DNA VIRUS

• All are double-stranded DNA except Parvovirus (single-stranded DNA virus)

• All are icosahedral except Poxvirus (complex capsid)
• All are enveloped except Papillomavirus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus and Polyomavirus o Mnemonics: PAPP are naked viruses
• All replicate in the nucleus except Poxvirus (largest virus and can only replicate in the cytoplasm)
• Smallest DNA virus: Parvovirus
• Largest DNA virus: Poxvirus

DNA VIRUS MODE OF TRANSMISSION DISEASE DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT and PREVENTION OTHERS
 fecal-oral route  Epidemics of gastroenteritis (serotypes 40 & 41) in  Cell culture  CPE: swollen cells in grape-like clusters
MASTADENOVIRUS  personal contact young children and newborns.  Hep2 and other T: Supportive  Possesses hexon, penton, and long fiber that are considered as antigen sites:
(Adenovirus) (secretions, aerosols,  Respiratory infection (pneumonia, colds, acute continuous cell line P: Vaccine for military recruits  Hexon & penton – major components on the surface of the virus.
fomites) respiratory disease – serotype 14)  EIA for  Hexon – common antigen and is cross reactive (one Ab can react or recognize
 Pharyngitis gastroenteritis another Ag) in all human adenovirus.
 Number 1 cause of keratoconjunctivitis serotypes 40-41  Fibers – associated with hemagglutinating activity.
 Acute hemorrhagic cystitis (UTI)
 direct contact  Serological: HBsAg (1st  dsDNA, enveloped, icosahedral
HEPADNAVIRIDAE  exposure to blood or Hepatitis B (acute and chronic) marker) P: HBV vaccine (pre-exposure  Number 1 blood-borne pathogen
(Hepatitis B) other body fluids  Molecular: HBV DNA (1st prophylaxis); Hepatitis B immune  3 important antigens: HBsAg, HBcAg, HBeAg
during sexual marker) monitoring globulin (post-exposure  Infectious unit: Dane particles
intercourse treatment prophylaxis)  Cannot be cultured
 unsafe injections or  Screening: ELISA
exposures to sharp  Confirmatory: PCR
instruments
 mother to child transmission
 close contact Skin and genital wart, anogenital warts, benign head and  Cytology T: Spontaneous disappearance;
PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE  skin-to-skin neck tumors  DNA probes surgical/chemical removal may be Site of latency: epithelial tissue
(Human Papillloma  skin-to-mucosa Oncogenic: cervical and penile cancer (HPV types 16 necessary
Virus / HPV) contact and 18) P: Avoid contact with infected
tissue, and vaccination
 ssDNA, naked, icosahedral, smallest DNA virus
PARVOVIRIDAE close contact, probably respiratory  Erythema infectiosum aka fifth disease  Serology T: Supportive  Childhood diseases:
(Parvovirus B-19) droplets (slapped cheek appearance)  PCR P: Avoid contact 1st disease – measles
 Aplastic crises in patients with chronic hemolytic  Histology 2nd disease – Scarlet fever (S. pyeogenes)
anemias 3rd disease – Rubella/ Geman measles
 Fetal infection and stillbirth 4th disease – Duke’s disease (S. aureus)
5th disease – Erythema infectiosum (Parvovirus B-19)
6th disease – Roseola infantum (HHV-6)
direct contact with infected Mild or asymptomatic infection; virus remains dormant BKV: PCR or cytology (urine)  Site of latency: kidney
POLYOVIRIDAE respiratory secretions in kidneys P: Avoid contact with virus
 dsDNA, naked, icosahedral
(Polyomavirus) JCV: PCR (CSF) or electron
Reactivation in immunocompromised patients causes:
microscopy (brain tissue)
 Hemorrhagic cystitis (BK virus)
 BK = Kidney = Hemorrhagic cystitis
 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (JC
virus)
 JC = Cerebrum = Progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy/brain/CNS

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  All are diseases of the skin. T: Supportive  dsDNA, complex, enveloped, largest virus (220-450 nm), brick type
POXVIRIDAE Respiratory droplets: smallpox  Smallpox – generalized infection with  Electron microscopy of P: vaccine for smallpox; avoid  Smallpox
(Poxvirus) (variola) virus pustular rash material from skin lesion contact for all viruses 1. Variola major - 10% to 25% mortality rate; most severe
 Molluscum contagiosum – benign nodules  PCR 2. Variola minor (alastrim) - a mild form of smallpox caused by a less virulent form of
Personal contact: molluscum  Orf – localized papules/vesicles the virus (approximately 1% mortality rate); less severe
contagiosum, orf, and monkeypox  Monkeypox – generalized infection that
viruses includes the skin 1977: last case of smallpox reported in Somalia
 Smallpox and molluscum contagiosum are limited 1979: WHO declared the world is free of smallpox
to humans.
 Orf and monkeypox are zoonoses.
 dsDNA, enveloped, icosahedral
HERPESVIRIDAE  Able to achieve latency and lifelong persistence, meaning capable of reactivation.
 8 species known to infect man
NOTE: Herpesviridae has a separate table.

DNA VIRUS: HERPESVIRIDAE

- dsDNA, enveloped, icosahedral
- Able to achieve latency and lifelong persistence, meaning capable of reactivation.
- 8 species known to infect man
HERPESVIRIDAE SITE OF LATENCY MODE OF TRANSMISSION DISEASE DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
HSV-1 (oral)  Cell culture (HDF, others)
HSV-1 and HSV-2 Sensory nerve ganglia Direct contact with infected secretions gingivostomatitis, pharyngitis, herpes labialis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, encephalitis (in  FA stain T: acyclovir, valacyclovir, famiciclovir
adults), disseminated disease (in adults)  EIA P: avoid contact
 PCR
HSV-2 (genital)  IH stain
genital infection, disseminated disease (in neonates)

Varicella-Zoster Virus / Chicken pox: varicella; first infection  Cell culture (HDF) T: acyclovir and famciclovir
VZV Dorsal root ganglia Close personal contact, especially respiratory secretions Shingles: zoster; reinfection  FA stain P: vaccine
(HHV-3)  PCR
 Shell vial culture
Infectious mononucleosis  Serology
Epstein-Barr Virus / EBV B lymphocytes Close contact with infected saliva Progressive lymphoreticular disease P: avoid contact
(HHV-4)  PCR
Oral hairy leukoplakia in patients with HIV
Oncogenic: Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
 Cell culture (HDF) T: Supportive; ganciclovir and foscarnet
Cytomegalovirus / CMV WBC, endothelial cells, cells Close contact with infected secretion, blood transfusions, Number one cause of congenital disease of newborn, symptomatic disease of  FA stain (decrease immune suppression)
(HHV-5) in variety of organs organ transplants, transplacental immunocompromised host, heterophile-negative infectious mononucleosis  PCR P: Use CMV-negative antibody and
Most common cause of viral mental retardation  Shell vial culture tissue for transfusion and
 CMV antigenemia transplantation respectively

 Cell culture using

HHV-6 and HHV-7 T lymphocytes (CD4 cells) Close contact via respiratory route Roseola infantum (exanthem subitem): fever, malaise, Nagayama spots lymphocytic lines T: ganciclover and foscarnet
Almost all children infected by age 2-3 years old Interstitial pneumonitis in organ transplant recipients  Detection of virus in P: avoid contact
peripheral blood specimen
by PCR
Kaposi tumor cells, Not known; much less widely disseminated than other Karposi sarcoma: cancer found in AIDS patients (an oncogenic agent)  PCR P: avoid contact
HHV-8 endothelial cells, tumor- herpes virus  In situ hybridization
infiltrating leukocytes

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