CC101

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING
EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES
1. Abacus (ca. 2700 BC)

2. Pascal’s Calculator (1652)

3. Stepped Reckoner (1694)

4. Arithmometer (1820)

5. Comptometer (1887) and Comptograph (1889)

6. The Difference Engine (1822)

7. Analytical Engine (1834)

8. The Millionaire (1893)

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
First Generation Computers (1946-1959)
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, built by J. Presper Eckert and John V.
Mauchly was a general-purpose computer. It had been very heavy, large, and contained
18,000 vacuum tubes.

EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer was designed by von Neumann. It
could store data also as instruction and thus the speed was enhanced.

UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was developed in 1952 by Eckert and Mauchly.
 Main characteristics
Main electronic component Input/output devices
Paper tape and
Vacuum tube punched cards

Programming language Speed and size

Very slow and very large in size
Machine language (often taking up entire room).

Main memory
Magnetic tapes and
magnetic drums
Second Generation Computers: Transistors
(1959-1965)
Second-generation computers used the technology of transistors rather than bulky vacuum
tubes. Another feature was the core storage. A transistor may be a device composed of
semiconductor material that amplifies a sign or opens or closes a circuit.
 Main characteristics
Main electronic component Input/output devices
Magnetic tape and
Transistor punched cards

Programming language Speed and size

Machine language and Smaller in size, low power
assembly language. consumption, and generated
less heat (in comparison with
the first generation computers).
Memory
Magnetic core and
magnetic tape/disk
Third Generation Computers: Integrated
Circuits. (1965-1971)
During the third generation, technology envisaged a shift from huge transistors to
integrated circuits, also referred to as IC. Here a variety of transistors were placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors. The most feature of this era’s computer was the speed and
reliability. IC was made from silicon and also called silicon chips.
 Main characteristics
Main electronic component Input/output devices
Magnetic tape,
ntegrated circuits
monitor, keyboard,
(ICs) printer, etc.
Programming language Speed and size
High-level language
Smaller in size, Faster.

Memory
Large magnetic core,
magnetic tape/disk
 Fourth Generation Computers: Micro-
processors (1971-1980)
The duration of fourth generation was from 1971-1980.Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits was used of this era. VLSI circuits having approximately 5000 transistors and distinct
circuit factors with their associated circuits on a single chip made it feasible to have
microcomputers.
Fourth generation computer systems have become further powerful, compact, reliable, and
affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this era, time-
sharing, actual time networks, distributed operating system had been used. All the high-
level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., had been used on this era.
 Main characteristics
Main electronic component Input/output devices
pointing devices, optical
Very large-scale integration (VLSI) and
scanning, keyboard, monitor,
the microprocessor
printer, etc.
Programming language Speed and size
High-level language
Smaller in size, Faster.

Memory
semiconductor
memory (such as RAM,
ROM, etc.)
Fifth Generation Computers (1980-present)
The era of fifth technology is 1980-until date. In the fifth generation, VLSI technology was
converted to (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, ensuing the manufacturing of
microprocessor chips having ten million digital electronic elements.

This generation is primarily based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial

Intelligence) software. AI is a developing section in computer science, which translates the
means and method of creating computer systems thinks like human beings. All the high-
level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this technology.
 Main characteristics
Main electronic component
Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI)
technology
Programming language
Understand natural
language (human
language).
Input/output devices
Trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen,
pen, speech input (recognize
voice/speech), light scanner, printer,
keyboard, monitor, mouse, etc.
Speed and size
Portable and small in size.
Faster.
CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTERS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTER BY
PURPOSE
General
It has the functionality of coping
with a lot of different problems, and
are capable to act in response to
programs created to meet different
needs.
Special
the plan of this classification is to carry
out one distinctive tasks. The program
of instruction is constructed into, or
completely saved in the machine and
commonly referred as “dedicated”.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS TYPE OF
DATA HANDLED

Analog Digital Hybrid

 Analog

These are used for scientific, engineering, and process-control purposes.

They work with quantities that are constantly variable and supply the
simplest approximate results. It additionally gives an analog or simulation
of the item or system it represents.
 Digital
are machines that focuses in counting values which might be discrete or
distinct. It is used for both data processing and scientific purposes since
digital computation outcomes is more accurate. This form of
computer are capable of subtracting, multiplying, dividing, comparing,
and may be programmed to understand and manipulate numeric
symbols which have been translated into their distinctive machine
language. It is likewise able to storing data as long as needed, performing
logical operations, modifying input data, and printing out outcomes at
excessive speed
 Hybrid

Special-purpose machine. It combines the measuring abilities of analog

and the logical and manage capabilities of digital computer. It comprises
an efficient and economical method of working out special forms of
problems in science and various areas of engineering. Space vehicle
simulation, preparation of space pilots, analysis of signals received from
special sensors attached to humans and animals in laboratories, and
solving of variety equations for chemical reactors.
Thanks!