CAIRO ,EGYPT

SALBIYA SULAIMAN
M PLAN HOUSING
INTRODUCTION
• LOCATION: Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt, located in the northeastern part of the
country. It is situated along the Nile River and has a strategic position, historically serving as a
significant center for trade and cultural exchange in the region.
• AREA: Cairo covers a vast metropolitan area, with its historic core and modern expansions. The
city has experienced substantial growth over the years, leading to the development of various
districts and neighborhoods
• DEMOGRAPHY: Population Growth: Cairo is one of the most populous cities in Africa and the
Middle East.The population has grown significantly over the years, driven by factors such as rural-
to-urban migration and natural population increase.
• CULTURAL DIVERSITY: Cairo is known for its rich cultural and historical heritage, with influences
from ancient Egyptian, Islamic, and more recent European cultures. The city has been a melting pot
of various civilizations and has played a crucial role in the development of art, literature, and
architecture.
• SOCIAL STRUCTURE: Cairo's population is diverse, encompassing people from different
socioeconomic backgrounds. The city is characterized by a mix of traditional and modern lifestyles,
with some areas reflecting a more affluent urban lifestyle while others maintain a more traditional
atmosphere.
• HOUSING AND INFRASTRUCTURE: The housing landscape in Cairo includes a variety of
dwellings, from historic buildings in the old city to modern high-rises in newer developments.
Infrastructure has evolved over time, with improvements in transportation, utilities, and public
services.
GOVERNMENT
Administrative Divisions:
• Governorate: Cairo is both a city and the capital governorate of Egypt.
• Districts: Cairo is divided into several districts, including historic areas like Old Cairo
and modern districts like Zamalek and Maadi.
International Border:
Egypt shares land borders with several countries, but Cairo itself is not on an
international border.
Topography:
Cairo is located in the Nile Delta, and it spans both banks of the Nile River.The
topography is relatively flat, with the Nile River being a defining feature of the
landscape.
Notable Landmarks:
• Giza Pyramids and Sphinx: Located on the outskirts of Cairo, these ancient
structures are iconic symbols of Egypt.
• Egyptian Museum: Located in Tahrir Square, it houses a vast collection of artifacts,
including those from Tutankhamun's tomb.
• Khan El Khalili Bazaar: A historic market in Islamic Cairo, known for its vibrant
atmosphere and diverse range of goods.
• Cairo Tower: A prominent landmark offering panoramic views of the city
EVOLUTION OF CITY IN PHASES
1. ANCIENT PERIOD:FOUNDATION (C. 969 CE):
• Cairo was founded in 969 CE by the Fatimid Caliphate as a royal enclosure for
the caliph and his government.Al-Qahira (The Victorious): The city was
originally named Al-Qahira, from which the modern name "Cairo" is derived.
• Architectural Highlights: The construction of the city included the establishment
of the Al-Azhar Mosque, one of the oldest universities in the world.
2. MEDIEVAL PERIOD:
• Islamic Golden Age: Cairo flourished during the Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th
centuries) as a center of learning, trade, and culture.
• Architectural Marvels: The city witnessed the construction of numerous
mosques, palaces, and markets, contributing to its rich architectural heritage.
• Trade and Commerce: Cairo became a major trade hub due to its strategic
location along the Silk Road and maritime routes.
3. OTTOMAN RULE:
• 16th to 19th Centuries: Cairo experienced significant growth under Ottoman
rule.
• Urban Expansion: The city expanded beyond its original confines, and new
districts and structures were added.
• Citadel Construction: The Saladin Citadel, a prominent fortress, was
constructed during this period.
4. COLONIAL PERIOD (19TH TO MID-20TH CENTURY):
• Modernization Efforts: Under Muhammad Ali Pasha and subsequent rulers, there were efforts to
modernize Cairo.
• European Influence: Western architectural styles, such as neoclassical and art deco, influenced new
constructions.
• Development of Boulevards: Wide boulevards and public spaces were created, reflecting a departure
from the narrow streets of medieval Cairo.
5. POST-INDEPENDENCE (20TH CENTURY):
Population Growth: Cairo experienced rapid population growth, leading to the development of suburbs
and satellite cities.
Infrastructure Development: Major infrastructure projects were initiated, including the construction of
bridges, highways, and modern utilities.
Urban Challenges: The city faced challenges related to traffic congestion, housing, and informal
settlements.
6. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (LATE 20TH CENTURY TO PRESENT)
• Modern Urbanization: The late 20th century saw further urbanization, with the development of
modern districts and commercial centers.
• Preservation Efforts: Preservation of historic areas became a priority, recognizing the cultural
significance of the city's ancient core.
• Challenges and Opportunities: Cairo continues to grapple with urban challenges, including population
density, pollution, and infrastructure needs, while also exploring sustainable development initiatives.
DETERMINENTS IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE CITY
The evolution of Cairo, like any city, has been influenced by a multitude of
determinants over its long history. Here are some key factors that have shaped
the evolution of Cairo:
• Geographic Location: Cairo's strategic location near the Nile River and its
proximity to trade routes contributed to its early development as a significant
urban center.
• Historical Significance: Cairo has a rich history, serving as the capital of
various Egyptian dynasties and empires, including the Pharaohs, Islamic
Caliphates, and 4 Ottoman Empire. This historical significance has shaped its
architecture, culture, and identity.
• Cultural and Religious Influence: Cairo is a center of Islamic culture and
learning. The presence of prestigious institutions like Al-Azhar University has
attracted scholars and students from across the Muslim world, influencing the
city's character.
• Urban Planning: Various rulers and governments throughout Cairo's history
have undertaken urban planning projects, leading to the development of
different districts, landmarks, and architectural styles.
• Population Growth: Cairo's population has consistently grown over the
centuries, leading to urban sprawl and the expansion of the city's boundaries
to accommodate its residents.
• Economic Factors: Economic activities, including trade, industry, and agriculture, have played a vital role in
shaping Cairo's economy and urban development.
• Political Factors: Changes in political leadership, from various Egyptian dynasties to colonial rule and
modern governance, have influenced the city's administration and infrastructure development.
• Technological Advancements: Advances in transportation, construction, and communication technologies
have affected the city's layout, infrastructure, and connectivity.
• Environmental Considerations: Cairo's proximity to the Nile River and the challenges of managing water
resources, as well as addressing pollution and environmental concerns, have influenced its development.
• Social and Cultural Diversity: The city's diverse population, consisting of Egyptians from various regions, as
well as immigrants and expatriates, has contributed to its cultural richness and dynamism.
• Globalization: Cairo's role in the global economy and its connections with other cities worldwide have
influenced its modernization, infrastructure, and economic development.
• Tourism: The city's historical and cultural attractions have made it a major tourist destination, impacting its
economy, infrastructure, and urban development.
• These determinants have interacted and evolved over time, leading to the complex and multifaceted city that
Cairo is today. Understanding these factors is crucial for comprehending the city's past, present, and future
development.
PRESENT ISSUES OF CITY
• Traffic Congestion: Cairo is notorious for its heavy traffic, which leads to long commutes, air pollution, and increased
stress for residents.
• Air Pollution: The city's air quality has been a major concern due to industrial emissions, traffic, and construction
activities.
• Overpopulation: Cairo is one of the most densely populated cities globally, leading to overcrowding, strain on
infrastructure, and inadequate housing.
• Water Scarcity: Cairo's water supply is under pressure from a rapidly growing population, pollution of the Nile River, and
inefficient water management.
• Informal Settlements: A significant portion of Cairo's population lives in informal settlements or slums, lacking proper
infrastructure, sanitation, and basic services.
• Unemployment: High unemployment rates, particularly among young people, have been a persistent issue in Cairo.
• Security Concerns: Cairo has experienced security challenges, including occasional protests and political instability.
• Historical Preservation: Balancing modern development with the preservation of historical sites and cultural heritage
has been a challenge.
• Education and Healthcare: Despite efforts to improve, education and healthcare services in Cairo still face issues
related to quality and accessibility.
• Waste Management: The city has struggled with waste disposal and recycling, leading to environmental problem