Modal Verbs

Yasamin - Taghizadeh

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 Modal verbs of obligation:

Must & Have to :

We can use have to, must express obligation
(something you have to do).
must + infinitive
have to + infinitive

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 MUST:(strong obligation)

must is often used when

the speaker feels an  I must study today.
obligation himself/  I must go to the doctor.
herself
or
 You must exercise . (doctor
we use must when the says)
speaker feels that  You must be quiet .
something is necessary. (teacher says)

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 Mustn’t :

Mustn’t is used to
express negative
obligation (an obligation  You mustn’t drop those
glasses . They’ll break .
not to do something )
 You mustn’t wear your best
Or clothes . You’ll get them dirty .
We use mustn’t to say
that sth is a bad idea .

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 Must:
+ : subject + must + verb +….
- : subject +mustn’t+ verb+ ….
? : no used

Must use in present tense but must has

no past tense form , so change to “had
to” (past form of “have to” ).

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 Have to :(str ong obligation)

Have to is used when  We have to(have got to) put

the paper to be recycled in the
the speaker feels an
green box .
obligation from
 she has to(has got to) buy a
outside(a rule , law
newspaper. The boss asked her to
, regulation ) or is just
get one .
expressing a fact .
* “Have got to” means the same
as “have to” but “have got to” is
in formal . We use it mainly in
the present.

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Negative And Question For m:

Negative form :  You don't have to eat

anything you don't like.
“don’t/ doesn’t have to”
 I don't have to work on
means no obligation . Sundays.

Question form :  Do I have to do it for

Monday ?
Do/ Does +subject +
 Does she have to work for
have to + verb + …. Sunday ?

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 Have to :
*Present :
Have / Has to - don’t/doesn’t have to - do / does
… have to
*Past :
Had to – didn’t have to – did … have to –
*Future :
• For future with “will” only use “will have to”
not Will must

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 Advice And Recommendation :

"Should" is most commonly used to make

recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to
express obligation as well as expectation.
Examples:
When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam.
recommendation
You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice
I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation
By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation

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 Advice And Recommendation :
"Ought to" is used to advise or make recommendations. "Ought to"
also expresses assumption or expectation as well as strong probability,
often with the idea that something is deserved. "Ought not" (without
"to") is used to advise against doing something, although Americans
prefer the less formal forms "should not" or "had better not.“
Examples:
You ought to stop smoking. recommendation
Jim ought to get the promotion. It is expected because he deserves it.
This stock ought to increase in value. probability
Mark ought not drink so much. advice against something (notice there is no
"to")
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 Advice And Recommendation :

Should :
+Present , past , future =subject + should +infinitive+…
-Present , past , future = subject + shouldn’t +infinitive+…
? = should + subject +infinitive +…
Ought to :
+Present , past , future =subject + ought to +infinitive+…
+Present , past , future =subject + ought not +infinitive+…
? = ought + subject + to+ infinitive + …
Example : It’s a difficult problem . How ought we to deal with it ?
*after should or ought to we can use a continuous form (be + an –ing form )
It’s half past six already . I should be cooking the tea .
Why are you sitting here doing nothing ? You ought to be working .
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 Advice And Recommendation :
We use “had better” to say what is the best thing to do in a situation .
Example :
It’s cold . The children had better wear their coats.
My wife is waiting for me . I’d better not be late .
*we could also use should or ought to in these examples although had
better is stronger. The speaker sees the action asnecessary and
expected that it will happen .
+had better + infinitive
-had better not + infinitive

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 Advice And Recommendation :

Should/ought to have + p.p. verb :

We use these forms when someone didn't do the right thing.
Example :
We didn’t play very well . We should have played better .
I got lost .~ sorry . I ought to have drawn you a map .
It was a lovely old building . They shouldn’t have knocked it
down .

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 Assumption/Deduction

deduction/ dɪˈdʌkʃ ə n / noun [ uncountable

and countable ]
*the process of using the knowledge or
information you have in order to understand
something or form an opinion, or the opinion
that you form : Children will soon make
deductions about the meaning of a word.

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 Assumption/Deduction

*We use must for logical deduction about the

present , when you want to express certainty :
 It must be very boring to live in a small village
where nothing happens.
*The opposite of must in this case is can’t :
 The letter can’t be from your aunt Harriet . It’s
got a Chinese stamp on it .

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 Assumption/Deduction

*Use must have + past participle and can’t

have + past participle to make logical
deductions about the past :
 Dave can’t have played football yesterday .
He broke his leg last week .
 He must have escaped through this window.
It is broken.

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 Assumption/Deduction

assumption/ əˈsʌmpʃ ə n / noun

[ countable ] something that you think is true
although you have no definite proof → assume
assumption that A lot of people make the
assumption that poverty only exists in the Third
World.
My calculations were based on the assumption
that house prices would remain steady.

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 Assumption/Deduction

*Use may have/ might have / could have +

past participle to make assumptions that you
are not entirely sure about :
 I was expecting a package today , but it
hasn’t arrived . I suppose I may / might
/could have got lost in the post .
- May / might/ could not have + p.p. verb

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Y_T

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