12PAP84

DIFFERENT APPROACHES ON FOURDRINIER DEWATERING:
WHAT IS THE MOST SUITABLE STRATEGY?

Juan Cecchini, Development Manager, RTD, Metso Paper Inc.
Ari Puurtinen, Manager Product Development, RTD, Metso Paper Inc.
Teuvo Virkkunen, Development Manager, RTD, Metso Paper Inc.
Antti Poikolainen, Development Manager, RTD, Metso Paper Inc.
ABSTRACT
Traditional papermaking started with plain fourdrinier which consist in a single side dewatering. Typically, a
progressive water removal is achieved by gentle and gradual increasing activity and vacuum forces. Low headbox
consistencies have been the criteria to ensure high dispersion in fiber suspension to minimize flocculation [1;6;7;10].
Hence paper formation was obtained by high dilution and slow water removal.
The twin wire machines, especially gap formers, were developed for high speed and stronger water removal from
double sided dewatering. The length where such water removal happens is radically shorter than that corresponding
to fourdriniers. The deflocculation is achieved by combination of shear forces created on the gap plus the shear
forces promoted by the headbox jet activity [9, 10, 11].
A new approach to deal with single side dewatering for fourdrinier formers is achieved by introducing new tools
which increases the water removal capacity and reduces its length or dwell time while up taking the jet activity and
holding it in early stage of the former. Formation is achieved by increasing shear from jet-to-wire speed difference
as well as strong water removal in shorter table length [4].
This paper will present the conceptual changes and compare it with traditional thinking as well as presenting clear
results with new technologies for fourdriniers.
INTRODUCTION
A conventional fourdrinier former has been conceived with a simple long-plane arrangement of dewatering elements
(fig.1) including a forming board, individual foils and/or foil boxes, foil boxes assisted with vacuum (or vacufoils)
and flat suction boxes. A typical length is around 16-18 m. The dewatering takes places in one direction
(downwards) through the forming fabric (and fiber mat when formed). The web formation process takes about two
thirds of the former length and web consolidation happen in the remaining length of the former.
The forming board element is consisting of a leading blade plus 4 or 5 foils arranged in one holding frame and its
standard open area might change between 15 to 30%. The jet lands in the leading edge of the forming board
allowing the stock to drain there in between 3 to 10% of the headbox flow according to the paper grade, machine
speed and other process conditions.
A fourdrinier with forming board operates in lower speed range (typically below 1000 m/min) and the dewatering
dependence of the forces promoted by headbox jet activity and the blades pulsations at a given speed. A typical
fourdrinier machine does not operate in jet-to-wire ratio far from even point (0,98<j/w<1,02) and does not allow to
produce high orientation in paper. To achieve good formation the dispersive effects are mainly depending (at a given
basis weight) of high headbox flows and its corresponding low headbox consistency as well as the subsequent
pulsating effects that foil blades might introduce from foil boxes [1, 6, 7].
PaperCon 2012 Page 1841

Water content in web consistency
Figure 1: Schematic (general) representation of fourdrinier former and its conceptual indication of filtration
process, water removal directions, web structure characteristics and water content and consistency
development along the former.
In a twin wire (gap) former (fig. 2), the layout and operating conditions are quite different. The two fabrics have an
arrangement of dewatering elements promoting two sided water removal in both directions [9, 10, 11]. This
configuration allows fiber mat to be formed and starts web consolidation in about half of that length corresponding
to single side dewatering and it happens in higher speed range (typically over 1000 m/min). It has the chance to
control orientation and formation simultaneously operating in wider jet-to-wire speed ratio (or J/W range:
0,92<j/w<1,08).
Water content
in web
consistency
Figure 2: Schematic representation of twin wire (gap) former and its approximate length with conceptual
indication of filtration process, water removal directions and web structure characteristics

A new approach to deal with single side dewatering for fourdrinier formers can be achieved by introducing new
tools like vacuum assisted forming board (VacuBalance TM). In such a concept the jet activity can be taken and held
in early stage of the former. Formation is achieved by increasing shear from jet-to-wire speed difference as well as
strong water removal in shorter table length. Still, as an additional benefit, this operating concept and tool allow
reduced headbox flow according to paper grade [4].
In vacuum assisted forming board there is a significantly higher dewatering capacity than in traditional forming
board. The jet landing takes place on top of a slot which removes the air from the gap between the jet and forming
board. This is especially important issue at high speed. Dewatering begins immediately after jet landing point. The
kinetic energy of the headbox jet is partly reduced with the initial dewatering flow through the forming fabric. This
helps to reduce the heavy pressure pulse acting on the free water surface at jet landing point known as stock jump [2,
3, 4, 5].
Figure 3: Schematic representation of fourdrinier former including vacuum assisted forming board, its water content
and consistency development on the web and the vacuum assisted forming board.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pilot Facility
Tests were made in pilot paper & board machine located at Metso Paper Technology Center, Rautpohja, Jyväskylä,
Finland. The headbox was a hydraulic type for board applications. The fourdrinier former has had a length of 16 m
in one trial while other trial was run with 12 m. The press section concept was a center roll configuration equipped
with 3 nips where the last one was a shoe press. Drying section is extremely short (as typical for pilot machines) and
the samples are reeled in wet conditions (55-60% average dry solids content). The wet samples are dried in lab by
drum dryers.
Figure 4: Schematic representation of pilot machine.

Vacuum Assisted Forming Board
The vacuum assisted forming board has been introduced in the market in recent years. It has significant differences
with the traditional forming board as follow:
 Consist of one or two consecutives plain covers
 Cover(s) get a variable open area between 45 to 55%
 The device can be assisted with vacuum in just one or two zones
Such device has a water removal capacity between 20 to 80% of the total headbox flow according to its
dimensioning, cover design, vacuum applied, paper grade and running speed which is offering a much wider
operating window and capacity than traditionally forming board.
The interesting perspective of a fourdrinier former equipped with vacuum assisted forming board is the possibility to
operate in higher speed controlling the hydrodynamic activity of the jet landing by means of vacuum [4]. Such a tool
brings the opportunity to handle a new possible operating window that includes higher jet-to-wire speed differences
which will allow to control tensile orientation while do not compromising formation.
Short Fourdrinier Former Table Length Dewatering
A typical and practical operating procedure when talking about fourdrinier dewatering capacity is referred to the
position of the dry line. The dry line, as it is well known, represents the position where the water is not any more “as
a visible glow” on top of the formed web but inside the web porous structure. In general, the position of the dry line
is located at about 60-70 % of the total length of the former with reference in headbox.
Figure 5: Schematic -general- representation of dry-line position over flat suction boxes area and a picture of dry-
line on fourdrinier former with high dewatering capacity (note: on picture the headbox slice channel can be
seen on back end)
Due to the higher water removal capacity available on the initial dewatering zone of the former it is possible to
reduce the forming table length. This effect can be easily observed by inspecting position of the before referred dry
line in the former which is tending to be located at about 45-55% of the total length of the former with reference in
headbox. With such benefit it can be immediately conceived a shorter forming table length saving up to 20-25% of
the required former space or even further.

Figure 6: Schematic representation of the fourdrinier former table lengths for 16 and 12 m with high dewatering
capacity elements.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Operating Window
Different tests have been performed utilizing different settings and former dewatering elements arrangements. A
wide range of flows (100 to 200 l/s/m) and running speeds (800 to 1550 m/min) has been tested but major effort has
been concentrated into the range 1000 to 1400 m/min. The vacuum applied range to vacuum assisted forming board
goes from 5 to 15 kPa which requires selective adjustments depending of speed, basis weight and jet-to-wire ratio
operating conditions. The higher the speed the higher the vacuum demand if orientation effect wants to be under
control.
High speed fourdrinier trial: basis weight and speed

80
70
60
Basis weight, g/m2
50
40
30
20
10
0
700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Speed, m/min
Figure 7: Example of family data reporting basis weights and speed tested

High speed fourdrinier trial: vacuum applied and J/W ratio
45
High
40
35
30
Vacuum applied, kPa
25
20
15
10
Low
0
0,92 0,94 0,96 0,98 1,00 1,02 1,04 1,06 1,08
J/W ratio
Figure 8: Example of family data reporting vacuum applied to forming board at a corresponding J/W ratio
Dewatering Performance
A set of examples about water removal handling are presented in this section. It can be observed a wide range of
headbox flows and vacuums applied at forming board. The vacuum applied is typically increasing when the headbox
flow increases to be able to control the dry-line in suitable position. As well, with the correct adjustment of vacuum
in forming board a water removal as high as 60 to 70% of the headbox flow on a given speed and basis weight can
be reached (fig. 9).
High speed fourdrinier trial: dewatering profile along the former

J/W 1,01 & 40‐45 g/m2 & Speed 1000 m/min
100,0
205 l/s/m ‐ 10 kPa
185 l/s/m ‐ 8 kPa

80,0
150 l/s/m ‐ 5 kPa
105 l/s/m ‐ 2 kPa
60,0
Web Flows, %
40,0
20,0
0,0
HBX SFB FBx1 FBx2 FBx3 FBx4 FBx5 FBx6
Positions along the former
Figure 9: Web flows along the former elements position (in percentage of headbox flow) for different flows and
vacuum assisted forming board vacuums

High speed fourdrinier trial: dewatering profile along the former
J/W 0,93 & 40‐45 g/m2 & 130 l/s/m
100,0
800 m/min ‐ 5 kPa
90,0
1000 m/min ‐ 5 kPa
80,0
1200 m/min ‐ 8 kPa
70,0 1400 m/min ‐ 12 kPa
60,0
Web Flows, %
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
Position along the former
Figure 10: Web flows along the former elements position (in percentage of headbox flow) for different vacuum
assisted forming board vacuums
Additionally, when testing different running speeds, it can be observed a significantly stable water removal response
with the suitable basis weight and headbox flow operating condition at a given jet-to-wire ratio and vacuum applied
at the forming board (fig. 10). The exceptionally high water removal reached in this case (up to 80% of headbox
flow) comes from the fact of a low basis weight and headbox flow selected.
The presented results correspond to the direct calculation of the web flow based on the water balance between flow
delivered by the headbox and the respective water removal measured on each section of the former.
This issue has been verified in several trial points with corresponding water content measurements (web thickness or
web water content sensors) at relevant positions in early stage of the former. As an example it is shown here (fig.11)
the water content profile along the former determined for different headbox flows, jet-to-wire ratios and vacuum
applied at forming board. The measurements have been particularly taken after the vacuum assisted forming board
and the first three foil boxes where the higher water removal takes place.

High Speed Fourdrinier: water content profile along the former
40- 45 g/m2 and 1200 m/min
6000
Flow3 & 0,95 & Vac1
5000 Flow2 & 0,97 & Vac2
Flow1 & 0,99 & Vac3

Water content, gH2O
4000 Flow1 & 1,01 & Vac3
Flow2 & 1,03 & Vac2
3000 Flow3 & 1,05 & Vac1
2000
1000
0
SFB FBx1 FBx2 FBx3
Figure 11: Web flows along the former elements position (in grams of water) for different flows and vacuum
assisted forming board vacuums (note: the vacuums levels and headbox flows have been identified from
1 to 3 on decreasing order)
Orientation and Formation Effects
A fourdrinier forming table equipped with traditional forming can operate around the even point (J/W ~ 1,00) to
achieve good formation. In a fourdrinier equipped with vacuum assisted forming board the orientation and formation
can be simultaneously controlled. As examples, the figures 12 and 13 show the results obtained for orientation and
formation at a wide range of jet-to-wire ratios. A couple of basis weights have been studied. Headbox flow and
vacuums level settings have been investigated. It came clear from this experience that vacuum adjustments are
needed when changing jet-to-wire ratios on drag or rush sides for given headbox flows. The formation responses
achieved are depending on furnish conditions and retention chemistry applied as well [8].
The possibility to control orientation and formation gives a significant advantage when considering the MD strength
development. In fact such a benefit is not only observed on the final product but on the runnability performance of
the paper machine.

High speed fourdrinier: MD/CD ratio vs J/W ratio
4,50
4,00
3,50
MD/CD ratio
3,00
2,50
65 g/m2 ‐ VacSet1
2,00
45 g/m2 ‐ VacSet1
45 g/m2 ‐ VacSet2
1,50
0,92 0,94 0,96 0,98 1,00 1,02 1,04 1,06 1,08
J/W ratio
Figure 12: Orientation (MD/CD tensile ratio) responses as function of jet-to-wire ratio for a given basis weight,
headbox flow and vacuum settings at vacuum assisted forming board
High speed fourdrinier: Beta‐formation vs J/W ratio

9,0
8,0
7,0
Beta‐Ambertec, g/m2
6,0
5,0
65 g/m2 ‐ VacSet1
4,0
45 g/m2 ‐ VacSet1
45 g/m2 ‐ VacSet2
3,0
0,92 0,94 0,96 0,98 1,00 1,02 1,04 1,06 1,08
J/W ratio
Figure 13: Formation (Beta-Ambertec) responses as function of jet-to-wire ratio for a given basis weight, headbox
flow and vacuum settings at vacuum assisted forming board

Further studies are proceeding in different basis weights and paper grades in order to find out a wider scope of
applications. Different applications shows benefits which must be case-by-case considered for optimizations.
CONCLUSIONS
The vacuum assisted forming board introduced to fourdrinier type of former has expanded the operating window of
such a forming concept. It gives further opportunities to paper and board makers for rebuilding existing machinery
to introduce advantages on production capacity and quality control capabilities. This issue might be on special
interest of board makers considering multiply applications.
The vacuum applied through the vacuum assisted forming board helps to hold the dispersive effect of the headbox
hydrodynamics developed in the turbulence generator piping. At the same time it enhances the controllability of
orientation in web structure by accepting higher jet-to-wire speed differences as well as overall higher production
speed with the simplest and cheapest forming concept.
The vacuum assisted forming board overcomes the limitation of traditional forming board related to stock jump. The
nature of the operating principle is very simple and vacuum assisted forming board helps to achieve high running
speed while enhancing the control tools of web structure by an even mass distribution and getting strength
development through orientation effects. Trouble-free operation at high machine speed is secured by absorbing the
kinetic energy of the jet with the means of immediate dewatering, which starts right after jet impingement point.
Same tool can be introduced to hybrid formers with significant potential on higher production rates and significantly
higher dewatering capacity at the same or shorter former length.
REFERENCES
1.- The Sheet-Forming process, Parker, J.D.; TAPPI Stap series NO.9, A project of the fluid mechanics committee,
Copyright 1972.
2.- Investigation of Thin Fiber Mat Formed at High Velocity, Herzig, R, Johnson, D.B.; Peer Reviewed, TAPPI
Journal NO.1 Vol.82, January 1999.
3.- High Vacuum Dewatering of Newsprint, Neun, J.A.; TAPPI Journal NO.9 Vol.79, September 1996.
4.- High and low speed fourdrinier: new aspects and tools to control dewatering and paper structure, Cecchini, J.,
Muhonen, J., Poikolainen, A., Puurtinen, A.; ABTCP2010, October 2010.
5.- On the impingment of a plane liquid jet on the wires of a paper machine, Audenis, G.; Kungl Tekniska
Högskolan, Technical report 1999.02, Licenciate Thesis, 1999
6.- Developments in activity generation on Fourdriniers, Sodergren, O.F.; Neun, J.A.; 2000 TAPPI Journal Peer
Reviewed Paper, October 2000.
7.- Activity generation on single wire tables, Bousfield, D.W.; Wildfong V.; 2003 TAPPI Spring Technical
Conference and Trade Fair.
8.- The effect of retention aid, drainage conditions and pretreatment of slurry on high vacuum dewatering: a
laboratory study, Räisänen, K.O.; Paulapuro, H.; Karrila, S.J.; TAPPI Journal NO.4 Vol.78, April 1995.
9.- Customizing Roll and blade Formers for different applications, Odell, M.; The 10th Valmet Paper Machine Days,
1996
10.- Sheet Forming Studies Using Layered Orientation Analysis, Erkkilä, A-L; Pakarinen, P; Odell, M.; CPPA
Annual conference 1996
11.- An Analysis of Blade Dewatering in a Twin-Wire Paper Machine, Zahrai, S.; Bark, F.H.; Norman, B.; Journal
of Pulp and Paper Science, Vol.23, September 1997.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES ON FOURDRINIER DEWATERING:
WHAT IS THE MOST SUITABLE STRATEGY?
Juan Cecchini
Ari Puurtinen
Teuvo Virkkunen
Antti Poikolainen

Different approaches on fourdrinier dewatering:
what is the most suitable strategy?
• Web forming concepts
• Equipment and experimental setting
• Results
• Conclusions

• Web forming concepts

The web forming process
Three subprocesses taking place simultaneously
Drainage: flow through the filtrating media characterized by flow speed variable with time
Oriented Shear: is the shear flow having defined pattern in the undrained fiber suspension
characterized by main velocity gradient (or velocity difference)
Turbulence: ideally referred as random fluctuation in flow velocity existing in the undrained fiber
suspension characterized by flow speed patterns able to create scattered performance of fiber
suspension

Traditional fourdrinier drainage & web structure
Water content in web consistency

Twin-wires drainage & web structure
consistency
Water content
in web

Fast drainage & fiber mat formation
Twin-wire
High speed
• >1200 m/min
Fast dewatering
• >70%
Forming
Roll
Short length
• ~1m
Short dwell time
Drainage • ~ 50 ms
Fiber mat Consistency change
Breast • ~ 150%
Roll J/W ratio change
Jet velocity Forming fabrics • > 5% typically
Profile

Fourdrinier High speed
Jet velocity
• >1000 m/min
Profile Fast dewatering
• ~ 50%
Fiber mat
Short length
• ~1m
Short dwell time
• ~ 70-75 ms
Breast Consistency change
Roll
• ~ 100%
Drainage J/W ratio change
• Any you like (?)

Visualization via Herzig & Johnson studies
0,2 g/m2 4,0 g/m2 7,0 g/m2 10,0 g/m2
Jet velocity
Profile
Breast
Roll
Drainage
Fiber mat

Fast fourdrinier drainage:
Vacuum assisted forming board required
Features:
• High open area
• One or more chambers
Water content
• High dewatering capacity

consistency
• Helps to stabilize the jet impingement

in web
• Helps to uptake maximum advantage

from headbox dispersive effect
• Allows to control orientation

• Equipment and experimental setting

Fast fourdrinier dewatering
Equipment
SFB FBx1 FBx2 FBx3 FBx4 FBx5 FBx6
SFB FBx1 FBx2 FBx3 FBx4

Experiments operating window
• Furnish: 100% OCC
• Basis weight range: 30 to 70 g/m2
• Speed range: 800 to 1550 m/min
• Flow range: 100 to 200 l/s/m
• Jet-to-wire ratio range: 0,93 to 1,07
• Vacuum applied range: 0 to 20 kPa (5 to 15 kPa mostly)

High speed fourdrinier trial: basis weight and speed
80
70
60
50
Basis weight, g/m2
40
30
20
10
0
700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Speed, m/min

• Results

Flows and Vacuums
High speed fourdrinier trial: dewatering profile along the former At given speed, basis
J/W 1,01 & 40-45 g/m2 & Speed 1000 m/min
100,0
weight and J/W ratio
205 l/s/m - 10 kPa
the dewareting ratio is
185 l/s/m - 8 kPa
held approximately
80,0
150 l/s/m - 5 kPa
constant with suitable
105 l/s/m - 2 kPa combination of headbox
60,0 flow and vacuum
Web Flows, %
applied and vacuum

assisted forming board
40,0
20,0
0,0
Positions along the former

Speeds and Vacuums
High speed fourdrinier trial: dewatering profile along the former At given basis weight,
J/W 0,93 & 40-45 g/m2 & 130 l/s/m
headbox flow and J/W
100,0
800 m/min - 5 kPa
ratio, the dewareting ratio
90,0
1000 m/min - 5 kPa is held approximately
80,0
1200 m/min - 8 kPa constant with suitable
70,0 1400 m/min - 12 kPa combination of speed and
60,0
vacuum applied and
Web Flows, %
vacuum assisted forming

50,0
board
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0

Optimized case
High Speed Fourdrinier: water content profile along the former At given speed and basis
weight the dewareting ratio
40- 45 g/m2 and 1200 m/min
6000
Flow3 & 0,95 & Vac1 can be controlled as well as
5000 Flow2 & 0,97 & Vac2 achieve formation and
Flow1 & 0,99 & Vac3 orientation control with
suitable combination of
Water content, gH2O
4000 Flow1 & 1,01 & Vac3
Flow2 & 1,03 & Vac2 headbox flow, J/W ratio

3000 Flow3 & 1,05 & Vac1 and vacuum applied and
vacuum assisted forming
2000 board
1000
0
SFB FBx1 FBx2 FBx3
SFB FBx1 FBx2 FBx3

Orientation effect
High speed fourdrinier: MD/CD ratio vs J/W ratio
4,50
4,00
3,50
MD/CD ratio
3,00
2,50
65 g/m2 - VacSet1
2,00
45 g/m2 - VacSet1
45 g/m2 - VacSet2
1,50
0,92 0,94 0,96 0,98 1,00 1,02 1,04 1,06 1,08
J/W ratio

Formation and Orientation effect
High speed fourdrinier: Beta-formation vs J/W ratio
9,0
Isn´t it that traditional
fourdrinier will have a
8,0 responses like this?
7,0
Beta-Ambertec, g/m2
6,0
5,0
65 g/m2 - VacSet1
4,0
45 g/m2 - VacSet1
45 g/m2 - VacSet2
3,0
0,92 0,94 0,96 0,98 1,00 1,02 1,04 1,06 1,08
J/W ratio

Orientation effect: traditional vs fast drainage
• At a given speed and basis weight, if • For similar speed and basis
dewatering happen slowly, the flow velocity weight, if dewareting is fast
profile will tend to the shape like ”open channel and controlled with suitable
flow pattern”. tools, the flow velocity profile
• Furthermore, pulsations from foil boxes might from the headbox will be
affect orientation too while simultaneously held like frozen.
promoting dewatering. • Web consolidation will
• The jet activity and flow velocity pattern from happen faster and fiber
headbox are lost along the former, thus fiber orientation is kept on good
orientation is poor level
Jet velocity Jet velocity
Profile Profile
Breast Breast
Roll Roll
Drainage Drainage
Fiber mat Fiber mat

High speed fourdrinier trial: vacuum applied and J/W ratio
45
High
40
35
30
Vacuum applied, kPa
25
20
15
10
Low
0
0,92 0,94 0,96 0,98 1,00 1,02 1,04 1,06 1,08
J/W ratio

Orientation effect: traditional vs fast drainage
45 g/m2 & 1000 m/min
J/W ratio 1,06
45 g/m2 & 1200 m/min

J/W ratio 1,05
MD
Vacuum assisted
CD
forming board
TS
BS Traditional forming board
0 Basis weight, % 100

• Conclusions

Conclusions
• It is possible to run fourdrinier at high speed and fast dewatering
performance having proper tools like vacuum assisted forming
board.
• No web sealing effect observed for the basis weight range tested
• It is possible to control formation and orientation simultaneously
in fourdrinier running at high speed.
• To control formation and orientation simultaneously it is important
combine suitable headbox flow, jet-to-wire speed ratio and
vacuum applied to vacuum assisted forming board.

• The suitable strategy is according to the paper grade under
interest and the former resources available.
• Traditional running mode for fourdrinier (i.e.: low speed and low
orientation) has fitted well for many applications
1. It shows limitations to control formation
2. It relies on high headbox flow and slow dewatering profile along former
• Fourdrinier having vacuum assisted forming board introduces

many advantages as follow:
1. High dewatering capacity
2. High running speed
3. Wider operating window combining headbox flow and J/W ratio
4. Possibility to control formation and orientation simultaneouly

Thank you!
Any question?

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DIFFERENT APPROACHES ON FOURDRINIER DEWATERING:

WHAT IS THE MOST SUITABLE STRATEGY?

PaperCon 2012 Page 1841

PaperCon 2012 Page 1842

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Figure 4: Schematic representation of pilot machine.

PaperCon 2012 Page 1843

Short Fourdrinier Former Table Length Dewatering

PaperCon 2012 Page 1844

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

High speed fourdrinier trial: basis weight and speed

PaperCon 2012 Page 1845

High speed fourdrinier trial: dewatering profile along the former

185 l/s/m ‐ 8 kPa

105 l/s/m ‐ 2 kPa

PaperCon 2012 Page 1846

PaperCon 2012 Page 1847

5000 Flow2 & 0,97 & Vac2

Flow1 & 0,99 & Vac3

4000 Flow1 & 1,01 & Vac3

Flow2 & 1,03 & Vac2

3000 Flow3 & 1,05 & Vac1

Orientation and Formation Effects

PaperCon 2012 Page 1848

High speed fourdrinier: Beta‐formation vs J/W ratio

PaperCon 2012 Page 1849

PaperCon 2012 Page 1850

PaperCon 2012 Page 1851

PaperCon 2012 Page 1852

PaperCon 2012 Page 1853

Three subprocesses taking place simultaneously

PaperCon 2012 Page 1854

Water content in web consistency

PaperCon 2012 Page 1855

PaperCon 2012 Page 1856

PaperCon 2012 Page 1857

PaperCon 2012 Page 1858

0,2 g/m2 4,0 g/m2 7,0 g/m2 10,0 g/m2

PaperCon 2012 Page 1859

• High dewatering capacity

• Helps to stabilize the jet impingement

• Helps to uptake maximum advantage

PaperCon 2012 Page 1860

PaperCon 2012 Page 1861

SFB FBx1 FBx2 FBx3 FBx4 FBx5 FBx6

SFB FBx1 FBx2 FBx3 FBx4

PaperCon 2012 Page 1862

PaperCon 2012 Page 1863

PaperCon 2012 Page 1864

PaperCon 2012 Page 1865

applied and vacuum

SFB FBx1 FBx2 FBx3 FBx4 FBx5 FBx6

PaperCon 2012 Page 1866

vacuum assisted forming

SFB FBx1 FBx2 FBx3 FBx4 FBx5 FBx6

PaperCon 2012 Page 1867

4000 Flow1 & 1,01 & Vac3

Flow2 & 1,03 & Vac2 headbox flow, J/W ratio

SFB FBx1 FBx2 FBx3

PaperCon 2012 Page 1868

PaperCon 2012 Page 1869

PaperCon 2012 Page 1870

Fiber mat Fiber mat

PaperCon 2012 Page 1871