Meaning/idea Modals Comments Examples Past Examples

Must
Necessity Have to (hafta) Had to
Have got to (gotta)
NOT have to
Lack of necessity Must not
Cannot
Prohibition Do not (imperative)
Should/ shouldn’t
Advice, Ought to Should have
recommendation, Had better (‘d better) Ought to have
suggestion (not)
Could
Be supposed to Was/were
Expectation supposed to
should Should have
Can (can’t) Could
(In) Ability Know how to Was/were able
Be able to (unable to) to
Can
Possibility May
might
Permission (I or we):
Can
Could
Permission, May
request and Might
polite request
Request (You):
Can
Will
Could
Would

Polite request:
Would you mind + ing
Mind if + present
Would you mind if +
past
Suggestions Let’s (let us) (not)
Why don’t we …?

Degrees of Present: Must have been

certainty Must May-might-
May-Might -Could could have
Couldn’t - Can’t been
Mustn’t
May not- Might not + not
Future:
will
should- ought to
may- might- could

Would
Repeated actions Simple present Used to

Would rather Would rather

Preference have

Progressive forms of modals- 10-8

Combining modals with phrasal modals 10-9

Summary 10-11

Exercise 47, 48, 49 and 51