SOCIAL STUDIES

EXAM
PREPARATION
Subject: Social Studies
Class: Term 2, Year 7
Subtopics included:
GEOGRAPHY
 Disasters & Hazards
 Consequences of natural disasters
 Vocabulary
 What makes a place risky to live?
 Is the world experiencing more Natural Disasters?

HISTORY
 What makes a good medieval kind?
 Why did Baron’s rebel against King John/ Reasons for his unpopularity?
 How was life of peasants during medieval ages?
 Why couldn’t people stop black death during 14th century?

DISASTERS AND HAZARDS

 Hazard – brings people’s lives to risk and has a potential to cause DISASTER, which already cause damage of
property and loss of lives.

Example: tsunami, avalanche, volcanic eruption, hurricane.

CONSEQUENCES OF NATURAL DISASTERS

- Destruction of property
- Injures and loss of life
- Loss of financial resources - economy
- Loss of infrastructure

FACTORS AFFECTING VULNERABILITY AND RISK FROM HAZARDS

Vulnerability – how are people exposed in an area to disaster and its effects

Probability – how likely it is that a hazard will occur

The ability to cope – to survive/ to come up before/during and after disaster

FACTORS:

- Geographical location – position of some countries means they are more likely to be at greater risk from
natural hazards. E.g., Philippines is more prone to earthquakes, typhoons, tsunamis flooding, volcanic
eruptions because of its global position

- Magnitude – larger or stronger disaster pose more risk to people and property than smaller hazards and
case destruction of property and high numbers of injures and deaths.

- Time of the day – if a disaster happens when people are asleep, they will receive no warning, compared to
day time, which will cause more self-injuries or deaths.

- Level of education – this will not prevent disaster from occurring but will reduce the impacts and allows
more people to survive because they are well educated and know where to go, stay and escape.

- Frequency – If natural disasters are really common In a particular country it suggests that current hazard
has particular frequency of how often it has occur and when was the last one. If a country is aware that
after few weeks natural disaster will occur there is time for people to get ready and escape, it.

- Perception (how a person feels) – if a person is disabled or just if a disaster occurred and night and
everyone is sleepy it will make it a lot harder to evacuate people and bring them to hospitals as it is time
consuming and there is no guarantee that a person will survive.

- Level of National Wealth – richer countries are more economically developed. They can predict, prepare,
and respond to natural disaster than poorer countries. Rich countries can construct earthquake proof
building and buy technology that tracks disasters.

- Amounts of warning time – if a future affected area at all doesn’t have idea about soon natural
disaster, then much more people will be affected due to last minute or none of warning time

- Population living in property – if a country is overpopulated and a disaster has occurred it will increase
deaths and injuries. The fewer people living in area is better as there won’t be rush on evacuation and
more people will remain calm.

WHAT MAKES A PLACE RISKY TO LIVE ON?

 - Increased population makes world to experience global warming resulting natural disasters to occur
- Impacts of natural disasters: loss of life or disability; destruction of property – people forced to live on
streets; increased competition over land.
- Not clean environment, no fresh water, diseases such as chlorella or diarrhea spread fast

IS THE WORLD EXPIRIENCING MORE DISASTERS?

- Yes, due to increased temperature resulting climate change. Nowadays disasters occur 3 times more
often than it used to 50 years ago, but now we have more opportunity to develop appropriate
technology allowing countries to warn citizens and enable more people to survive.

HISTORY
WHAT MAKES A GOOD MEDIEVAL KING?

- Responsible for his country

- Brave, clever and super powerful soldier
- Popular with his noble
- Having a son who will be automatically heir to the throne
- Not biased and a treating fairly king
- Good with parliament

Civil war – war within the same country. People and the same country fight with each other.

WHY WAS EDWARD 3 CONSIDERED AS THE GREATEST KIND IN MIDDLE AGES?

- Wealthy and powerful - Edward III always paid attention on his expensive clothes and jewel. He has rebuilt the
Windsor Castle in an impressive style.

- Excellent, tall, brave, and strong soldier - Edward knew the best way to stop the debate between his supporters
making them fight on the same sight like in wars between Scotland and France. He also won a great victory at the
Battle of Halidon Hill.

- Popular with his nobles – barons joined Edward because he was successful. They helped him to win land and
money. Nobles also managed with Edward to ban the worst gangs of criminals and there were no rebellions at that
time when Edward trusted his barons.

- Had a son - Edward had many sons and few daughters. There wasn't any fight about who should become the next
king as the son automatically heir the throne. His eldest son - Black Prince died, so the next son Edward II become the
ruler of England when he was 11 years old.

WHY DID BARONS REBEL AGAINST KING JOHN/ REASONS FOR HIS UNPOPULARITY
  Quarrelled with Pope about how to correctly run the church - therefore Pope banned all the church
services from 1208 till 1213. In 1209 Pope became too angry that he excommunicated John, meaning he made
John to go to Hell after he will die.

ADDITIONAL INFO: In 1208 Edward reacted saying that nobody can enter church property and land, he resulted to
earn more money but made his conflict with the Pope worser.

 Didn't trust his local barons - He never listed for advice of his nobles and made important decisions without
him. He preferred to ask advice of foreign mercenaries - his friends in Italie and Germany.

 Increased taxes - Barons were expected to pay huge amounts of money to inherit his father’s lands, ten times
more than they were expected to pay. He even forced widows (women with no husband) to pay huge taxes or
forced to marry again

 Wining the lands back - John increased the taxes since he needed money to pay to his army and weapons for
the war. He fought with king Philip and almost won, but due to his unlikeness he lost all his lands, hope and
strength to fight Philip.

WHY DID PAINTER MATTHEW PARIS MADE FUN OF KING JOHN?

 Stool - John is not sitting on a proper throne, he is using a foldable chair kings used if
they spent a lot of time travelling to wars.
 Church – The church is shown below the king’s seat suggesting that he didn’t care
about church and was against the god.
 Crown – John’s crown is sliding down his head, suggesting that citizens didn’t want
him as a king since he was foolish, biased and not responsible.

HOW WAS THE LIFE OF PEASANTS DURING MEDIEVAL AGES?

- Houses – had stone foundations and expertly made wooden frames. House often included: wardrobes, French
pottery, chairs, timber floors and caskets. Caskets were big chests locked with a key were peasants stored
valuable items.

- Everyone helped participated at the work - Oxen prepared land to plant seeds, man and women were doing
harvesting and children’s job was to pick up the last piece of everything (left corn cutten with a sickle).

- Holidays - Medieval peasants didn't work on Sundays, Saints days and Church holiday like Easter and 12
days of Christmas. They met with each other to gossip and even had some contests and parties held in church.

- Diet - Peasants average diet included a soup, porridge, 2 loafs of bread containing coarse grains, meat, or fish.
Fish was eaten on religious days when they were not allowed to eat meat and just enjoyed even far from the
coast.

- Hygiene - Peasants took baths and washed with soap which was made from boiling sheep fat in caustic soda.
They had less tooth decay then today and they used hazel twigs to brush their teeth.

WHY COULD PEOPLE STOP THE BLACK DEATH DURING THE 14th CENTURY?

- Less information – people didn’t know much about germs that caused disease. They thought that God
was punishing them for their sins.
 - Lack of medication – there were no vaccines and less hospitals. Doctors at the middle of Black Death
were refused to treat patients, since the risk to die was too big.

- No proper toilets - there were only pipe latrines, meaning that when peasants excreted solid waste, they
took the bowl collected it and just throw it into the nature. Then the smell corrupted into the air making it
poisonous and allowing rats and fleas to carry the disease.

DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP
DIGITAL FOOTPRINTS
WHAT IS DIGITAL FOOTPRINT?

- All the information online about a person posted either by themselves or others/friends intentionally or
unintentionally.

HOW DOES DIGITAL FOOTPRINT AFFECT YOU?

- It allows organisations that are hiring you to see an overview of what school you studied, did you
publish are reports/books and just an overview of your whole life to see how good you are.

- Hateful speech and bad language in your social media post may result you to be expelled from
school/university or fired from job or even get you into prison.

- Individuals – hackers, thief’s, kidnappers can access whole your data such us: websites passcodes like
on financial matters or hack your computer and your account and profile.

HOW COMPANIES USE CONSUMER DATE?

- Companies look at every single consumer data and see what this person usually like to buy. At the end
they calculate the percentage of people that like this colour, this material or this good. After doing this
survey they create a product that will become famous worldwide.

HOW CAN WE LIMIT DATA THAT IS BEING TRACKED?

 Turn off cookies – they are used to identify your device, track your behaviour and your personal
experience.

 Adjust privacy settings – limit information collected about you in certain apps, by making your
account private and deny access on your contacts and location

 Limit what you share – do not provide your email if it is not necessary or before you do it check
the privacy police to see how the information is being used.
 SOCIAL STUDIES
EXAM
PREPARATION
Subject: Social Studies
Class: Term 3, Year 7
GEOGRAPHY
 Scramble for Africa
 What caused 2008-2013 World Food Crisis?
 What are the costs & benefits of Land Grambling in Africa.

HISTORY
 Why was there so much travel around the world during middle ages?
 Why is China in 1300 such an existing place to land your time machine?
 Wars of Roses

GEOGRAPHY – SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

1) What happened during the scramble for Africa?
Between the period of 1881 and 1914 Europeans conquered large areas (known as colonies) of continent Africa.
European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Portugal, and Spain are examples of countries
that took control over 90% of the land in the continent. Only Liberia and Ethiopia were independent, they didn’t
control the land in Africa like other European countries did.

2) State in brief, 3 main reasons for “Scramble of Africa”

- preventing their enemies getting their first

- having an approach to all natural resources
- having space for their growing populations

3) What were the main reasons for the scramble in Africa? Explain 3 reasons. (3X2=6m)

 Growing raw materials - European countries weren’t able to produce commodities themselves. Thus, they
had colonies in Africa, a country with semi-tropical climates, to grow the products on huge plantations.
Europeans were growing tea, coffee, cotton, tobacco, sugar cane, rubber, palm oil, bananas, and cacao.
 Trade and profit - successful agriculture made trade in European countries on the continent booming. They
were able to export products back to consumers in ‘the mother country’ as well as trade overseas.
Colonies grew many raw materials like cotton and silk which were processed in factories producing clothing
and making profit from trade.

 Competition between European countries - growth of nationalism. European countries were fighting with
each other to be the most powerful nation. No major nation ever wanted to be without colonies which led to
this ‘Scramble of land’ in Africa. Such competition was known between Great Britain, France and Germany
- (the strongest nations in the 1800s).

4) How were the factors linked to one another?

Since an economic depression was occurring in Europe powerful countries such as Germany, France, and Great
Britain, were losing money, it made them fight as all the nations wanted to have colonies. The solution for this
problem was the profit from trade for commodities and finished products that Europeans sold. This made European
countries to be able to finance their explorations and set up plantations.
 5) Fill in the blanks

Bismarck Leader of Germany in the late nineteenth century

Colonise To take political control over another country and send people to live
there

Conquest Taking over a country by force

Empire A group of countries controlled by another

Industrial Revolution A time during which British industry expanded rapidly

Missionary A person on a religious mission, often to convert others to their faith

Protectorate A country that is protected or controlled by another country

Reserves Large sources of natural resources such as oil or gold

Treaty A formal, binding agreement between two or more countries

WHAT CAUSED THE 2008-2013 WORLD

FOOD PRICES CRISIS?
Rising crude oil prices
Increasing cost of chemical fertilisers
Will result in increased cost of production of petrol and diesel from
crude oil. This makes job of powering vehicles and machinery as
well as producing important chemicals for fertilizers to fail.
Unable to produce important chemicals that make fertilizers
because of rising crude oil prices. This meant that there was an
increased cost and demand for chemical fertilizers to grow/produce
food.

Use of food crops for production of biofuels
Extreme weather events
Biofuels - alternatives to oil-based motor fuels which reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. Ethanol - example of biofuel.
Each year we require more than 100 million (5% of global harvest)
of grain to produce biofuels
Droughts and heavy rains cause a huge damage of land which
enables to grow all kind of food, to sell it or export it making profit.
In Australia, drought between 2007 and 2012 cause 98% drop in
the countries rice harvest

Change of diets in newly prosperous nations
As population increase more people are starting to adopt different
diets like eating more meat in newly developed countries -
China. Thus, food resources are transported to be sold to these
developing areas resulting in other countries to be short in the food
causing hunger and food crises.

To produce:
1kg of beef requires - 7 kg of grain feed
1kg of wheat - 84 kg of water and more than 35 km of land.

1) Describe 5 different causes for world food price crisis.

WHAT ARE THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF

LAND GRABBING IN AFRICA?
BENEFITS:
a) Foreign countries who set up develop infrastructure: roads, railways and electricity supplies which
benefit themselves as well as whole country.

b) Governments of African countries receive big payments in exchange for land they sell or lease which
can be used to improve the lives of local people like by building hospitals and schools.

c) As a result of arrival of foreign agribusinesses, Ethiopia exports US $60 million of fruit and vegetables
and US $160 million of flowers every year.

d) The new agribusiness farm estates run by foreign companies create paid work for local people in some
of the poorest parts of Africa where money is desperately needed.

COSTS:
a) Some of the lands sold by the government made local people to be forcibly driven off.

b) Since modern agribusiness farms require huge amounts of irrigation water local streams are drying up on
which local people depend for drinking water.

c) Some of the land acquired is not a farmland at all, but forest, which is then cut down and burned,
creating serious environmental problems such as droughts and release of greenhouse gases.
 d) It is morally and ethically wrong for one country to own and control the natural resources of another
country.

HISTORY – WHY WAS THERE SO MUCH

TRAVEL AROUND THE WORLD IN THE
MIDDLE AGES?
IMPORT: buying goods and services from other countries
EXPORT: selling goods and services to other countries

Imported ideas - those which came into Britain and influenced people here
Exported ideas - those which were taken from Britain and influenced people in other
countries
IMPORT EXPORT
- Brickmaking skills - Clothes made from pool
- Printing press - Voyages from Britain to America
- Medicine and treatments from Arabs

- Glass, stone and masonry for construction

- Spices, silk, timber, wine, oil, fruit.

- French culture and language. Words like beef,

and French names like William

- Legend of king Arthur

- Servants

a) Which import that came into Britain do you think was the most important? Explain the reasons for your
choice.

 I think that the printing press was the most important development to be imported to Britain. This is because
it allowed more books to be printed in England, which led to more people being able to read.

b) State 3 reasons for European travels during Middle Ages

REASONS EVIDENCE
1) Traded with: 1) Chinese traders exported to:
 - Furs - Southern Asia
- Porcelain - India
- Spices - Across Africa
- Bronze
- Silk
- Oil
- Timber

2) People wanted to explore new places, 2) Marco Polo – From Venice – China
new lands, new continents
Amerigo Vespucci – Whole coast of
Brazil

Christopher Columbus – Reached and

discovered lands of west India

3) Travel for religious purposes 3) Muslims:

- Visited holy cities
- Mecca

WHY IS CHINA IN 1300 SUCH AN EXCITING

PLACE TO LAND YOUR TIME MACHINE?
1) Was life comfortable?

Hangzhhou – one of the greatest cities in 1300. It was supplied with vegetables from gardens and rice from north.
People and goods were moved by horse and on sedan chairs. As well, city had many restaurants which we full of
luxury foods. There were many stores starting from ovens to knife sharpeners.

2) Are there advanced medical ideas?

Chinese doctors knew about workings of the heart, the circulation of blood in the body and knew how to remove
blood vessel and investigate distances travelled by the blood in/ from corpses (dead people). Chinese doctors also
begun to experiment with a vaccination against the deadly smallpox disease. Lastly one of the Chinese medicines
was acupuncture. (Small needles that are inserted to body to stimulate and balance the flow of person’s energy.
3) Is there any danger of foreign invasions

In 1300 The Great wall was designed to protect the northern borders of China from the Mongol invasions. The gates
of the wall serve as a checkpoint for trade and goods entering and watch towers are warning wires which could have
been lit to warn of enemies approaching.

4) What is the government like? Is it well organised?

Great wall and terracotta warriors provide good evidence on how well the government was organised. Terracotta –
the giant underground tomb contained figures of officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians with all different
faces. All the warriors had weapons, amour, and horses. Country also had a huge civil service including collection of
taxes and keeping law. The emperor had army over a million soldiers.

5) Are people developing new ideas and inventions?

Yes, People in China developed:

- Paper money
- Fireworks
- Wheelbarrow
- Umbrella
- Printing press
- Compass
- Tea
- Toilet paper

WARS OF THE ROSES

Walter Devereux -> helped/ fought beside Henry 5

HENRY 5:
- Great King
- Great Soldier
- Made sure everyone kept the law
- Respected and feared
- Clever
- Skilled and brave
- Won many battles

Henry 5 -> died (35) -> his 9 months old son – Henry 6 – became king
HENRY 6: - BAD SIDES
- Too many battles during his time
- People are poor and miserable due to wars
- Nobles are not loyal to the king
- Nobles are greedy for power and wealth
- More like a timid priest (shy person who prayed), than a brave soldier
- He would punish criminals – more and more law-breaking
- Not interested in weapons and warfare
- Was running away, instead of standing up to the rebels
- Made people to lose all lands in France because of unsuccessful wars
- Was often ill. Once fell into a coma for 18 months

HENRY 6: – GOOD SIDES

- was a good-looking king
- was 18 years old, tall, and handsome
- had the support of the Earl of Warwick, the most powerful nobleman in the country
- had noble’s support. They thought that Henry 6 was chosen by the God to be the king.

1) Why did Anne believe that Henry 5 was such a great king?
- he was a great soldier
- Respected and feared
- made sure everyone kept the law
- skilled and brave
- won many battles and conquered land in France

2) Why was she proud of her grandfather?

Walter Devereux always stood up, helped, and fought beside Henry 5 like in the battle of Agincourt. He was a true
hero.

3) What was wrong when Henry 6 grew up?

- The English lost all their lands in France
- The English lost Hundred Years war
- Were far too many battles which made people to say that 15TH century was a terrible time to live.

4) Look at the timeline. What might you think that:

a) People were no longer loyal to the king?

Nobles were taking sides with the Lancasters or the Yorks instead of siding with their own king.

b) The nobles were always eager to fight battles.

Because between 1455 and 1487 there were way too many battles

5) What is Anne’s opinion about life in the 15th century?

She said that life in the 15th century was a chaos and a disorganized confused life. However, it was way better and
comfortable compared to life in 13th century.

6) List 3 pieces of evidence she uses to support her opinion about:

a) Her own family being well off:

- everyone was wearing latest fashions like head-dresses, expensive furs and jewelry
- Anne’s family lived in huge and comfortable castle with lots of land
- Her family had many servants

b) Many common folks being better off:

- peasants were paid higher wages because of great pestilence – Black Death
- they’ve spent their money on better food like eating lots of meat
- they’ve spent their money on much colorful and better clothing

7) In what ways did the wars affect people’s life?

- Men fought and died in wars
- Lots of towns and villages were not affected
- For every fairly and friends the hardest part was waiting to hear is your loved ones have survived the battle

8) Do you agree with Anne that this was a good time to live, or do you think the wars made people poor and
miserable?
Although families lived in castle with luxurious food and servants, I think that live in 15 th century made people poor
and miserable. Even are somethings got better for rich people that time, many people feared of violence, looting and
death. It was hard to be happy that time when all you think about is living one more day or dyeing soon.

9) What was the strongest reason for fighting for Edward?

He looked and behaved like a good soldier, what a good king should be. He also had the support of the Earl of
Warwick, who was the most powerful nobleman.

10) What was the strongest reason for fighting for Henry?
He was already a true king, and people were afraid that if they fought against him, God would get angry at them. So,
most people supported him.
11) Who do you think most nobles choose to fight for?
Most nobles chose to fight for Henry, because if they lost, they were afraid their families would lose homes, wealth
and will face death of men.

12) What would you have chosen if you were a member of Anne’s family?
I would have chosen to side with Edward of York because he was a better candidate for king with a fact that Anne’s
family had been serving Edward’s family for 2 decades.

13). Henry had been a terrible king since he was sixteen. That was 24 years of being a failure before he was
deposed. Anne said that many people believe that ‘the nobles are not loyal to the king anymore.’ Do you agree
that the nobles were no longer loyal to the king in 1461? Give TWO reasons for your answer.
I agree that the nobles were no longer loyal to the king by 1461.

The first reason is that from 1461 the nobles fought many battles over who should be king.

The second reason is that nobles often switched sides depending on who was winning, which shows that they didn’t
really have their own opinion or decisions who they personally wanted to become the king. For example, they only
supported Henry because they feared losing their wealth and power.

Willian -> Anne’s husband -> was made lord by Edward -> Lord Herbert -> led and army against Warwick -> was
beaten -> was buried in beautiful Tintern Abbey

Warwick -> selfish-> rebelled against King Edward -> wanted more power for himself to rule the country ->
turned King Edward into his puppet king -> made King Henry a king again for few months -> didn’t care what
happened to other people ->was killed in the battle by King Edward

Edward – 12 years of peaceful reign -> killed Warwick in the battle -> died in April 1483

14) What were the TWO strongest reasons for fighting for Richard 3?
- excellent soldier and believed he was the rightful king because the other two boys were illegitimate (not in tune
with accepted standards and roles).
- nobody knew if Henry Tudor would be a good king.

15) What were the THREE strongest reasons for fighting for Henry Tudor?

- Henry Tudor had a lot of support from the southern knights and from the king of France as he has given ships and
men to help his invasions.
-Many people believe Richard killed his nephews.
- Anne’s sons grew up with Henry at Raglan

16) What sides would you have chosen if you had been a member of Anne’s family?

If I was a member of Anne’s family, I would choose to side with Henry Tudor. This is because Anne’s sons grew up
with Henry at Raglan. Also, Richard seemed like a very cruel and disrespectful which makes himself a rightful king
who is accused by a plenty of people for murder.

17) Why did the Earl of Warwick rebel against Edward?

- he was selfish
- he wanted more power
- disrespectful – didn’t care what happened to other people

18) Why did Richard 3 take the crown. Find at least TWO reasons.

- Kind Edward died in April q483

- Edwards son mysteriously disappeared. Everyone expected his 12 years old son to be crowned as Edward 5.

19) Why did people rebel against Richard?

- People thought that he was a coward for murdering his nephews and executing many nobles for disobeying him or
might have stopping from becoming the king.

20) Anne said that many people think the nobles rushed into fighting wars because they were greedy for
power. Do you agree that is why the nobles fought in the wars? Give TWO reasons for your answer.

- No, I don’t agree that the nobles rushed into fighting wars for power. They were fighting to do the right
thing. This is because they were important landowners who wanted to serve the country, and they wanted to
make sure that the rightful king had power who will use it properly and not just only for wealth.
DIGITAL
CITIZENSHIP
CYBERBULLYING

What is cyberbullying?
- Using digital devices, sites, and apps to intimidate, harm, and upset someone

What is Empathy?
- To imagine the feelings that someone else is experiencing

Why do you think it might be important to try to empathize

with others?

To imagine feeling they feel to:

- Help them based on our own experience
- Put ourselves in their shoes and physically help

Who is upstander?

- Someone who responds to a bullying situation by confronting the bully directly or by telling a trusted adult

Who is ally?

- Someone who responds to a bullying situation by supporting the person being bullied

Who is bystander?

- Someone who ignores and does nothing about the bully and bullying
COPYRIGHTS
What is copy right?
- Legal protection that creators have over the things they create

What is public domain?

- Creative work that is not copyrighted and free to use without permission

What is fair use?

- The ability to use copyrighted work without permission, but only in certain ways and specific situations

What are the four factors of fair use? Write meaning for each of these.

 Purpose – related to schoolwork and education; criticizing or commenting; news reporting and comedy or
else original work is paraphrased and transferred into something very different.

 Amount – the amount is just a small portion of the original work, or it is more then half and almost all the
idea.

 Nature - the nature of the original work is nonfiction or based on fact (creative or fictional).

 Affect - of the new work does not include any negative impact on the creator or the value of the
original work ($).

SOCIAL STUDIES
 EXAM
PREPARATION
Subject: Social Studies
Class: Term 1, Year 8
Subtopics included:

HISTORY
 Great Exhibition
 Words that describe the Modern Era
 3 classes of people
 Slavery: Triangular Trade
 Olaudah Equiano

GEOGRAPHY
 4 layers of the Earth
 Earthquakes (general info)
 Ring of fire
 Earthquakes in New Zealand
MIDDLE AGES
1509 - 1745 -> Early modern Era
20th century - Modern age

GREAT EXBITION OF 1851

When was it held?
 It was opened on 1st of May in London by Queen Victoria in London in1851
Why was it such an important and significant event?
 Because all nations from different countries were invited to see how advance and
developed technology was that time.
 This event showed key of success of future century
What were the things showcased at the Great Exhibition?
o Agricultural machines
o Marine engines
o Cotton power looms in motion
o Jewry
o Watches.
What was the most important object showcased?
 Limited edition diamond which was newly extracted from India called Koh-I-Noor.
FACTS
-> Exhibition was held in 'crystal palace'
-> 6 million people visited
-> Indian, Canada and African court

What was not allowed in the exhibition?

 Sunday openings
 Dogs
 Alcohol
 Smoking
Examples of words that tell everything about the modern age:
AGE OF
 transformation
  revolutions
 ideologies:
 industry
 uncertainty
 faking

Explosive changes in:

 economics
 technology
 poverty
 suffering immortality

EDWAR EIGAR called it as: - Age of hope + glory

3 GROUPS OF PEOPLE
UPPER CLASS – did not work. (Life of leisure + conspicuous expenditure). Likely were
wondering aboard -
 Spring -country
 Summer - london
 Autumn -scotland (hunting and shooting)
EXAMPLES:
 Aristocracy
 Landowners
 Industrialist
 Bishops

MIDDLE CLASS - bough way into local gentry. Had rich professions. Father > work ->
suburds -> employ servants? son -> lesser public school
EXAMPLES:
 Lawyers
 Doctors
 Businessman
LOWER CLASS
 Top -skilled workers – lived a live of AP (Aspiration and Pretension) – wanted to
have a life of middle class
EXAMPLES:
 Artisans
 Engineer
 Senior clerks

LABOURERS
 Worked10 hr a day, 6 days in a week
EXAMPLES:
 house servants
 factory workers
 miners
 dockers
 farm labourers

ROUGHS
 Jobless people who were likely old, had a newborn/young child or were lazy.
EXAMPLES:
 Criminals
 Alcoholics
 Homeless

SLAVERY
 translantic slave trade was a crime against humanity
 60 million of Africans were stolen and taken on a long sea voyage with nightmare
conditions -> "Midde Passage"

TRANSLANTIC SLAVE TRADE – “The Triangular trade”

o Ships were loaded with goods needed by Africans (cloth, pots, pans, guns)
 o These goods were taken from British slaving ports such as Bristol and Liverpool to
factories set up by Europeans on the African coast
o There slaves were exchanged for goods.
o Afterwards, slaves sailed across Atlantic -Middle Passage" to be sold in America or
West Indies.
o There ships were loaded with rum and sugar from West Indies or tobacco from
America to be sold in Britain.

Olaudah Equiano
Life story of Olaudah Equiano is written in worldwide reading book
" The Interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The
African”

Equiano supported campaign. Under his slave’s name - Gustavus Vassa. Himself and
9 black writers campaigned in the newspapers.
 In 1989 Equiano published his book which was key aspect for the slavery trade
abolition as well as when he used his African name for the first time.

After 1789, the campaign to abolish slave trade faltered. Parliament asked to keep
slave trade because many people voted against freedom.

Olaudah didn’t give up. He organised publicity tours all over UK and his books sold
well

He died in 1797 as rich man as well as ten years after his death slave trade was
abolished

SLAUERY - by Olaudah Equiano

 Equiano and his sister were kidnapped and separated by a men and woman

 After 6-7 months Equiano was brought to the coast where he was placed ship and
sailed the Middle Passage in 'nightmare ' condition

 After tiering Journey, Olaudah arrived to Barbacoas which is a place where most of
slaves were purchased.

 After a week, boy was sailed to English colony -Virginia.

 There he was sold to Mr. Michael Henry Pascal Who was lieutenant in Royal Navy
  With Pascal's command Equiano moved to England to educate himself and travel the
world on ships

 After many years Pascal sold Equiano to king in Montserrat.

 King recognised his intelligence and putted him for work in marketing instead of
plantations

 They made agreement that if Equiano will save up a certain amount of money, he will
be able to purchase freedom

 In 1766 = freedom

 Rest of his life he was known as active abolitionist

GEOGRAPHY
◦ Structure of the Earth
◦ Crust - The solid outermost and thinnest layer of the earth
◦ Mantle - The thickest layer, comprising semi molten rock
◦ Outer Core - Liquid mass of Iron and Nickel. Earth’s magnetic field is generated at this
layer.
◦ Inner Core - A mass of solid Iron and Nickel

— Earth’ s crust is not smooth and flat it is made up of small pieces called tectonics.
— Those pieces float on the layer of molten rock (magma) called mantle.

EARTHQUAKES
WHAT?
⁃ Natural Hazard that occurs on a meeting point of two tectonic plates called fault line or
plate boundary.
 ⁃ When these two blocks slide against each other making the stress which overcome the
friction, earthquake releases energy and we feel the shaking.

CAUSES
⁃ Constant moving of tectonic plates time to time they slide past each other. Over time this
movement causes great pressure which brings us to a sudden slip& on a fault
⁃ Sudden breaking of underground rocks

EFFECTS
—> ENVIRONMENTAL- ground shaking, landslides, tsunamis
—> ECONOMICAL - destroyed infrastructure, trade links and transportation of the goods
—> SOCIAL/ MENTAL - psychological trauma, death of people, social impact and
poverty, lack of emergency supplies

HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES MEASURED?

⁃ Richter scale shows us that the higher the magnitude the more distractive the earthquake
is.
⁃ Seismograph - produces a digital ground motion recording cause by seismic waves.

SOLUTIONS
⁃ Building safer structures
⁃ Providing education on earthquake safety
⁃ Improving health services
⁃ Tracking and identifying upcoming hazards

WHERE DO EARTHQUAKES HAPPEN?

⁃ Earthquakes can happen anywhere along both tectonic plate edges. Blocks of rocks move
frequently onto one another which causes earthquakes.
⁃ However, some countries are more vulnerable to earthquakes then others as their location
is just in between of 2 tectonic plates faults.
WHERE DO MOST EARTHQUAKES OCCUR?
⁃ 80% of the largest earthquakes in the world occur around the edges of the Pacific Ocean
which is why the name “Ring of fire” was give.

Why is New Zealand more prone to earthquakes?

New Zealand is located on the boundary of 2 world's major tectonic plates – the Pacific &
the Australian Plate. These plates are slowly driving against each other, causing one to be
pushed past and under the other creating Alpine Fault.