Joshua Manuturi Sitorus

NIM : 2306184590

Homework 1 Sustainable Energy System (ENES801002)

Solar and Wind Energy
Submission date: 4 October 2023

Solar Power
Design a solar photovoltaic system that meets the annual demand for a residential cluster in
Pakuwon City, Surabaya which consists of 40 houses. Each house uses 3,400 kWh AC of
electricity per year. By referring to RenewablesNinja for solar energy potential and IRENA
and/or ADB for technical and economic assumptions, calculate the following:

a) The LCOE (without battery storage)

b) The LCOE (with battery storage)

Typical electricity load profile in Java and Bali from Putranto et al., (2022) is shown in
Figure 1. Meanwhile, Figure 2 shows the load profile for residential sector based on McNeil
et al., (2019).

Assumption:
Location: Pakuwon City, Surabaya, Indonesia
Annual electricity requirements per house are 3,400 kWh AC
Number of houses 40 houses
Solar energy potential 5 kWh/m²/day ( Reference)
System efficiency: 20%
PV panel cost: $0.50 /W (Reference)
Battery cost: $200.00 /kWh
Battery efficiency: 90%
Discount rate: 5%
System lifespan: 25 years

“Total annual electricity demand = 40 houses x 3,400 kWh/house = 136,000 kWh”

a) The LCOE (without battery storage)

Assuming a solar radiation of 5 kWh/m2/day for Surabaya[1], and a solar panel efficiency of
20%, we can calculate the required solar panel capacity as follows:
~Required solar panel capacity = (136,000 kWh / year) / (5 hours / day) / (365 days / year) / (5
kWh/m2/day) / 20% = 93.15 kW
 Joshua Manuturi Sitorus
NIM : 2306184590

Assuming a solar panel cost of $0.50/W[3], the total cost of the solar panels would be:
~Total cost of solar panels = 93.15 kW x $0.50/W = $46,575
~Calculate the Number of PV Panels = $46,575 / $0.50/W = 93-94 Panels

Assuming an inverter cost of $0.10/W[3], the total cost of the inverter would be:
~Total cost of inverter = 93.15 kW x $0.10/W = $9,315

Assuming an O&M cost of $20/kW/year[3], the total O&M cost would be:
~Total O&M cost = 93.15 kW x $20/kW/year = $1,863/year

To calculate the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for the solar PV system without battery
storage based on the provided assumptions:
~Calculate the total upfront cost of the PV system:
• Total cost of solar panels: $46,575
• Total cost of inverter: $9,315
Total upfront cost = Total cost of solar panels + Total cost of inverter Total upfront cost =
$46,575 + $9,315 = $55,890

~Calculate the present value of annual operation and maintenance (O&M) costs over the
system's lifetime:
• Total O&M cost per year: $1,863
• System lifetime: 25 years
• Discount rate: 5%
PV = O&M cost per year * [(1 - (1 + discount rate)^(-system lifetime)) / discount rate]
PV = $1,863 * [(1 - (1 + 0.05)^(-25)) / 0.05]
PV ≈ $29,261.18

~Calculate the total energy generated over the system's lifetime:

• Required solar panel capacity: 93.15 kW
• Capacity factor: 20% (0.20)
• System lifetime: 25 years
Total energy generated = Required solar panel capacity (kW) * Capacity factor * System
lifetime (hours per year)
Total energy generated = 93.15 kW * 0.20 * 25 years * 365 days/year * 24 hours/day =
383,797.5 kWh

Calculate The LCOE (without battery storage):

LCOE = (Total upfront cost + Present value of O&M costs) / Total energy generated
LCOE = ($55,890 + $29,261.18) / 383,797.5 kWh
LCOE ≈ $85,151.18 / 383,797.5 kWh
LCOE ≈ $0.2216 per kWh or approximately 22.16 cents per kWh

The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for the solar PV system without battery storage in
Pakuwon City, Surabaya, Indonesia, is approximately 22.16 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh). This
represents the estimated cost per kWh of electricity generated over the system's 25-year lifetime,
considering both upfront costs and ongoing O&M expenses, and accounting for the discount
rate.
 Joshua Manuturi Sitorus
NIM : 2306184590

b) The LCOE (with battery storage)

To calculate the LCOE with battery storage, we need to assume that the system will generate
excess electricity during daylight hours that can be stored in batteries and used during nighttime
hours. We can use the load profile for Java and Bali from Putranto et al. (2022) [2] to estimate
the electricity demand during nighttime hours. Based on the load profile, we can assume that the
system will generate excess electricity for an average of 3 hours per day.

Assuming a battery cost of $150/kWh[3], and a battery efficiency of 90%, we can calculate the
required battery capacity as follows:
~Required battery capacity = (136,000 kWh / year) / (3 hours / day) / (365 days / year) / 90% =
53.15 kWh

Assuming a battery inverter cost of $0.20/W[3], the total cost of the battery inverter would be:
~Total cost of battery inverter = 53.15 kWh x $0.20/W = $10,630

Assuming an O&M cost of $50/kWh/year[3], the total O&M cost would be:
~Total O&M cost = 53.15 kWh x $50/kWh/year = $2,658/year

To calculate the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for the solar PV system with battery
storage based on the provided assumptions:
~Calculate the total upfront cost of the PV system and battery storage:
• Total cost of solar panels: $46,575 (as calculated previously)
• Total cost of inverter: $9,315 (as calculated previously)
• Total cost of battery storage: Required battery capacity (kWh) * Battery cost per
kWh Total cost of battery storage = 53.15 kWh * $150/kWh = $7,972.5
• Total cost of battery inverter: 53.15 kWh * $0.20/W = $10,630
Total upfront cost = Total cost of solar panels + Total cost of inverter + Total cost of battery
storage + Total cost of battery inverter Total upfront cost = $46,575 + $9,315 + $7,972.5 +
$10,630 = $74,492.5

~Calculate the present value of annual operation and maintenance (O&M) costs over the
system's lifetime:
• Total O&M cost per year: $2,658
• System lifetime: 25 years
• Discount rate: 5%
To calculate the present value, you can use the formula for the present value of an annuity:
PV = O&M cost per year * [(1 - (1 + discount rate)^(-system lifetime)) / discount rate]
PV = $2,658 * [(1 - (1 + 0.05)^(-25)) / 0.05]
PV ≈ $41,655.32

~Calculate the total energy generated over the system's lifetime:

• Required solar panel capacity: 93.15 kW
• Capacity factor: 20% (0.20)
• System lifetime: 25 years
Total energy generated = Required solar panel capacity (kW) * Capacity factor * System
lifetime (hours per year)
Total energy generated = 93.15 kW * 0.20 * 25 years * 365 days/year * 24 hours/day =
383,797.5 kWh
 Joshua Manuturi Sitorus
NIM : 2306184590

Calculate The LCOE (with battery storage):

LCOE = (Total upfront cost + Present value of O&M costs) / Total energy generated
LCOE = ($74,492.5 + $41,655.32) / 383,797.5 kWh
LCOE ≈ $116,147.82 / 383,797.5 kWh
LCOE ≈ $0.3025 per kWh or approximately 30.25 cents per kWh

The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for the solar PV system with battery storage in
Pakuwon City, Surabaya, Indonesia, is approximately 30.25 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh). This
represents the estimated cost per kWh of electricity generated over the system's 25-year lifetime,
considering both upfront costs, battery storage costs, and ongoing O&M expenses, and
accounting for the discount rate.

The LCOE analysis shows that the solar PV system without battery storage has a lower
cost of electricity generation (22.16 cents per kWh) compared to the system with battery storage
(30.25 cents per kWh). Adding battery storage increases the LCOE due to the additional costs
associated with batteries and inverters, as well as higher O&M expenses for the storage system.
The choice between a solar PV system with or without battery storage should consider factors
like the need for backup power, grid reliability, and project goals.

In summary, scenario and under the provided assumptions, it is more economical to

install a solar PV system without battery storage to meet the annual electricity demand for the
residential cluster in Pakuwon City, Surabaya, Indonesia. The LCOE analysis serves as a
valuable tool for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy systems and making
informed decisions about energy infrastructure projects.
 Joshua Manuturi Sitorus
NIM : 2306184590

Wind Power
a) Calculate the annual energy production of an 80-m-diameter three blade Wind Turbine
(WT) with the following parameters:
Air density = 1.225 kg/m3
Coefficient of performance = 0.47 (constant for all wind speeds)

wind probability
speed (%)
(m/s)
1 7.83
2 12.72
3 13.86
4 16.11
5 18.77
6 9.56
7 8.79
8 4.93
9 2.96
10 1.87
11 0.83
12 0.55
13 0.42
14 0.31
15 0.19
total 99.7

Answer:
~Power coefficient (Cp) = 0.47
~Air density (ρ) = 1.225 kg/m³
~Wind turbine radius (R) = 80 m/2 = 40 m
~Wind turbine swept area (A) = πR² = π(40 m)² = 5028 m²
~Average wind speed (Uavg) = (7.83 m/s + 12.72 m/s + 13.86 m/s + 16.11 m/s + 18.77 m/s +
9.56 m /s + 8.79 m/s + 4.93 m/s + 2.96 m/s + 1.87 m/s + 0.83 m/s + 0.55 m/s + 0.42 m/ s + 0.31
m/s + 0.19 m/s) / 15 = 4.65 m/s

Annual energy production (E) = CpρAU³ * 8760 hours/year

E = 0.47 * 1.225 kg/m³ * 5028 m² * (4.65 m/s)³ * 8760 h/year

E = 145,726,886.232 J/year
E = 145,726,886.232 J/year * 1 Wh / 3600 J
E = 40.480 kWh/year
 Joshua Manuturi Sitorus
NIM : 2306184590

b) Instead of an 80-m-diameter WT, two 40-m-diameter WTs will be built. The new
coefficient of performance is assumed to remain constant at 0.45 for all wind speeds.
Compare the annual energy production for these turbines with the answer in point a). Give a
brief explanation of the results.

Answer:

Power coefficient (Cp) = 0.45

Air density (ρ) = 1.225 kg/m³
Wind turbine radius (R) = 40 m/2 = 20 m
Wind turbine swept area (A) = πR² = π(20 m)² = 1257 m²
Average wind speed (Uavg) = 4.65 m/s (data a)

Annual energy production (E) = CpρAU³ * 8760 hours/year

E = 0.45 * 1.225 kg/m³ * 1257 m² * (4.65 m/s)³ * 8760 h/year

E = 34,881,435.531 J/year
E = 34,881,435.531 J/year * 1 Wh / 3600 J
E = 9.689,041 kWh/year

Total energy production for two 40 m diameter wind turbines:

2 * 9.689,041 kWh/year = 19.378,082 kWh/year

In summary, the first scenario with the larger 80-meter diameter wind turbine is expected to
produce more electricity annually (40,480 kWh) compared to the second scenario with two
smaller 40-meter diameter wind turbines (19,378 kWh total). This is primarily due to the larger
swept area and slightly higher power coefficient of the 80-meter turbine, which allows it to
capture more wind energy.
Joshua Manuturi Sitorus
NIM : 2306184590

Figure 1

Figure 2