REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The purpose of this study is to know the positive and negative impacts of Technology in the Medical
Field during COVID-19 Pandemic. To give a comprehensive review of this research, reviews of related
literature and studies are presented below.

Related Literature

Positive and Negative impact of Technology in Medical Field

The use of Technology in the Medical Field is very important to know patients results with their test and
examination of their health conditions specifically testing COVID-19 patients. But later did we know that it can
make mistakes too in terms of errors and technology to machinery malfunctions.

Medicine is a powerful actor in health care, which is consequential for whether pathways, as designated
boundary objects, become boundary objects‐in‐use. It also has implications for the diffusion of the concept as a
mechanism of clinical governance and the credibility of nurses as emergent leaders in this field (Davina Allen
Sociology of health & illness 36 (6), 807-822, 2014). The first devices recognizable as hypodermic syringes
were independently invented virtually simultaneously in 1853 by Scottish physician Alexander Wood and
French surgeon Charles Gabriel Pravaz. Hermann von Helmholtz is considered one of the first biomedical
engineers (MDDI, Omed, 2023).

An unprecedented federal effort is under way to boost the adoption of electronic health records and
spur innovation in health care delivery. We reviewed the recent literature on health information technology to
determine its effect on outcomes, including quality, efficiency, and provider satisfaction. We found that 92
percent of the recent articles on health information technology reached conclusions that were positive overall.
We also found that the benefits of the technology are beginning to emerge in smaller practices and
organizations, as well as in large organizations that were early adopters. However, dissatisfaction with
electronic health records among some providers remains a problem and a barrier to achieving the potential of
health information technology (Melinda Beeuwkes Buntin, Matthew F Burke, Michael C Hoaglin David
Blumenthal, l Health affairs 30 (3), 464-471, 2014).

Total of 107,716 blood specimens were screened of which 43,396 (40.3%) were received during the
pandemic. The blood specimen rejection rate during the pandemic was significantly higher than the pre-
pandemic phase (3.0% versus 1.1%; P < 0.001). Clotted samples were the commonest source of preanalytical
errors in both phases. There was a significant increase in the improperly labeled samples (P < 0.001) and
samples with insufficient volume (P < 0.001), whereas, a significant decline in samples with inadequate sample-
anticoagulant ratio and haemolysed samples (P < 0.001) (Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2021).

Establishing technologies can actively help the medical field in achieving a successful healthcare service.
It can help in many ways. But there are also some errors that cannot be avoided during the process.

COVID-19 Pandemic

In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown origin was reported in Wuhan, Hubei
Province, China. Pneumonia cases were epidemiologically linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market.
Inoculation of respiratory samples into human airway epithelial cells, Vero E6 and Huh7 cell lines, led to the
isolation of a novel respiratory virus whose genome analysis showed it to be a novel coronavirus related to
SARS-CoV, and therefore named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-
CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus belonging to the subgenus Sarbecovirus. The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the
thousands of deaths caused by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led the World Health Organization to declare a
pandemic on 12 March 2020. To date, the world has paid a high toll in this pandemic in terms of human lives
lost, economic repercussions and increased poverty. In this review, we provide information regarding the
epidemiology, serological and molecular diagnosis, origin of SARS-CoV-2 and its ability to infect human cells,
and safety issues. Then we focus on the available therapies to fight COVID-19, the development of vaccines,
the role of artificial intelligence in the management of the pandemic and limiting the spread of the virus, the
impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on our lifestyle, and preparation for a possible second wave (Marco Ciotti,
Massimo Ciccozzi, Alessandro Terrinoni, When-Can Jiang, Cheng-Bin Wang, Sergio Bernardini, 2020).

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a significant strain on medical
resources throughout the world. A major shift to telemedicine and mobile health technologies has now taken on
an immediate urgency. Newly developed devices designed for home use have facilitated remote monitoring of
various physiologic parameters relevant to pulmonary diseases. These devices have also enabled home-based
pulmonary rehabilitation programs. In addition, telemedicine and home care services have been leveraged to
rapidly develop acute care hospital-at-home programs for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 illness
(Jonathan Ilowite, Gita Lisker, Harly Greenberg, 2021).

Virtual reality has been applied frequently in medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic, with positive
effects for treating several health conditions and for medical education and training. Some barriers need to be
overcome for the broader adoption of virtual reality in the health care panorama (Federica Pallavicini,
Alessandro Pepe, Massimo Clerici, Fabrizia Mantovani, 2022).

One of the most serious problems that the transmission currently causes is citizen irresponsibility, first
many do not want to be vaccinated and others because they do not use the means of protection (Bansal, 2020;
Perret-Guillaume et al., 2009; O'Loughlin et al., 1999).

Related Studies

Local Studies

The study of Leon, Hazel V Dela Rosa, Alex Patricia J Tomines (2022) entitled 'Factors influencing the
acceptance of telemedicine in the Philippines". The utilization of telemedicine has shown to increase access to
healthcare services and bridge gaps in existing healthcare system issues. Despite these benefits, the technology
is not currently widely accepted nor utilized in the Philippines, notwithstanding its worldwide recognition as a
reliable alternative to face-to-face consultations. Issues regarding the slow utilization among Filipinos of
telemedicine significantly affect its implementation.

Ardvin Kester S Ong, Yogi Tri Prasetyo, Ralph Andre C Roque, Jan Gabriel I Garbo, Kirstien Paola E
Robas, Satria Fadil Persada, Reny Nadlifatin (2022) by their research entitled
"Determining the Factors Affecting a Career Shifter’s Use of Software Testing Tools amidst the COVID-19
Crisis in the Philippines" said that. The restrictions of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the
downturn of various industries and in contrast a massive growth of the information technology industry.
Consequently, more Filipinos are considering career changes to earn a living. However, more people still need
to be upskilled. A total of 150 software testers voluntarily participated and accomplished an online
questionnaire consisting of 39 questions. The Structural Equation Modeling and Deep Learning Neural Network
indicated that Task Technology Fit had a higher effect on Perceived Performance Impact. Moreover, Task
Technology Fit positively influenced Perceived Usefulness. Computer Self-Efficacy was a strong predictor of
Perceived Ease of Use. Perceived Ease of Use confirmed the Technology Acceptance Model framework as a
strong predictor of Actual System Use. Intention to Use, Perceived Usefulness, Actual Use, and Subjective
Norm were also significant factors affecting Perceived Performance Impact. This study is the first to explore the
career shifter’s use of software testing tools in the Philippines. The framework would be very valuable in
enhancing government policies for workforce upskilling, improving the private sector’s training and
development practices, and developing a more competitive software testing tool that would hasten users’
adaptability. Lastly, the methodology, findings, and framework could be applied and extended to evaluate other
technology adoption worldwide.
Foreign Studies

Poh-Sun Goh, John Sandars, (2020) who conducted the study of "A vision of the use of technology in
medical education after the COVID-19 pandemic". Medical education across the world has experienced a major
disruptive change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic and technology has been rapidly and
innovatively used to maintain teaching and learning.The benefits and challenges of the use of technology in
medical education are discussed with the intention of informing all providers on how the changes after the
pandemic can have a positive impact.

Nishant Renu, (2021) conducted a Study about "Technological advancement in the era of COVID-19".
Regional and local governments worldwide are working tirelessly toward effective ways of addressing the
COVID-19 crisis. During this time, the government has had to ensure that they provide full usage of
technological means to confront the pandemic and discourse a wide range of COVID-19 related problems.
These technological advancements have been embraced all the way during this pandemic by a few countries
around the world, with its limitation in some underdeveloped and developing countries.

According to the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, medical teleconsultations using various technologies
have become an important tool to mediate communication between general practitioners (GP) and the patients
in primary health care in many countries. The quality of the GP-patient communication is an essential factor,
which improves the results of treatment and patient satisfaction. (Magdalena Kludacz-Alessandri, Liliana
Hawrysz, Piotr Korneta, Grażyna Gierszewska, Wioletta Pomaranik, Renata Walcza, 2021) who conducted the
study about "The impact of medical teleconsultations on general practitioner-patient communication during
COVID-19".

James Fong, Gloria Li, Nilanjan Dey, Rubén González Crespo, Enrique Herrera-Viedma, (2020) who
conducted the study "A case of 2019-ncov novel coronavirus outbreak". Another factor is the insufficient
amount of available data. Data samples are often scarce when an epidemic just started. With only a few training
samples on hand, finding a forecasting model which offers a forecast with the best efforts is a big challenge in
machine learning. In the past, three popular methods have been proposed, they include 1) augmenting the
existing little data, 2) using a panel selection to pick the best forecasting model from several models, and 3)
fine-tuning the parameters of an individual forecasting model for the highest possible accuracy. In this paper, a
methodology that embraces these three virtues of data mining from a small dataset is proposed.

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Electronics Manufacturing Company Offers a One-Stop Shop ucanadmin Nov 11, 2006, Originally Published
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