Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Water restrictions continued to increase in many cities across the region. Houston
residents were forced to cut back on nonessential uses (Houston Chronicle, 1996)
and Sante Fe was forced to reduce water usage by 25%. Water levels in the
Edwards Aquifer, the primary source of water for 1.5 million people in San Antonio
and five counties in south Texas, was rapidly reaching the lowest level ever recorded
(Smith, 1996). Fires continued to be a major problem throughout the drought,
particularly in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah. In Colorado, nearly
68,000 fires burned more than 2 million acres (810,000 ha) (Hillard, 1996). Colorado
and New Mexico reported wind and insect damage to crops (Reuters, 1996a and
1996b). Livestock began to take a toll on range lands in the region as overgrazing
worsened existing erosion problems in Arizona. A shortage of hay throughout the
region reached disastrous proportions in June (Smith, 1996), forcing ranchers to sell
cattle at the lowest prices in ten years. Environmental damages began to emerge as
endangered species were affected, landscapes were eroded, and fires damaged
countless areas in the region (Holmes, 1996). Nitrate levels in hay rose dramatically
in Oklahoma, reaching toxic or near-toxic levels for livestock (Schafer, 1996).
Food prices responded to the lower production levels for milk, meat, produce, and
other foodstuffs (Lee, 1996; Carrillo, 1996). For example, the price of fruit increased
more than 22% in June (Carrillo, 1996). Fires continued to occur throughout the
region and expanded into the Pacific Northwest and the northern Rocky Mountain
states (Laceky, 1996; Associated Press, 1996).
There are no official estimates of the total losses and damages from the 1996
drought. Given the $5 billion in impacts that occurred in Texas, total regional impacts
could be safely estimated in the $10–15 billion range, although it is difficult to quantify
many social and environmental impacts. What was remarkable to many was the
significant level of regional vulnerability, the diversity of impacts, and the lack of
preparedness to respond to many of these impacts. Many of the states in this region
have now initiated longer-term planning efforts directed at improving mitigation and
preparedness efforts.
(other case studies include the M4 corridor and Tsukuba Science City pages 140 and
141)