History of Psychology The Making of a

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Chapter 10: Introspective Psychology

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In one way or another, all of the psychologists covered in this chapter used introspection. Using
introspection as a method was second nature because of their academic training as philosophers.
However, now they were using introspection ____.
a. reliably
b. experimentally
c. therapeutically
d. rationally
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Introduction

2. Which of the following is among Wilhelm Wundt’s major contributions to psychology?

a. He trained many students who later went on to become early pioneers in psychology.
b. He wrote the book Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint.
c. He realized that the study of music offered insights into the workings of the human mind.
d. He developed the concept of cognitive sets.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Introspection

3. What was Wundt’s relationship with the eminent scientist Hermann Helmholtz?
a. Wundt and Helmholtz collaborated closely on the measurement of the speed of nerve
impulses.
b. Wundt worked for Helmholtz for nearly five years, but the two never truly connected.
c. Helmholtz studied under Wundt at the University of Heidelberg but soon rebelled against
Wundt’s views.
d. Wundt and Helmholtz disagreed fervently over the concept of imageless thought.
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Introspection

4. Wundt achieved his professional breakthrough upon the publication of the ____.
a. new journal Philosophische Studien
b. book Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
c. Textbook of Human Physiology
d. book Über das Gedächtnis (Concerning Memory)
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Introspection

5. Which of the following best describes Wundt’s definition of psychology?

a. Perceptual analysis through psychophysics and brain localizations
b. Individual consciousness as viewed through both experimentation and folk psychology
c. Behavior as the definitional component with a secondary focus on related biological
processes
d. The processes and interrelationships of instincts and higher mental functioning
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Introspection

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 6. What did Wundt view as a reliable measure of the speed of a person’s conscious activity?
a. complications c. discriminations
b. level of automaticity d. reaction time
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Introspection

7. In which city and year did Wundt found the first laboratory to conduct psychological experiments?
a. In Heidelberg in 1779 c. In Leipzig in 1879
b. In Zurich in 1849 d. In Berlin in 1909
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Introspection

8. The focus of Wundt’s psychological experiments was the subject’s ____.

a. reaction time and automaticity c. self-observation and inner experience
b. behavior d. physical experience
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Introspection

9. Which of the following is true regarding Wundt’s research methods?

a. Each variable was tested singly and in pairs with other variables.
b. Each team member played three roles: subject, experimenter, and observer.
c. Each team member was unfamiliar with the design and goals of the experiment.
d. Each subject provided a verbal report of his or her physical reactions to the variable(s) in
question.
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Introspection

10. Wundt’s mental map of the new science of psychology followed this logical sequence: ____.
a. Psychology, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Philosophy
b. Physics, Psychology, Chemistry, Biology, Philosophy
c. Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Psychology, Philosophy
d. Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Philosophy, Psychology
ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: Introspection

11. What Wundtian system of psychology emphasized the role of unconscious and conscious choice of
certain parts of consciousness based upon personal feelings, history, and motivations?
a. structuralism c. empiricism
b. materialism d. voluntarism
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Introspection

12. Wundt’s principle of actuality held that consciousness was ____.

a. the source of all drives and instincts c. an actual thing
b. a continuous process d. a stable structure
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Introspection

13. Renata is learning to play tennis. She concentrates on the placement of each foot, her hands, the racket,
and the trajectory of the tennis ball. Her brother, who is teaching her, comfortably talks and
demonstrates positions and hits balls for her to return. Her brother’s ease is an example of ____.
a. instinct c. automaticity
b. consciousness d. reflexivity
ANS: C DIF: Application REF: Introspection

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14. For Wundt, sensations caused perceptions, but those perceptions were general and vague until
observers chose to focus on particular aspects of their perceptions through ____.
a. consciousness c. creative synthesis
b. apperception d. voluntarism
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Introspection

15. What is Wundt’s most central theoretical concept, which describes how disparate mental events
combine to create entirely new and unpredictable cognitions?
a. creative synthesis c. structuralism
b. imageless thought d. voluntarism
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Introspection

16. Which of the following is true?

a. Wundt’s work had much in common with that of the structuralists.
b. Wundt’s theory of creative synthesis was derived from the chemical synthesis of elements
into compounds.
c. Wundt’s emphasis on laboratory experimental methods disappeared for a period of time.
d. Wundt’s theoretical ideas were significantly altered over time by others, though these have
been attributed to him.
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Introspection

17. Edward Titchener obtained his Ph.D. as a student of ____.

a. Hermann Ebbinghaus c. Franz Brentano
b. Wilhelm Wundt d. Georg Müller
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

18. Titchener’s career was spent at ____.

a. the University of Leipzig c. Stanford University
b. Oxford University d. Cornell University
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

19. Which of the following best describes structuralism?

a. The philosophical system that examines conscious experience itself directly, intentionally,
and from one’s own point of view
b. The philosophical tradition that held that mental processes operate by the association of
one mental state with its successor state
c. An early approach to psychology that used controlled introspective methods to infer the
elements of the mind
d. The system of psychology that emphasized the role of unconscious and conscious choice
of certain parts of consciousness based upon personal feelings, history, and motivations
ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: Psychology after Wundt

20. What did Titchener have in common with Wundt?

a. A belief in the importance of establishing psychology as an experimental science
b. An emphasis on the use of introspection in psychology
c. Roots in the associationistic philosophical tradition
d. A belief in the significance of völkerpsychologie
ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: Psychology after Wundt
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21. Titchener, more than anything, wanted to make psychology the academic equivalent of ____.
a. philosophy c. mathematics
b. anthropology d. physics
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

22. Which of the following statements is true regarding Wundt and Titchener?
a. Only Wundt believed that introspection could be used to study the mind.
b. Only Titchener believed that introspection could be used to study the mind.
c. Titchener emphasized introspection and highly trained introspectors to a much greater
degree than did Wundt.
d. Wundt emphasized introspection and highly trained introspectors to a much greater degree
than did Titchener.
ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: Psychology after Wundt

23. Stimulus error involves reporting anything other than a quality of a sensation, image, or affect while
introspecting, especially reporting things ____.
a. related to sexual drives
b. already known through experience
c. critically in terms of pleasantness and unpleasantness
d. that involved tactile sensations
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

24. Titchener founded a group called the “Experimental Psychologists,” which admitted ____.
a. only men who studied the kind of psychology he championed
b. men and women who studied the kind of psychology he championed
c. only men with an interest in any subfield of psychology
d. men and women with an interest in any subfield of psychology
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

25. What percentage of Ph.D. and Psy.D. students entering psychology today are women?
a. less than 50% c. over 70%
b. 50% d. over 90%
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

26. After Titchener’s unexpected death in 1927, structuralism ____.

a. moved to European universities
b. continued to grow under the leadership of Margaret Washburn
c. continued to grow under the leadership of Frank Angell
d. all but disappeared from American psychology
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

27. In what way did Müller surpass Wundt?

a. number of American students trained c. quality of laboratory facilities
b. research output d. publication in English-language journals
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

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28. The main areas of research of Müller and his students were ____.
a. psychophysics, vision, and memory
b. descriptive psychology and act psychology
c. audio-based research and child psychology
d. memory and psychological testing
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

29. One innovation at Müller’s laboratory was the invention of the memory drum, which was a(n) ____.
a. musical instrument for studying the role of music in memory
b. automatic device for collecting the results generated by memory studies
c. automatic device for displaying memory stimuli to subjects
d. means for recreating music from primitive societies as stimuli
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

30. Müller and his students criticized Ebbinghaus for using ____.
a. naïve research subjects c. children as research subjects
b. himself as a research subject d. animals as research subjects
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

31. Which of the following exemplifies Brentano’s act psychology?

a. The act of seeing is more important than the object perceived.
b. The act of seeing is an active and outward-looking discipline.
c. The act of seeing and the description of the object seen are fully integrated.
d. The act of seeing involves a series of active and experimental processes.
ANS: A DIF: Application REF: Psychology after Wundt

32. Brentano believed that Wundt’s emphasis on systematic experimentation was ____.
a. correct
b. somewhat justifiable, but too focused on the big picture
c. the primary method for answering questions definitively
d. wrong
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

33. One effect that Brentano had on the early development of psychology was that, through the writings of
his student Edmund Husserl, descriptive psychology became ____.
a. pragmatism c. functionalism
b. phenomenalism d. dynamic psychology
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Psychology after Wundt

34. Carl Stumpf had a close and positive relationship with ____.
a. Edward Titchener c. Franz Brentano
b. Wilhelm Wundt d. Edward Thorndike
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

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35. Stumpf fell into a nasty and never resolved controversy with Wundt, who attacked Stumpf’s ____.
a. musically-based research methodology c. low level of published research findings
b. belief in papal infallibility d. academic qualifications
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

36. Stumpf viewed psychology broadly and was instrumental in advancing study related to ____.
a. animal training and memory
b. imageless thought and animal training
c. child psychology and psychological testing for children
d. child psychology and primitive music
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Psychology after Wundt

37. What did the special commission headed by Stumpf conclude after its investigation regarding the
mathematical abilities of the horse Clever Hans?
a. The owner was giving Hans nearly imperceptible cues for when to start and stop tapping
his hoof.
b. The owner and his colleagues were involved in a conspiracy to trick the public.
c. The owner’s instructional methods were the reason for the horse’s remarkable
mathematical performance.
d. The horse’s performance was merely due to chance.
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

38. What did Oscar Pfungst’s investigation regarding Clever Hans demonstrate?
a. Psychology was insufficient as a science to address the question of Clever Hans’s abilities.
b. Horses are as intelligent as humans.
c. Horses’ intellectual abilities are limited to simple mathematical calculations.
d. Psychology provided a useful tool in investigating the question of Clever Hans’s abilities.
ANS: D DIF: Conceptual REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

39. Which of the following could Ebbinghaus use in his research on memory?
a. BAT c. ABU
b. TIB d. KANA
ANS: B DIF: Application REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

40. Who was Ebbinghaus’s research participants?

a. himself c. children
b. adults d. his students
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

41. What did Ebbinghaus measure with relation to memorization of a list of nonsense syllables?
a. The time it took to memorize the list
b. The number of nonsense syllables memorized in a set period of time
c. The increase in syllables memorized on a second attempt
d. The time it took to memorize the list and to relearn it later
ANS: D DIF: Conceptual REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

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42. What does Ebbinghaus’s savings score measure?
a. How often the list was recited without any errors
b. The cumulative time involved after each memorization of the list
c. The increase in time involved in learning the list a second time
d. The time saved when learning the list a second time
ANS: D DIF: Conceptual REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

43. Which of the following best describes Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting?

a. The percent remembered declines slowly and steadily.
b. The percent remembered drops sharply then levels out.
c. The percent remembered remains steady for many days after learning.
d. The percent remembered increases over time.
ANS: B DIF: Conceptual REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

44. Based on Ebbinghaus’s research, who is likely to show the least improvement in his or her savings
score?
a. Evelynne, who repeated the nonsense syllables many additional times during the first trial
b. Kate, who listened to the list rather than read the list
c. Eben, who distributed his practice over time
d. Alexander, who associated the nonsense syllables with some meaning
ANS: B DIF: Application REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

45. Publication of the book, Über das Gedächtnis (Concerning Memory), catapulted Ebbinghaus to instant
fame. What paradox does this book represent?
a. It was based entirely on research done prior to his affiliation with a university.
b. It was simply his Ph.D. thesis, published without alteration.
c. He never published any other research on memory afterward.
d. He believed it was his worst book on memory.
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

46. Ebbinghaus was an early worker in the ____.

a. development of psychological tests for children
b. validity of papal infallibility
c. relationships between music and thought
d. memorization abilities of animals
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

47. Külpe believed that the study of thinking was ____.

a. beyond the reach of experimental psychology
b. an appropriate topic for experimental investigation
c. best approached through einstellung
d. best approached through völkerpsychologie
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

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48. Psychologists at Würzburg, when studying what happened in between the presentation of a stimulus
and the formation of introspectable mental content, found that research participants could not always
explain why they had given the answers they had. The Würzburg psychologists called these ____.
a. determining tendencies c. introspective failures
b. cognitive sets d. imageless thoughts
ANS: D DIF: Conceptual REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

49. Melissa is a participant in a research study. She is told to complete the following sums:
10+9, 8-7, 6+5, 4-3
Then she is asked what number she is thinking of when she sees the following pairing:
2, 1
Based on the research of Narziss Ach, what number is she likely to say?
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
ANS: C DIF: Application REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology

50. Wundt viewed the idea of imageless thought as ____.

a. a case of poorly conducted experimentation
b. a research method that all psychologists could agree upon
c. the result of stimulus error
d. confirmation of the utility of the introspective method
ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: Clever Hans and His Effect on Psychology