Virus  Three basic viral classification:

1. Viral morphology
 A virus is a submicroscopic, obligate 2. Method of replication (whether the
intracellular parasite, among the genome is composed of RNA or
smallest of all infectious agents, and DNA, single strand or double
capable of infecting any animal, plant or strand)
bacterial cell. 3. Presence or absence of a lipid
 Strict obligate intracellular parasites, envelope
incapable of replication without a living
host cell
DNA Viruses
 Virus types are very specific, and each  Adenoviridae
has a limited number of hosts it can  Hepadnaviridae
infect, this is referred to as viral tropism  Herpesviridae
Viral Structure  Papovaviridae
 Parvoviridae
 Virus particles, referred to as virions,  Poxviridae
consists of two or three parts:  Iridoviridae
1. An inner NUCLEIC ACID CORE,  All are dsDNA except,
consisting of either RNA or DNA  Parvoviridae (ssDNA)
2. A protein coat that surrounds and  All are ICOSAHEDRAL except,
protects the nucleic acid (called the  Poxviridae (Brick shaped virion with
CAPSID) nonconforming symmetry referred
3. In some larger viruses, a lipid- to as complex)
containing ENVELOPE that  Envelope
surrounds the virus  NAKED (PAP)
o Papovaviridae
o Adenoviridae
Parvoviridae
 ENVELOPED (HHPox)
o Hepadnaviridae
o Herpesviridae
o Poxviridae

RNA viruses

 Arenaviridae
 Bunyaviridae
 Caliciviridae
 Coronaviridae
Virus Taxonomy
 Filoviridae
 Viral taxonomy is determined by the  Flaviviridae
International Committee on Taxonomy  Orthomyxoviridae
of Viruses (ICTV)  Paramyxoviridae
 Picornaviridae
  Reoviridae
 Retroviridae
 Rhabdoviridae
 Togaviridae
 All are ssRNA virus except,
 Reoviridae (dsRNA)
 Shapes
 Icosahedral (RT-PCR)
o Retroviridae
o Togaviridae
o Picornaviridae
o Caliciviridae
o Reoviridae
 Helical (CROP)
o Coronaviridae First step: Attachment
o Rhabdoviridae
 Also referred to as adsorption
o Orthomyxoviridae
 It involves recognition of a suitable host
o Paramyxoviridae
cell and specific binding between viral
 Special shapes capsid proteins (often the glycoprotein
 Bunyaviridae= spherical or spikes) and the carbohydrate receptor
pleomorphic of the host cell
 Filoviridae= Long, filamentous and
irregular capsid
 All are enveloped, except: (CPR)
 Caliciviridae
 Picornaviridae
 Reoviridae

Viral replication
 Viruses are strict intracellular parasites,
reproducing or replicating only inside a  Each type of virus specifically recognizes
host cell. and attaches to a specific type of host
 The six steps of virus replication, called cell, allowing infection of some tissues
the infectious cycle, proceed as follows: but not others
1. Attachment
2. Penetration
3. Uncoating
4. Macromolecular synthesis
5. Viral assembly
6. Release
Second step: Penetration

 Process by which the virus enters the

cell.
One mechanism of penetration involves
fusion of the viral envelope with the
host cell membrane.
 This mechanism leads to fusion of cells
forming syncytia (multinucleated cells

Fourth step: Macromolecular synthesis

 Includes the production of nucleic acid

and protein polymers
 Replication of viral genome is necessary
to produce new virus

Third step: Uncoating

 This step occurs once the virus is

internalized
 Process of removing the capsid
 This step is necessary to release the
viral genome Fifth step: Viral assembly

 It is the process by which structural

proteins, genomes, and in some cases
viral enzymes are assembled into virus
particle.
  Parvovirus B-19 is
the single human
pathogen among
Parvoviridae
 Its replication on
human cells is

Sixth step: Release

restricted to erythroid progenitor
 Occurs after either cell lysis (naked virus cells,adult bone marrow and fetal lives
are produced) or budding (enveloped livers
virus are produced
 Important diseases:
o Fifth disease or erythema
infectiosum (childhood exanthems)
o Aplastic crisis amongst patients with
hemoglobinopathies, and fetal
infection.

2. Papillomaviridae

 Includes the Human Papillomavirus

(HPV)

Specific viruses
DNA viruses

1. Parvoviridae

 From the Latin parvus, means small

 HPV causes human warts o

HPV-2 and HPV-4: causes warts of

the hands
o

HP
V-6 and HPV-11 : causes genital
warts

 Important genotypes:
o HPV 16 and HPV 18 causes more
than 60% of cervical cancer
o Type 16 is also responsible for
oropharynx and penile cancer in
 They exhibit tissue tropism for either men.
cutaneous or mucosal tissue
 HPV is divided into more than 200
genotypes, 80 of those have been well 3. Polyomaviridae
characterized.
 The first human viruses includes
 Much attention is focused on the more
the JC and BK virus (named with
than 30 sexually transmitted genotypes
the initials of the patients
o Why?
whom the virus were first
 It has role in the pathogenesis of
isolated)
cancer
 These viral infections include
 Important genotypes:
latent states in the kidney and B
o HPV-1 : causes plantar warts
lymphocytes (may cause viral
 reactivation after
immunosuppression)

Note:

 Adenovirus is cultured using various

epithelial cell lines, including A-549,
HEp-2 and He-La cells

4. Adenovirus

 The virus was first isolated from

culture of human adenoids and
tonsil in the early 1950s.
 Only members of the
Mastadenovirus cause human
infection
 Causes broad range of disease
(pharyngitis,
pharyngoconjunctival fever,
keratoconjunctivitis,
pneumonia, hemorrhagic
 Produces cytopathic effect with
a characteristic grape like
cluster

5. Hepadnaviridae
cystitis, disseminated disease
and gastroenteritis in children.  Includes Hepatitis B virus
  Partly double stranded genome; the spreading, ulcerative skin lesion
icosahedral capsid with envelope; virion typically seen in a herpes simplex virus
also called Dane particle (HSV infection)
 Surface antigen also known as Australia  There are eight human herpes virus:
antigen
 Oncogenic (may cause liver cancer)
 Transmitted via direct contact, including
exchange of body secretions, recipient
of contaminated blood products,
percutaneous injections and perinatal
exposure

6. Herpesviridae
7. Poxviridae
 From the word “herpes” meaning
“creep” (historically used to describe  Largest and most complex of all virus
  One of the most feared viruses of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
history, small pox is a member of this
family.

RNA viruses

1. Arenaviridae

Included in this family are the hemorrhagic

fevers (e.g., Junin, Machupo, and Lassa viruses)
and the flu-like illness caused by the
2. Bunyaviridae 4. Coronaviruses
first detected in Bunyamwera, Uganda

3. Caliciviridae
Includes norovirus (Norwalk virus)
The clinical symptoms associated with norovirus
infection include nausea, abdominal cramps,
vomiting, and watery diarrhea.
A major public health concern is its ability to
Structure
cause large outbreaks in semiclosed
Pleomorphic, roughly spherical, medium sized
environments. In recent years, noroviruses have
enveloped virus.
been implicated in large outbreaks of disease on
cruise ships, in nursing homes, in schools, at
The prefix corona- results from the viral
structure and the crownlike projection on the
external surface of the virus that can be seen
with Electron microcopy.
Coronavirus Life Cycle

Coronaviruses
5. Filoviridae
The filoviridae family of viruses is considered
the most pathogenic of the hemorrhagic fever
viruses.

The term filo means threadlike, referring to the

virus’ long, filamentous structural morphology
seen with electron microscope.

Includes Ebola and Marburg virus

Marburg virus
Isolated from the African Green monkeys.
Demonstrates shepherd’s crook appearance
under electron microscope
 Primarily infects the liver cells resulting in fever,
jaundice and hemorrhage.

Dengue virus
Most prevalent arbovirus in the world
Leading cause of illness and death in the tropics
and subtropics.
Person to person transmission occurs via
mosquito vector.
Dengue virus has FOUR serotypes.
Infection with one serotype confers immunity
only to the infecting serotype
Ebola SUBSEQUENT infection with one of the
virus remaining serotypes results in immune
It is named after a river in Zaire, where it is first enhanced disease in a form of dengue
identified hemorrhagic fever.
Many of the early Ebola outbreaks were West nile virus
attributed to nosocomial infections Maintained in a bird-mosquito cycle.
Has five subspecies (based on the location it
was first identified): Hepatitis C virus
Zaire ebolavirus Also known as non-A, non-B virus
Sudan ebolavirus The virus is transmitted predominantly by
Cote d’Ivoire ebolavirus exposure to infected blood, such as during
Bundibugyo ebolavirus intravenous drug use and administration of
Reston ebolavirus contaminated blood products
7. Hepevirus
Includes the hepatitis E virus
6. Flaviviridae Transmission is via the fecal-oral route
The name is derived from the word flavus Causes hepatitis similar to hepatitis A
meaning yellow There is an extraordinary high fatality rate (10-
Includes viruses that cause arbovirus disease 20%) among pregnant women.
including:
Yellow fever
Dengue
West Nile
Japanese encephalitis
St. Louise encephalitis
Also causes a virus that cause non-arbovirus
disease:
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

Yellow Fever
First virus clearly associated with transmission 8. Orthomyxoviridae
by mosquitoes. Includes members of the influenza virus
 causing respiratory disease.
Of all the respiratory viruses known to infect Includes:
humans, influenza is the cause of the greatest Parainfluenza virus
number of serious acute illness. Measles
Mumps
Classified as types A. B and C (classification is Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
based on the antigenic difference in the Matrix Parainfluenza
protein (M) and the nucleoprotein (NP)) Can cause upper respiratory (rarely pneumonia)
Influenza A viruses among adults
Further subdivided based on the major surface Can cause respiratory disease including croup,
glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and bronchiolitis, and pneumonia among children.
neuraminidase (NA) Second to RSV in causing in causing
bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
Acquired through inoculation of the respiratory
tract with infectious secretions transmitted on
fomites or as large droplets aerosol

RSV
Causes bronchiolitis in young children and is the
most significant cause of acute lower
respiratory tract infection in children under 5
HA proteins- are rod shaped spikes that enable
years of age worldwide.
viral attachment to sialic acid containing cellular
receptors
Measles virus
NA protein- are mushroom shaped spikes,
A morbillivirus
facilitate the release of the mature virions from
causes a maculopapular rash, fever, and Koplik’s
infected cells
spots on the buccal mucosa.
Note:
Influenza virus may exhibit antigenic drift and
Mumps virus
antigenic shift!
Causes mumps, an acute self- limiting disease
characterized by parotitis accompanied buy
high fever and fatigue.
Antigenic shift
Transmitted through droplets and contact with
Major changes that results in novel viral
infected saliva
antigens

Antigenic drift
Minor changes that occur infrequently

9. Paramyxoviridae
Do not have a segmented genome (as do the
orthomyxoviridae), and therefore do not
undergo antigenic shift.
All members of this group are capable of
 12. Togaviridae
The two medically significant genera in the
Togaviridae are the alphavirus and the
rubivirus.

Alpha virus
The alphaviruses are arboviruses with mosquito
vectors and animal reservoirs, such as:
(a) Eastern equine encephalitis
(b) Western equine encephalitis
(c) Venezuelan equine encephalitis

The two medically significant genera in the

Togaviridae are the alphavirus and the
rubivirus.
11. Rhabdoviridae
Rubivirus
are bullet-shaped viruses associated with the
Included is the rubella virus, which causes
human pathogenic rabies virus and bovine
German measles, a systemic infection
vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
characterized by lymphadenopathy and a
The rabies virus produces a fatal disease
morbilliform rash.
following inoculation by an animal bite or,
(a) The rubella virus can produce congenital
occasionally, by inhalation.
infections that can cause severe birth defects.
The rabies virus produces specific cytoplasmic
(b) Diagnosis is by a serologic test for IgM
inclusion bodies called Negri bodies in infected
cells.
antibodies.
Polio virus
can cause a mild illness, aseptic meningitis, or
poliomyelitis (poliovirus types 1, 2, or 3)
Spinal cord motor neurons are killed, and flaccid
paralysis results

13. Retroviridae
Contain a reverse transcriptase enzyme—RNA-
dependent DNA polymerase. This family is
classified into three genera: lentiviruses,
spumaviruses, and oncoviruses

Lentivirus
This genus contains HIV-1 and HIV-2, which are Polio vaccine:
the causative agents Salk –made with killed virus (injection)
of AIDS
Transmission is through sexual intercourse,
intravenous drug use, or transplacental from
mother to child.
AIDS is preceded by AIDS-related complex,
which is characterized by anorexia. Sabin- made with live but attenuated virus (oral)
(c) Full-blown AIDS is characterized by Kaposi’s
sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia,
CMV, and AIDS-related dementia.
Human T-cell leukemia virus I (HTLV-I) is
classified within the Type C
oncoviruses.
(a) HTLV-I causes a neurologic degenerating
disease.
(b) Transmission is the same as for HIV.
(c) Long-term effects include debilitation and
paralysis
14. Picornaviridae
The medically significant picornaviruses are
classified as enteroviruses or rhinoviruses

Enteroviruses:
include the polioviruses, coxsackievirus types A
and B, echoviruses, enteroviruses, and the
hepatitis A virus
 The rhinoviruses are the most frequent cause of
the common cold. More than 100 serotypes
exist.

14. Reoviridae
The primary pathogen in the Reovirus group is
the rotavirus, which is the primary cause of
acute infantile diarrhea.
Diagnosis is by demonstration of virus in the
stool or by serologic testing

Coxsackievirus type A infections are associated

with the following diseases: hand-foot-and-
mouth disease, hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,
aseptic meningitis, and colds.

Coxsackievirus type B infections are associated

with the following diseases: herpangina, viral
heart disease, and Bornholm disease
(pleurodynia).

Echovirus primarily infects the enteric tract but

can cause a range of diseases from the common
cold to meningitis and hemorrhagic
conjunctivitis.

Enterovirus infections are associated with

respiratory tract infections, central nervous
system disease, and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is also referred to as

infectious hepatitis.
Transmission is via the fecal-oral route.