Computer Generation

Five Computer
Generation
First Generation
(1940s – 1950s)
 First Generation (1940s – 1950s)

Hardware: Vacuum tube

Vacuum tube – an electronic device

that controls the flow of electrons in a
vacuum.
It used as a switch, amplifier, or
display screen in many older model
radios, televisions, computers, etc.
 First Generation (1940s – 1950s)

Vacuum tubes were used

as the basic components
for memory as well as
circuitry for CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
 First Generation (1940s – 1950s)

Memory: Magnetic drums

and magnetic tapes
Programming language:
Machine language
Power: Consume a lot of
electricity and generate
a lot of heat
 First Generation (1940s – 1950s)

Speed and size:

Very slow and very large in size
(often taking up entire room)
Input/output devices:
Punch cards and paper tape
Examples:
ENIAC, UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM 701.
 Definition of Terms

 ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, built

by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly was a general-
purpose computer. It had been very heavy, large, and
contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.
 EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
was designed by von Neumann. It could store data also as
instruction and thus the speed was enhanced.
 UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was developed in
1952 by Eckert and Mauchly.
First Generation Computer
Second Generation
(1950s – 1960s)
 Second Generation (1950s – 1960s)

Hardware: Transistor

Transistor – an electronic
component that can be used as
an amplifier or as a switch. It is
used to control the flow of
electricity in radios, televisions,
computers, etc.
 Second Generation (1950s – 1960s)

Memory: Magnetic core

and magnetic tape / disk
Programming language:
Assembly language
Power and size: Low power
consumption, generated less heat,
and smaller in size compare in first
generation
 Second Generation (1950s – 1960s)

Speed: Improvement of speed

and reliability compare in first
generation
Input/output devices:
Punch cards and paper tape
Examples: IBM 1401, IBM 7090
and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, etc.
 IBM 1401 Data Processing System
1402 Card Read-Punch, 1401 Processing Unit, 1403 Printer
Third Generation
(1960s – 1970s)
 Third Generation (1960s – 1970s)

Hardware: Integrated Circuits

(ICs)

Integrated circuit (IC) – a small

electronic circuit printed on a chip
(usually made of silicon) that contains
many its own circuit elements (e.g.
transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.)
 Third Generation (1960s – 1970s)

Memory: Large magnetic core,

magnetic tape / disk
Programming language:
High level language (FORTRAN, BASIC,
Pascal, COBOL, C, etc.)
Size: Smaller, cheaper, and more
efficient than second generation
computers (they were called
minicomputers)
 Third Generation (1960s – 1970s)

Speed: Improvement of speed

and reliability compare in second
generation
Input/output devices:
Magnetic tape, keyboard, monitor,
printer, etc.
Examples: IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11,
UNIVAC 1108, etc.
Fourth Generation
(1970s – present)
 Fourth Generation (1970s – present)

Hardware: Very Large-Scale

Integration (VLSI) and
microprocessor

VLSI – the process of creating

an integrated circuit (IC) by
combining thousands of
transistors into a single chip
 Fourth Generation (1970s – present)

Memory: Semiconductor memory

(RAM, ROM, etc.)
RAM (random-access memory) – a
type of data storage (memory
element) used in computers that
temporary stores data and program
(volatile: its contents are lost when
the computer is turned off).
 Fourth Generation (1970s – present)

ROM (read-only memory) – a type

of data storage used in computers
that permanently stores data and
programs (non-volatile: its contents
are retained even when the
computer is turned off).
 Fourth Generation (1970s – present)

Programming language:
High level language (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript,
Rust, Kotlin, etc.)
A mix of both third- and fourth-generation language
Size: Smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than third
generation computers
 Fourth Generation (1970s – present)

Speed: Improvement of speed accuracy, and

reliability compare in the third generation
Input/output devices: Keyboard, pointing
devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc.
Network: A group of two or more computer
systems liked together
Examples: IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple
Macintosh, etc.
Fifth Generation
(present - future)
 Fifth Generation (present – future)

Hardware: Based on artificial

intelligence, uses the Ultra
Large-Scale Integration
(ULSI) technology and
parallel processing method.
 Fifth Generation (present – future)

ULSI – millions of transistors on a

single microchip

Parallel processing method – use

two or more microprocessors to
run tasks simultaneously.
 Fifth Generation (present – future)

Programming language:
Understand natural language (human language)
Power: Consume less power and generate less heat
Speed: Remarkable improvement of speed,
accuracy and reliability compare in fourth
generation
 Fifth Generation (present – future)

Size: Portable and small in size, and

have a huge storage capacity
Input/output devices: Keyboard,
monitor, mouse trackpad/touchpad,
touchscreen, pen, speech input
(recognise voice/speech), light
scanner, printer, etc.
 Fifth Generation (present – future)

Example: Desktops, laptops, tablets,

smartphones, etc.
The computer – this amazing
technology went from a
government/business-only technology
to being everywhere from people’s
homes, work places, to people’s
pockets in less than 100 years.
First Generation Second Generation Third Generation

Fourth Generation Fifth Generation

Computer System
 Computer System

➢A set of integrated devices that input,

output, process, and store data and
information.
Five main hardware components:
Input, Processing, Storage, Output and
Communication devices.
 Components of
Computer System
Peopleware
Software
Hardware
 Peopleware

➢ Refers to human role in an IT system

➢ Refers to anything that has to do with the
role of people in the development or use
of computer software and hardware
systems.
 Peopleware

➢ Include individual people, groups of people,

project teams, businesses, developers and end
users who develop or use computer systems.
➢ These include computer engineers, web
designers, technicians and other IT specialists,
such as database administrators or networking
specialists.
 Software

➢ Used to control computer

➢ A set of instructions, stored digitally within
the computer’s memory, which tells the
computer system what to do
➢ A set of instructions which enable the
hardware to perform a specific set of tasks
 Software

➢ Microsoft office (Word, Excel, PPT, etc.)

➢ Android
➢ Anti virus
 Three Types of Software

1. System Software
2. Utility Software
3. Application Software
 System Software

➢ Usedto manage and control the hardware

components and which allow interaction
between the hardware and the other
types of software.
Example: Operating System
 Utility Software

➢A software such as anti-virus software,

firewalls, disk defragmenters and so on
which helps to maintain and protect the
computer system but does not directly
interface with the hardware.
Example:
 Application Software

➢ Designed to allow the user of the system

complete a specific task or set of tasks.
➢ Include programs such as web browsers,
office software, games an so on.
 Hardware

➢ Used for taking input data from the user,

store the data and display the output and
execute the commands given by an
individual.
 Two Types of Hardware
Internal Hardware
➢ Internal storage is hardware
that keeps data inside the
computer for later use and
remains persistent even
when the computer has no
power.
External Hardware
➢ Those items that are often
externally connected to the
computer to control either
input or output functions.
➢ These hardware devices are
designed to either provide
instructions to the software
(input) or render results from
its execution (output).
 Two Types of Hardware

Internal Hardware External Hardware

➢ Include ➢ Includes monitors,
motherboards, hard keyboards, printers,
drives, and RAM scanners
Two Types of Hardware