out on to the platform of In line 2, “turn” most nearly means
the small wayside station and took a turn or two up A) slight movement.
and down its uninteresting length, to kill time till the B) change in rotation.
train should be pleased to proceed on its way. C) short walk.
D) course correction.

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 Chapter 4 Vocabulary
8-
During the drive to the Quabarl mansion In line 55, “charge” most nearly means
Lady Carlotta was impressively introduced to the A) responsibility.
nature of the charge that had been thrust upon her; B) attack.
she learned that Claude and Wilfrid were delicate, C) fee.
sensitive young people. D) expense.

9-
If you credit the demographers, this transit trend As used in line 58, “credit” most nearly means
has legs. The “Millenials,” who reached adulthood A) endow.
around the turn of the century and now outnumber B) attribute.
baby boomers, tend to favor cities over suburbs. C) believe.
D) honor.

10-
has legs. The “Millenials,” who reached adulthood As used in line 61, “favor” most nearly means
around the turn of the century and now outnumber A) indulge.
baby boomers, tend to favor cities over suburbs, and B) prefer.
are far more willing than their parents to ride buses C) resemble.
and subways. D) serve.

11-
wings and take short hops into the air. So when a As used in line 7, “challenged” most nearly means
group of graduate students challenged him A) dared.
to come up with new data on the age-old B) required.
ground-up-tree-down debate, he designed a project C) disputed with.
to see what clues might lie in how baby game birds D) competed with.
learned to fly.

12-
Ken called the technique WAIR, for wing-assisted As used in line 61, “document” most nearly means
incline running, and went on to document it in a A) portray.
wide range of species. It not only allowed young B) record.
C) publish.
D) process.

13-

Some argue that because the free markets allow we need to be clear on what we are talking about.
5 for personal choice, they are already ethical. Others As used in line 6, “embraced” most nearly means
have accepted the ethical critique and embraced A) lovingly held.
corporate social responsibility. But before we can B) readily adopted.
label any market outcome as “immoral,” or sneer at C) eagerly hugged.
10 economists who try to put a price on being ethical, D) reluctantly used.

14-

influence on general practice. And how can woman As used in line 50, “reason” most nearly means
be expected to co-operate unless she know why she A) motive.
ought to be virtuous? unless freedom strengthen her B) sanity.
reason till she comprehend her duty, and see in what C) intellect.
manner it is connected with her real good? D) explanation.

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary
15-

Many moral dilemmas arise when these three As used in line 58, “clashes” most nearly means
versions pull in different directions but clashes are A) conflicts.
not inevitable. B) mismatches.
C) collisions.
D) brawls.

16-

the last century. Society is but the reflection of man As used in line 24, “rule” most nearly refers to
himself, untempered by woman’s thought; the hard A) a general guideline.
iron rule we feel alike in the church, the state, and the B) a controlling force.
home. C) an established habit.
D) a procedural method.

17-

History suggests that those will be hard lines to As used in line 68, “hold” most nearly means
hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public A) maintain.
that such barren environments are worth preserving. B) grip.
C) restrain.
D) withstand.

18-

“Right,” she says and swiftly checks off a few more As used in line 16, “planting” most nearly means
boxes before planting her sweeping signature on the A) seeding.
bottom of the page. B) placing.
C) settling.
D) cultivating.
19-

Trees are felled to provide the logs for wood stoves, still As used in line 42, “form” most nearly means
a major form of heating in the tow ns and villages of A) structure.
rural France. B) measure.
C) shape.
D) method.
20-

Then, one warm morning, it was a Monday, she As used in line 61, “seized” most nearly means
remembered later, Absalom seized her hand and kissed A) clutched.
it. B) captivated.
C) overpowered.
D) afflicted.
21-

According to Smith, the ideal economic environment for As used in line 18, “open” most nearly means
a society is free-market capitalism, a structure in which A) unrestricted.
open competition among producers yields the best B) exposed.
products for consumers, manufactured and sold at the C) public.
D) accessible.
lowest possible prices.

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

b. Parts of the word:

We can use the parts of the word to identify the word’s meaning or to get the nearest meaning to it.

1- Prefixes:
The prefix added to the beginning of the word to change its meaning:
Ex:
increase: Go up ….. decrease: Go down / arch: control … monarch: one sided
control.

2- Suffixes:
The suffix added to the end of the word to determine its type: noun, verb, or adjective …..etc.
Ex:
Act + ive = adj (active) / Active + ate = verb (activate) / Activate + tion = noun (activation)
Happy = adj / Happily = adv / Happiness = noun

3- Roots:
The origin meaning of the word
Ex:
Oper = work
Operate – operation - cooperation – operator
Examples:
1- As used in line 16 “bilateral” nearly means to
(A) biological
(B) two-sided
(C) natural
(D) harmonious

The prefix "bi" means "two", so you have to choose the word that has any part refers to the word
"two", so the answer is (B) two-sided.

2- As used in line 17 “symmetry” nearly means to

(A) simplicity
(B) obstinacy
(C) appearance
(D) proportion

The prefix "sym" means "together or with", so you have to choose the word that has any part
refers to the word "with or together", so the answer is (D) proportion.

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary
Exercise 2:
1- As used in line … “urbane” nearly means to 9- As used in line … “aggregate” nearly means to
(A) crowded (A) result
(B) polished (B) difference
(C) rural (C) product
(D) friendly (D) sum
2- As used in line … “decant” nearly means to 10- As used in line.. “therapeutic” nearly means to
(A) bisect (A) curative
(B) speak wildly (B) restful
(C) bequeath (C) warm
(D) pour off (D) stimulating
3- As used in line …“antithesis” nearly means to 11- As used in line .. “transmute” nearly means to
(A) contrast (A) remove
(B) conclusion (B) change
(C) resemblance (C) duplicate
(D) examination (D) carry
4- As used in line … “heretical” nearly means to 12- As used in line … “inoculate” nearly means to
(A) heathenish (A) make harmless
(B) impractical (B) infect
(C) quaint (C) cure
(D) unorthodox (D) overcome
5- As used in line … “coalesce” nearly means to 13- As used in line …“querulous” nearly means to
(A) associate (A) peculiar
(B) combine (B) fretful
(C) cover (C) inquisitive
(D) conspire (D) shivering
6- As used in line…“redundant” nearly means to 14- As used in line …“autonomy” nearly means to
(A) necessary (A) tyranny
(B) plentiful (B) independence
(C) diminishing (C) plebiscite
(D) superfluous (D) dictatorship
7- As used in line … “atrophy” nearly means to 15- As used in line“terminology”nearly means to
(A) soften (A) technicality
(B) waste away (B) finality
(C) grow (C) formality
(D) spread (D) nomenclature
8- As used in line … “analogy” nearly means to 16- As used in line …“invariable” nearly means to
(A) similarity (A) diverse
(B) transposition (B) eternal
(C) variety (C) inescapable
(D) distinction (D) uniform

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

Official Questions:
1- Test no 1 quest no 12: 4- Test no 3 quest no 16
"This frequent experience of gift-giving can "The “Millenials,” who reached adulthood
engender ambivalent feelings in gift-givers." around the turn of the century and now
outnumber baby boomers, tend to favor
In line 10, the word “ambivalent” most nearly cities over suburbs"
means
As used in line 61, “favor” most nearly
A) unrealistic.
means
B) conflicted.
A) indulge.
C) apprehensive.
B) prefer.
D) supportive.
C) resemble.
D) serve.
2- Test no 1 quest no 18:
"Perhaps givers believe that bigger gifts 5- Test no 3 quest no 47
convey stronger signals of thoughtfulness and "We further postulate that the proper
consideration." dosage necessary to prevent mite infestation
may be better left to the bees"
As it is used in line 54, “convey” most nearly
means As used in line 35, “postulate” most nearly
A) transport. means to
B) counteract. A) make an unfounded assumption.
C) exchange. B) put forth an idea or claim.
D) communicate. C) question a belief or theory.
D) conclude based on firm evidence.
3- Test no 2 quest no 25:
6- Test no 4 quest no 3
"We know that the human brain is highly
"My emotions are complicated and not
plastic; neurons and synapses change as
readily verifiable. I feel a vast yearning that
circumstances change."
is simultaneously a pleasure and a pain. I
am certain of the consummation of this
As used in line 40, “plastic” most nearly
yearning, but I don’t know yet what form it
means
will take"
A) creative.
B) artificial.
As used in lines 1-2, “not readily verifiable”
C) malleable.
most nearly means
D) sculptural.
A) unable to be authenticated.
B) likely to be contradicted.
C) without empirical support.
D) not completely understood.

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

In addition to reviewing the SAT High-Frequency Word List, what other quick vocabulary-building
tactics can you follow when you face an SAT dead- line?

One good approach is to learn how to build up (and tear apart) words. You know that words are
made up of other words: the room in which you store things is the storeroom; the person whose job
is to keep the books is the bookkeeper.

Just as words are made up of other words, words are also made up of word parts: prefixes,
suffixes, and roots. A knowledge of these word parts and their meanings can help you determine
the mean- ings of unfamiliar words.

Most modern English words are derived from Anglo-Saxon (Old English), Latin, and Greek.
Because few students nowadays study Latin and Greek (and even fewer study Anglo-Saxon!), the
majority of high school juniors and seniors lack a vital tool for unlocking the meaning of unfamiliar
words.

Build your vocabulary by mastering basicword parts. Learning thirty key word parts can help
you unlock the meaning of over 10,000 words. Learning fifty key word parts can help you unlock
the meaning of over 100,000!

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

COMMON PREFIXES
Prefixes are syllables that precede the root or stem of a word and change or refine its meaning.

Prefix Meaning Illustration

abduct lead away, kidnap
abjure renounce
ab, abs, atro from, away from, down
abject degraded, cast down
atrophy waste away
ambidextrous skilled with both hands
ambi both ambiguous of double meaning
ambivalent having two conflicting emotions
anarchy lack of government
an, a without anemia lack of blood
amoral without moral sense
Anagram similarity, arrangement
ana Again, same
Analogy similarity
antecedent preceding event or word antediluvian
ante before ancient (before the flood) ante-nuptial before the
wedding
antipathy hatred
anti against, opposite antiseptic against infection
antithetical exactly opposite
archetype original
arch chief, first archbishop chief bishop
archeology study of first or ancient times
bicameral composed of two houses (Congress)
bi two biennial every two years
bicycle two-wheeled vehicle
catastrophe disaster
cata down cataract waterfall
catapult hurl (throw down)
circumnavigate sail around (the globe)
circum around circumspect cautious (looking around)
circumscribe limit (place a circle around)
combine merge with
commerce trade with
communicate correspond with coeditor joint editor
com (co, col, con,
with, together collateral subordinate, connected
cor)
conference meeting
corroborate confirm

contravene conflict with

contra, contro against
controversy dispute

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

debase lower in value

de down, away decadence deterioration
decant pour off
dichotomy division into two parts
di two
dilemma choice between two bad alternatives
diagonal across a figure diameter distance across a
dia across
circle diagram outline drawing
discord lack of harmony
dis not, apart
disparity condition of inequality; difference
dyslexia faulty ability to read
dys faulty, bad
dyspepsia indigestion
ex, e out expel drive out extirpate root out eject throw out
extracurricular beyond the curriculum extraterritorial
extra, extro beyond, outside beyond a nation’s bounds extrovert person interested
chiefly in external objects and actions
Heresy unacceptable or different religious belief
here / heres against, different Heretic who reject a doctrine that is considered to be
correct
hyperbole exaggeration
hyper above; excessively
hyperventilate breathe at an excessive rate
hypo beneath; lower hypoglycemia low blood sugar
inefficient not efficient illegible
in (il, im, ir) not impeccable not capable of sinning; flawless
irrevocable not able to be called back
invite call in
in (il, im, ir) in, on, upon illustration something that makes clear impression
effect upon mind or feelings irradiate shine upon

inter between, among intervene come between international between nations

intramural within a school

intra, intro within
introvert person who turns within himself
macrobiotic tending to prolong life
macro large, long
macrocosm the great world (the entire universe)
megalomania delusions of grandeur
mega great, million
megaton explosive force of a million tons of TNT
meta involving change metamorphosis change of form
microcosm miniature universe microbe minute organism
micro small
microscopic extremely small

mischance unfortunate accident misnomer wrong name

mis / mal bad, improper
malevolent envious / bad man

misanthrope person who hates mankind

mis hatred
misogynist woman-hater

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

monarchy government by one ruler

mono one
monotheism belief in one god
multifarious having many parts
multi many
multitudinous numerous
neologism newly coined word
neo new
neophyte beginner; novice
noncommittal undecided
non not
nonentity person of no importance
ortho Straight, erect, hard, origin orthodox conventional, fanatic
panacea cure-all
pan all, every
panorama unobstructed view in all directions
permeable allowing passage through
per through, completely
pervade spread throughout
perimeter outer boundary
peri around, near
periphery edge
polygamist person with several spouses
poly many
polyglot speaking several languages
postpone delay
post after posterity generations that follow
posthumous after death
preamble introductory statement
pre before prefix word part placed before a root/stem
premonition forewarning
primordial existing at the dawn of time
prim first
primogeniture state of being the first born
propulsive driving forward
pro forward, in favor of, with
proponent supporter
proto first prototype first of its kind
pseudo FALSE pseudonym pen name
reiterate repeat
re again, back
reimburse pay back
retrospect looking back
retro backward
retroactive effective as of a past date
se away, aside secede withdraw seclude shut away seduce lead astray
semiannual every six months
semi half, partly
semiconscious partly conscious
sub (suc, suf, subway underground road subjugate bring under
under, less control succumb yield; cease to resist
sug, sup, sus)
supernatural above natural things
super, sur over, above supervise oversee
surtax additional tax
synchronize time together synthesize combine together
syn (sym, syl, sys) with, together
sympathize pity; identify with

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

syllogism explanation of how ideas relate

system network
telemetry measurement from a distance
tele far
telegraphic communicated over a distance
transport carry across
trans across
transpose reverse, move across
ultramodern excessively modern
ultra beyond, excessive
ultracritical exceedingly critical
unfeigned not pretended; real unkempt not combed;
un not
disheveled unwitting not knowing; unintentional
undergird strengthen underneath
under below
underling someone inferior
unison oneness of pitch; complete accord
uni one
unicycle one-wheeled vehicle
vicarious acting as a substitute
vice in place of
viceroy governor acting in place of a king
withhold hold back; keep
with away, against
withstand stand up against; resist

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

COMMON ROOTS AND STEMS

Roots are basic word elements that have been carried over into English. Stems are variations of
roots brought about by changes in declension or conjugation.
Root or Stem Meaning Illustration
acrimonious bitter; caustic
ac, acr sharp acerbity bitterness of temper
acidulate to make somewhat acid or sour
primeval of the first age
aev, ev age, era coeval of the same age or era
medieval or mediaeval of the middle ages
act deed
ag, act do
agent doer
demagogue false leader of people
agog leader
pedagogue teacher (leader of children)
agrarian one who works in the field agriculture
agri, agrari field
cultivation of fields
aggr sum, total Aggregate total
alias assumed (another) name
ali another
alienate estrange (turn away from another)
altitude height
alt high
altimeter instrument for measuring height
altruistic unselfish, considering others
alter other
alter ego a second self
amorous loving, especially sexually
am love amity friendship
amicable friendly
animadvert cast criticism upon
anim mind, soul unanimous of one mind
magnanimity greatness of mind or spirit
annuity yearly remittance
ann, enn biennial every two years
perennial present all year; persisting for several years
anthropology study of man
anthrop man misanthrope hater of mankind
philanthropy love of mankind; charity
aptitude skill
apt fit
adapt make suitable or fit
aqueduct passageway for conducting water
aqua water
aquatic living in water
archaeology study of antiquities (study of first things)
arch ruler, first monarch sole ruler
anarchy lack of government

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

astronomy study of the stars

aster star asterisk star-like type character (*)
disaster catastrophe (contrary star)
audible able to be heard
aud, audit hear
auditorium place where people may be heard
Authority rule, power
auth Power, reality
authentic
autocracy rule by one person (self)
auto self automobile vehicle that moves by itself
autobiography story of one’s own life
bellicose inclined to fight
belli war belligerent inclined to wage war
rebellious resisting authority
benefactor one who does good deeds
ben, bon good benevolence charity (wishing good)
bonus something extra above regular pay
bibliography list of books
biblio book bibliophile lover of books
Bible The Book
biography writing about a person’s life
biology study of living things
bio life
biochemist student of the chemistry of living
things
brevity briefness
breve short abbreviate shorten
decadent deteriorating
cad, cas to fall cadence intonation, musical movement
cascade waterfall
capture seize
cap (capt, cept,
to take participate take part
cip)
precept wise saying (originally a command)
decapitate remove (cut off) someone’s head
capit, capt head
captain chief
carnivorous flesh-eating
carn flesh carnage destruction of life
carnal fleshly

recede go back, withdraw

ced, cess to yield, to go
antecedent that which goes before process go forward

celerity swiftness
decelerate reduce swiftness
celer swift
accelerate increase swiftness

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

century one hundred years

cent one hundred centennial hundredth anniversary
centipede many-footed, wingless animal
chronology timetable of events
chron time anachronism a thing out of time sequence
chronicle register events in order of time
incision a cut (surgical)
cid, cis to cut, to kill homicide killing of a man
fratricide killing of a brother
incite stir up, start up
cit, citat to call, to start excite stir up
recitation a recalling (or repeating) aloud
civilization society of citizens, culture
civi citizen civilian member of community
civil courteous
clamorous loud
clam, clamat to cry out declamation speech
acclamation shouted approval
claustrophobia fear of close places
claud (claus,
to close enclose close in
clos,clud)
conclude finish
agnostic lacking knowledge, skeptical
cognosc, cognit to learn incognito traveling under assumed name cognition
knowledge
accord agreement (from the heart)
cord heart cordial friendly
discord lack of harmony
incorporate organize into a body
corpor body corporeal pertaining to the body, fleshly
corpse dead body
incredulous not believing, skeptical
cred, credit to believe credulity gullibility
credence belief
curator person who has the care of something
cur to care sinecure position without responsibility
secure safe
curr, curs to run excursion journey cursory brief precursor forerunner
debt something owed
deb, debit to owe
indebtedness debt debenture bond
democracy rule of the people
dem people demagogue (false) leader of the people
epidemic widespread (among the people)
epidermis skin
derm skin
pachyderm thick-skinned quadruped

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

dermatology study of skin and its disorders

diary a daily record of activities, feelings, etc.
di, diurn day
diurnal pertaining to daytime
abdicate renounce
dic, dict to say diction speech
verdict statement of jury
docile obedient; easily taught
doc, doct to teach document something that provides evidence
doctor learned person (originally, teacher)
dominate have power over
domin to rule
domain land under rule dominant prevailing
viaduct arched roadway
duc, duct to lead
aqueduct artificial waterway
dynamic powerful
dynam power, strength dynamite powerful explosive
dynamo engine making electrical power
egoist person who is self-interested
ego I egotist selfish person
egocentric revolving about self
energy power
erg, urg work
metallurgy science and technology of metals
error mistake
err to wander erratic not reliable, wandering
knight-errant wandering knight
eulogize praise
eu good, well, beautiful euphemism substitution of pleasant way of saying
something blunt
fallacious misleading
fall, fals to deceive infallible not prone to error, perfect
falsify lie
transfer bring from one place to another
fer, lat to bring, to bear translate bring from one language to another
conifer bearing cones, as pine trees
infidel nonbeliever, heathen
fid belief, faith
confidence assurance, belief
confine keep within limits
fin end, limit
finite having definite limits
flexible able to bend
flect, flex bend
deflect bend away, turn aside
fortuitous accidental, occurring by chance
fort luck, chance
fortunate lucky
fortitude strength, firmness of mind
fort strong
fortification strengthening

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

fortress stronghold
fragile easily broken
frag, fract break infraction breaking of a rule
fractious unruly, tending to break rules
fugitive someone who flees
fug flee
refuge shelter, home for someone fleeing
effusive gushing, pouring out
fus pour
diffuse widespread (poured in many directions)
monogamy marriage to one person
bigamy marriage to two people at the same time
gam marriage
polygamy having many wives or husbands at the same
time
genus group of animals with similar traits
gen, gener class, race generic characteristic of a class
gender class organized by sex
digress go astray (from the main point)
grad, gress go, step regress go backwards
gradual step by step, by degrees
epigram pithy statement
graph, gram writing telegram instantaneous message over great distance
stenography shorthand (writing narrowly)
gregarious tending to group together as in a herd
greg flock, herd aggregate group, total
egregious conspicuously bad; shocking
exit way out
it, itiner journey, road
itinerary plan of journey
projectile missile; something thrown forward
jac (jact, jec) to throw trajectory path taken by thrown object
ejaculatory casting or throwing out
perjure testify falsely
jur, jurat to swear
jury group of men and women sworn to seek the truth
laboratory place where work is done
labor, laborat to work collaborate work together with others
laborious difficult
election choice
leg (lect, lig) to choose, to read legible able to be read
eligible able to be selected
legislature law-making body
leg law legitimate lawful
legal lawful
library collection of books
liber, libr book libretto the “book” of a musical play
libel slander (originally found in a little book)
liber free liberation the fact of setting free

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

liberal generous (giving freely); tolerant

entomology study of insects
log word, study etymology study of word parts and derivations
monologue speech by one person
soliloquy speech by one individual
loqu, locut to talk loquacious talkative
elocution speech
elucidate enlighten
luc light lucid clear
translucent allowing some light to pass through
magnify enlarge
magn great magnanimity generosity, greatness of soul
magnitude greatness, extent
malevolent wishing evil
mal bad malediction curse
malefactor evil-doer
mallet Hammer / maul Malleable flexible, able to be hammered
manufacture create (make by hand)
man hand manuscript written by hand
emancipate free (let go from the hand)
maritime connected with seafaring
mar sea submarine undersea craft
mariner seaman
maternal pertaining to motherhood
mater, matr mother matriarch female ruler of a family, group, or state
matrilineal descended on the mother’s side
missile projectile
mit, miss to send dismiss send away
transmit send across
mobilize cause to move
mob (mot, mov) move motility ability to move
immovable not able to be moved
admonish warn
mon, monit to warn premonition foreboding
monitor watcher (warner)
mortuary funeral parlor
mori, mort to die moribund dying
immortal not dying
amorphous formless, lacking shape
morph shape, form metamorphosis change of shape
anthropomorphic in the shape of man
immutable not able to be changed
mut change mutate undergo a great change
mutability changeableness, inconstancy

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

nat born innate from birth prenatal before birth nativity birth
navigate sail a ship
nav ship circumnavigate sail around the world
naval pertaining to ships
negation denial
neg deny renege deny, go back on one’s word
renegade turncoat, traitor
nomenclature act of naming, terminology
nomen, nomin name nominal in name only (as opposed to actual)
cognomen surname, distinguishing nickname
novice beginner
nov new renovate make new again
novelty newness
omniscient all knowing omnipotent all powerful
omni all omnivorous eating everything
to work operate work
oper
cooperation working together
pacify make peaceful
pac peace pacific peaceful
pacifist person opposed to war
dispassionate free of emotion
pass feel impassioned emotion-filled
impassive showing no feeling
patriotism love of one’s country (fatherland)
pater, patr father patriarch male ruler of a family, group, or state
paternity fatherhood
pathology study of diseased tissue
path disease, feeling apathetic lacking feeling; indifferent
antipathy hostile feeling
impediment stumbling block; hindrance
ped, pod foot tripod three-footed stand
quadruped four-footed animal
pedagogue teacher of children
ped child
pediatrician children’s doctor
compulsion a forcing to do
pel, puls to drive repel drive back
expel drive out, banish
petition request
pet, petit to seek appetite craving, desire
compete vie with others
philanthropist benefactor, lover of humanity
phil love Anglophile lover of everything English
philanderer one involved in brief love affairs

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

to place postpone place after

pon, posit
positive definite, unquestioned (definitely placed)
portable able to be carried
port, portat to carry transport carry across
export carry out (of country)
omnipotent all-powerful
poten able, powerful potentate powerful person
impotent powerless
psychology study of the mind
psych mind psychosis mental disorder psychopath mentally ill
person
putative supposed (calculated)
put, putat to trim, to calculate computation calculation
amputate cut off
inquiry investigation
quer (ques, quir, inquisitive questioning query question
to ask
quis)
querulous complaining, whining, or fretful
regicide murder of a ruler
reg, rect rule regent ruler
insurrection rebellion; overthrow of a ruler
derision scorn
rid, ris to laugh
ridiculous deserving to be laughed at
rog, rogat to ask interrogate question
prerogative privilege
interrupt break into
rupt to break bankrupt insolvent rupture a break
sacred holy
sacr holy
sacrilegious impious, violating something holy
science knowledge
sci to know omniscient knowing all
conscious aware
periscope device for seeing around corners
scop watch, see
microscope device for seeing small objects
transcribe make a written copy
scrib, script to write script written text
circumscribe write around, limit
dissect cut apart
sect cut
bisect cut into two pieces
sedentary inactive (sitting)
sed, sess to sit
session meeting
consent agree
resent show indignation
sent, sens to think, to feel
sensitive showing feeling

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

consecutive following in order

sequi (secut, sequence arrangement
to follow
seque) sequel that which follows
non sequitur something that does not follow logically
absolve free from blame
solv, solut to loosen dissolute morally lax
absolute complete (not loosened)
insomnia inability to sleep
somn sleep somnolent sleepy
somnambulist sleepwalker
philosopher lover of wisdom
soph wisdom
sophisticated worldly wise
spectator observer
spec, spect to look at aspect appearance
circumspect cautious (looking around)
respiratory pertaining to breathing
spir breathe
spirited full of life (breath)
stringent strict
string, strict bind constrict become tight
stricture limit, something that restrains
constructive helping to build
stru, struct build
construe analyze (how something is built)
tangent touching
tang (tact, ting) to touch contact touching with, meeting
contingent depending upon
contemporary at same time
tempor time extemporaneous impromptu
temporize delay
tenable able to be held
ten, tent to hold tenure holding of office
retentive holding; having a good memory
interminable endless
term end
terminate end
terrestrial pertaining to earth
terr land
subterranean underground
thermostat instrument that regulates heat
therm heat
diathermy sending heat through body tissues
distort twist out of true shape or meaning
tors, tort twist torsion act of twisting
tortuous twisting
distract pull (one’s attention) away
tract drag, pull intractable stubborn, unable to be dragged
attraction pull, drawing quality

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

intrude push one’s way in

trud, trus push, shove
protrusion something sticking out
urban pertaining to a city
urbane polished, sophisticated (pertaining to a city
urb city
dweller)
suburban outside of a city
vacuous lacking content, empty-headed
vac empty
evacuate compel to empty an area
invade enter in a hostile fashion
vad, vas go
evasive not frank; eluding
intervene come between
veni (vent, ven) to come prevent stop
convention meeting
veracious truthful
ver TRUE verify check the truth
verisimilitude appearance of truth
verbose wordy
verb word verbiage excessive use of words
verbatim word for word
vertigo turning dizzy
vers, vert turn revert turn back (to an earlier state)
diversion something causing one to turn aside
deviation departure from the way
via way viaduct roadway (arched)
trivial trifling (small talk at crossroads)
vision sight
vid, vis to see evidence things seen
vista view
invincible unconquerable
vinc (vict, vanq) to conquer victory winning
vanquish defeat
vivisection operating on living animals
viv, vit alive vivacious full of life
vitality liveliness
avocation calling, minor occupation
voc, vocat to call provocation calling or rousing the anger of
invocation calling in prayer
malevolent wishing someone ill
vol wish
voluntary of one’s own will
revolve roll around
volv, volut to roll evolve roll out, develop
convolution coiled state

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

COMMON SUFFIXES
Suffixes are syllables that are added to a word. Occasionally, they change the meaning of the word; more
frequently, they serve to change the grammatical form of the word (noun to adjective, adjective to noun,
noun to verb).

Suffix Meaning Illustration

capable of (adjective portable able to be carried interminable not able to be
able, ible
suffix) limited legible able to be read
like, pertaining to cardiac pertaining to the heart aquatic pertaining to the
ac, ic
(adjective suffix) water dramatic pertaining to the drama
audacious full of daring
acious, icious full of (adjective suffix) perspicacious full of mental perception
avaricious full of greed
maniacal insane
pertaining to (adjective or
al final pertaining to the end
noun suffix)
logical pertaining to logic

full of (adjective or noun eloquent pertaining to fluid, effective speech suppliant

ant, ent
suffix) pleader (person full of requests) verdant green

dictionary book connected with words

like, connected with
ary
(adjective or noun suffix)
ate to make (verb suffix)
ation that which is (noun suffix)
cy state of being (noun suffix)
eer (er, or) person who (noun suffix)
escent becoming (adjective suffix)
making, doing (adjective
fic
suffix)
capable of (adjective
able, ible
suffix)
like, pertaining to
ac, ic
(adjective suffix)
acious, icious full of (adjective suffix)
honorary with honor
luminary celestial body
consecrate to make holy enervate to make weary
mitigate to make less severe
exasperation irritation
irritation annoyance
democracy government ruled by the people
obstinacy stubbornness
accuracy correctness
mutineer person who rebels
lecher person who lusts
censor person who deletes improper remarks
evanescent tending to vanish
pubescent arriving at puberty
terrific arousing great fear
soporific causing sleep
portable able to be carried interminable not able to be
limited legible able to be read
cardiac pertaining to the heart aquatic pertaining to the
water dramatic pertaining to the drama
audacious full of daring
perspicacious full of mental perception

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Chapter 4 Vocabulary

avaricious full of greed

maniacal insane
pertaining to (adjective or
al final pertaining to the end
noun suffix)
logical pertaining to logic

full of (adjective or noun eloquent pertaining to fluid, effective speech suppliant

ant, ent
suffix) pleader (person full of requests) verdant green

dictionary book connected with words

like, connected with
ary
(adjective or noun suffix)
ate to make (verb suffix)
ation that which is (noun suffix)
cy state of being (noun suffix)
eer (er, or) person who (noun suffix)
escent becoming (adjective suffix)
making, doing (adjective
fic
suffix)
honorary with honor
luminary celestial body
consecrate to make holy enervate to make weary
mitigate to make less severe
exasperation irritation
irritation annoyance
democracy government ruled by the people
obstinacy stubbornness
accuracy correctness
mutineer person who rebels
lecher person who lusts
censor person who deletes improper remarks
evanescent tending to vanish
pubescent arriving at puberty
terrific arousing great fear
soporific causing sleep

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 Chapter 4 Vocabulary

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Official Questions

1- B
1- B 1- B 2- D
2- A 2- D 3- C
3- C 3- A 4- B
4- B 4- D 5- B
5- B 5- B 6- D
6- B 6- D
7- C 7- B
8- A 8- A
9- C 9- D
10- B 10- A
11- A 11- B
12- B 12- B
13- B 13- B
14- C 14- B
15- A 15- D
16- B 16- D
17- A
18- B
19- D
20- A
21- A

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