Lecture 3-4

The theme : The Structure computer, purpose

of the main nodes. The Notion of the
architecture PC, central device.

Тема : Структура основного назначения

элементов компьютера. Понятие
архитектуры ПК, центральные устройства.
History of the development
0f the personal computer
 Five Generations of Modern Computers
First Generation (1945-1956)
The world first digital computers began to appear at the
end of the Second World War. By today’s standards they
were enormous- taking up un area approximately
equivalent to that a small village hall.
ENIAC was the world first
successful electronic computer
which was develops by the two
scientists namely J. P. Eckert
and J. W. Mauchy. It was the
beginning of first generation
computer.
 Their computer power was similar to that of a
modern electronic calculator.
But despite the shortcomings this type of computer
represented a radical change in thinking –
instead of using analogue techniques based on
electro-mechanical system, the architecture was
based on digital electronics. There early digital
designs were composed of thousands of pairs of
electronic valves each one similar in size and
appearance to a small light bulb.
 Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
By 1948, the invention of the
transistor greatly changed the
computer's development. The
transistor replaced the large,
cumbersome vacuum tube in
televisions, radios and computers.
As a result, the size of electronic
machinery has been shrinking
ever since. The transistor was at
work in the computer by 1956.
Transistors make use of the properties of a special group of
elements called Semiconductors. The two main Semiconductors
used in electronics are germanium and silicon. Coupled with
early advances in magnetic-core memory, transistors led to
second generation computers that were smaller, faster, more
reliable and more energy-efficient than their predecessors.
 More sophisticated high-level languages
such as COBOL (Common Business-
Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula
Translator) came into common use during
this time, and have expanded to the current
day.
These languages replaced cryptic binary
machine code with words, sentences, and
mathematical formulas, making it much
easier to program a computer.
 Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
1. Instruments, developed the integrated circuiting 1958.
Technology of developed computers, full circuits
containing more than one transistor could be fabricated
onto a thin chip of semiconductor.
2. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more
components were squeezed onto the chip. These miniscule
but nonetheless powerful circuits are called “integrate
circuits” (ICs). The IC combined three electronic
components onto a small silicon disc, which was made
from quartz.
3. Another third-generation development included the use
of an operating system that allowed machines to run
many different programs at once with a central program
that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
After the integrated circuits, the only place to go was
down - in size, that is. Large scale integration (LSI) could
fit hundreds of components onto one chip. By the 1980's,
very large scale integration (VLSI) squeezed hundreds of
thousands of components onto a chip. Ultra-large scale
integration (ULSI) increased that number into the
millions.
‘Micro processor’ is the main concept behind this
generation of computer.
The First personal computer - Alitair is made 1974.
First Micro
processor
 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)
Many advances in the science of computer
design and technology are coming together to
enable the creation of fifth-generation computers.
Two such engineering advances are parallel
processing, which replaces von Neumann's single
central processing unit design with a system
harnessing the power of many CPUs to work as one.
Now a modern computer has circuit of tens
millions of transistors fabricated onto a tiny slice of
silicon no bigger than small finger nail.
 This incredible advance in technology has
made it possible to incorporate huge and
enormous processing power onto tiny mass
produced ICs, enabling today’s powerful
computers to be built both reliably and at low
cost.
Another advance is superconductor
technology, which allows the flow of
electricity with little or no resistance, greatly
improving the speed of information flow.
The Hardware modern computer
 Generally, any device that can
perform numerical calculations, even
an adding machine, may be called a
computer but nowadays this term is
used especially for digital computers.
Personal computer (PC), either as
any adding machine - an electronic
scheme, running under programs
 Computers that once weighed 30 tons
now may weigh a little as 1.8 kilograms.
Microchips and microprocessors have
considerably reduced the cost of the
electronic components required in a
computer.
Computers come in many sizes and
shapes such as special-purpose, laptop,
desktop, minicomputers, supercomputers.
Information processed on computer is
identified the data.
The Computer processes information of
certain instruction, presenting sequence of
the commands, the commands which
computer can execute. Such sequence of
the commands is identified the program.
• The Modern computers have a main
external device: super block (cabinet),
monitor, keyboard, mouse manipulator
Main external device of PC is a super
block, which contains most of the
computer’s electronics
(the internal devices)

The external devices are connected to the

central unit using cables.
 The cabinet can be different depending on
locations device in it:
The cabinet shown in is
a mini tower. In this cabinet
the motherboard is mounted
vertically down one side.

You can buy a taller

cabinet of the same type.
It’s called a tower.

If the cabinet is designed to

be placed on a desk (under the
monitor), it is called
a desktop cabinet.
 The cabinet contains the
majority of a PC’s electronics
 Table 1 - The most components of the PC
Internal devices External devices
Device Power supply unit Keyboard
is send the Mouse
electricity Joystick
Motherboard CPU (central processing unit), RAM Display(Screen)
(random-access memory), cache, Printer
ROM (read only memory), BIOS, Scanner
Chipsets (controllers). Ports, busses Speakers
and slots. EIDE interface (extended Modem
storage device interface), USB Digital camera
(universal serial bus), AGP
(aссelerated graphics port), etc.
Carriers Hard disk(s), diskette drive,
of information CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Plug-in cards Graphics card (video adapter),
network card, SCSI (small computer
systems interface) controller.
Sound card, video and TV card,
modem.
 The Central device of the computer
is a processor.

This is the most important microcircuit in

system, executing commands of software
and will in most cases define the velocity an
information handling.
 The Modern processors contains the
millions transistors, engraved on tiny
square of the crystal silicon, which size
forms approximately 2 cen2 (см2).
The Modern processors the most
expensive component of the computer.
 Central Processor Unit is usually
inserted in jack or slot on system charge
and is considered by brain of the
computer.
• The personal computer has heat tap is
which is identified cooler.
• Сooler is used to does not heat of
computer.
 The Processor consecutively reads the
commands of the program, as well as
necessary given from operative memory,
executes the commands, but then writes given
- a results back in operative memory.
 In process of the performing the program
processor can call given with device of the
entering and send given on device of the
output.
 The most important feature of the
processor, defining its quickly-action, is a
clock rate i.e. elementary amount operation,
executed at one second. The clock rate is
measured in MHZ.
 Other is its the most important feature,
influencing upon capacity, is capacity i.e.
amount of the bits, processed by processor for
one tact. For instance, record 64/32 means that
processor has 64- bus data and 32-capacity bus
of the address.
The Third feature - a model. Than above
model of the processor, that above its speed and
capacity.
The System charge (its else
name the Motherboard)
The Motherboard is a most important part of any
personal computer. The Priority problem of the
system charge consists all internal component in
of the work personal computer coordination.
The Memory of the computer has two types:
internal and external.
The Internal memory of the computer
marketed in the manner of constant, but half
constant (upper) and main memory.
• The Main feature of main memory is the
time of access to information.
• In modern computer is the time access
usually less 70 ns (70*10-9 c.).
• On system charge is located also
microcircuit BIOS (Basic Input Output
System), which when enabling the
personal computer executes testing
main device and produces loading the
operating system.
• BIOS is The Constant memory- - in it is
kept program for checking the
equipping the computer, executing
boot OS and execution base function
on computer device service.
• The Upper memory – CMOS (on half
constant). CMOS keep parameter for
computer configuration. Contents of it at
energization does not disappear since for its
feeding is used special battery. Upper
memory is part of operative memory, but
when speak of volume of the memories, that
bears in mind strictly operative memory
• The Cache - a memory, special memory
applicable for speedup of the functioning
(working) the computer, which is situated, as
it were, between motherboard and main
memory.
• The Video memory. That is to say memory,
used for keeping of the scene, taken out on
screen of the monitor. The Video memory - a
memory, used for keeping of the scene, taken
out on screen of the monitor.
 The Device, which provides
record/reading of information, is
identified the drive or disk drive, but
information is saving on carrier.
The most wide-spread are the disk drive of the
following types:
- A Drives on flexible magnetic disk;
- A Drives on hard magnetic disk or
"Winchester";
- A disk drive CD-R, -RW;
- A disk drive DVD-R, -RW.
• All of the disk drives are connected to
pathways by means of controller, which
usually built-in right in system charge. For
reading/record in magnetic disk is used
magnetic principle. Magnetic principle - a
record is produced magnetic head (disk cover
ferromagnetic varnish)
• The Hard magnetic disks are made from
several groups ten disks, installed on one axis
and they are rotated with big angular velocity
(before 7200 t/min), is located in metallic body.
• CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives use the
optical principle of the reading to
information. In CD-ROM and DVD-ROM
information’s is written only once. For
frequentative record are used CD-RW
and DVD-RW – a disk.
• Flesh-carriers with USB interface, or, more
simply, USB Flesh - disk drive, are nonvolatile
that is to say given in they do not disappear
after unhooking the feeding and theoretically
capable be kept before 100 years.
Video adapter - a device, forming signals of
monitor management and presenting plug-
in card, installed in connector of the
system charge. Also video may will be
adapter built-in right in system charge
• The sound card - a device for reproducing,
record and editing the music, speech, sound
effect in play and training program. The Sound
cards have a possibility for viewing video film
in format MPG4 and DVD that transforms the
idle time a computer in home movie-theatre.
The Sound card controls functioning (working)
the acoustic systems - an external
loudspeakers (the rows).
 External devices
1. Keyboard – The main device for manually entering
data to a computer

2. Mouse - The manipulator device

Modem is a device converting digital

signal from computer in analog.
Which possible send on telephone line.
 3. Display (Screen) is a device for
visualization of information in computer.

4. Printer (printing device) is

intended for conclusion text and
graphic information

5.Scanner is a device for sensing

graphic and text information.
 6. Speakers - a device
reproducing sound
information

7.

8.Digital camera - a device for processing the digital graphics

9.Plotter is a device for output the big graphics page.