Modal verbs .

Revision
 Independent (they can form negative sentences and questions
themselves).
 The next verb after a modal one is used without TO (except
OUGHT TO) .
 No continuous form (-ing) and -s/-es endings .

Permission Obligation /Necessity Prohibition Advice

(Дозвіл) (Обов’язок/ (Заборонa) (Порада)
Необхідність )

Can Must Mustn’t Should

(when smb. thinks that (Forbidden by RULES , /Shouldn’t
e.g. You can use my smth. is LAWS : we have NO (general advice)
phone. necessary/obligatory ) CHOICE )
_____________ e.g. You shouldn’t
e.g. The mechanic must e.g. You mustn’t enter the hand in your work
May find a farmer to get public transport without late.
food . wearing a mask . Should I write it by
e.g. He may come hand?
in. Have to Ought to (only +)
Don’t have to
(strong obligations
_____________________ (NOT NECESSARY , but you (general advice)
Be allowed made by RULES ,LAWS : can do it if you want )
( permission) we have NO CHOICE ) e.g. We ought to
e.g. You don’t have to find have a clear idea
e.g. We are allowed e.g. We all have to use ‘the right person’ . about money .
money .
to wear casual Needn’t /
clothes to school .
Don’t need to
(not necessary)
e.g. You needn’t /don’t
need to carry it all with you .
Need to Can’t Had better
( necessity ) (to refuse permission ) (‘d better )
e.g. People need to e.g They can’t do what they (Strong advice for a
trade for food . like . specific situation;
Not to be allowed IT’S A GOOD IDEA)
( prohibited) e.g. You’d better keep
e.g. They aren’t allowed to your money in a
print money when they like. savings account .
 Modal verbs (past forms)
Present Past
Obligation/Necessity
Must Had to
Have to
Need to Needed to
Prohibition
Mustn’t Didn’t have to
Can’t Couldn’t
Isn’t/aren’t allowed Wasn’t/ weren’t allowed
Not necessary/not obligatory
Don’t have to Didn’t have to
Needn’t Needn’t have + V3
! Not obligatory, but we did them!

Don’t need to Didn’t need to

! Not obligatory, we didn’t do it!

Advice
Should/shouldn’t Should/shouldn’t have + V3
Ought to Ought to have + V3

! to say that:
 past actions were a
mistake;
 something was a good
idea, but you didn’t do it;
 to express criticism !
 Modals of speculation and deduction
(Модальні дієслова роздумів та передбачення)
Present & Future
Modal verb Function
Must We are 98% sure/certain that something is
possible
e.g. My kettle must be boiling!
(I hear its whistle!)
It must be cold outside!
(Because people are wearing warm clothes)
May/might/could There is a 50% possibility that something is
(May not / might not ) or will be true (you are 50% sure).
e.g. Why is he smiling? He may be happy!
A cyber-criminal might steal or destroy your
money.
Can’t We are 98 % sure/certain that something is
impossible (isn’t true).
e.g. He can’t be at home
(He is in an office in front of me)
 Modals of speculation and deduction
Past
Must
We are 98% sure/certain that something was
possible/true

May/Might/Could
There is a 50% possibility that something was
true Have V3
*(May not / might not )
There is a 50% possibility that something was
not true
Can’t
We are 98 % sure/certain that something was
impossible (wasn’t true).

e.g. He came home absolutely wet .

(He must have gone jogging. /It may have rained. /He
might have worn too warm clothes.)