Occupational Health Management

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• OSHA
• FEDERAL OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT (OSHA) OF
1970

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 Scope of Regulations

• Regulations apply to occupational safety and health research and

related activities,
• Approval of respiratory protective devices, and
• Requests for health hazard evaluations and
investigations of places of employment, including
how to go about requesting a health hazard
evaluation and what needs to be in the request,
advance notice of visits, how the investigation
is conducted, and notification of findings

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Enforcement

• Occupational Safety and Health investigations of places of employment are

conducted by

• - The National Institute For Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the
Center For Disease Control,
• - Public Health Service,
• - Department of Health and Human Services

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 OSHA Regulations

• The OSHA regulations are located under 29 CFR in

the Code of Federal Regulations
Regulations apply to
• Production or disclosure of information or materials
• Protection of individual privacy in records
• Procedures for state agreements
• State plans for the development and enforcement
of state standards
• Inspections, citations and proposed penalties

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PROVISIONS

• The Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act

(OSHA) of 1970 provided law and subsequent
regulation requiring employers to establish
occupational safety and health programs and
ensure safe and healthful working conditions for
employees.
• The provisions may vary by state

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 Standards Related To Employee Rights

• Safe and healthful working conditions

• General training in safe work practices
Specific training in hazards unique to the job,
e.g.
• -Equipment operation
• -Hazardous substances handling
• -Emergency procedures
• -Self-contained breathing apparatus use
• -Training in potential health hazards of chemicals/materials
• -Refuse to perform work violating the Labour Code

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Standards Related To Employee Responsibilities

• Obey all occupational safety and health

standards, rules, regulations, and orders issued
according to the law
• Use safety equipment, safety devices, and methods
or processes adopted for employee protection
• Not to remove, displace, damage, destroy, tamper
with, or carry off safety devices, safeguards,
notices, or warnings
• Not interfere with the use of safeguards by others.

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 Standards Related To Employer Responsibilities

• Maintain a safe and healthful place of employment

• Comply with occupational safety and health standards, rules,
regulations and orders
• Provide employees with general training in safe
work practices
• Provide employees with specific training regarding
unique job hazards
• Allow employee access to medical and exposure
records

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Inspections

• Inspections are based on

• Imminent danger
• Fatality or serious accident
• Employee complaint
• Investigations of serious injuries or illnesses
• Scheduled inspections
• By law, no advance notice is given to the
employer.
OSHA establishes program structure and operations requirements, but
permits the state to manage the program, with federal monitoring.

Most OSHA programs provide for free consultation and training in key
safety and illness-prevention issues pertinent to the workplace.
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 Objective

• Safeguard the health of all persons on the premises

Health Protection
Health Promotion

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Approach

preventive action
systematic search/ evaluation of
health risks
• exposure prevention or control
assessment of exposure

 team effort of production manager &

site EHS team

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 Prevention

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Health
Surveillance

Liver Enzymes

Alcohol
Blood

Breathing Air

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Hazard

• Intrinsic danger, related to a substance or action in

question
Examples:
hydrochloric acid ÄÄ> corrosive
p-phenylene diamine ÄÄ> sensitizing (allergy)
p-chloroaniline ÄÄ> methemoglobin, cancer

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 Exposure

• Effect on man
Examples:
Solvent vapors
concentration and exposure period
Substance in solution
effected skin surface & duration of skin exposure

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Health Risk

Health
Risk

Probability
Severity of health impairment

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 Health Management

• Process Risk Analysis

anticipating evaluation of potential risks
• Workplace Health Risk Assessment
status quo or retrospective evaluation
• Health Surveillance
early detection of occupational health effects

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Workplace Assessment

Risk Evaluation

Health Protection is
... adequate
... possibly adequate
... not ensured

Necessary measures

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 Exposure

high
Risk
too high

Risk
acceptable

low
low Hazard Potential high

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Occupational Exposure Limits

@ Exposure Limit in Air

Threshold limit of a chemical, to which it is believed that nearly
all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.
e.g. TLV, OES

@ Limit in Biological Material

Reference value of an indicator reflecting an exposure, for which
it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed
without adverse effect.
e.g. BEI, BAT

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 Occupational Exposure Limits

@ Example: Nitrobenzene Exposure

TLV: Nitrobenzene (NB) 5 mg NB/m3

in air
BEI: p-Nitrophenol (pNP) 5 mg pNP/g creatinine
in urine
BAT: Aniline-Hb Adduct 100 µg Aniline/L blood

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Occupational Exposure Limits

Short-term Exposure Restrictions

Limitation in height and duration of the air concentration
exceeding the TLV for a short
period of time during a shift.

Example: Acetic acid

TLV: 25 mg/m3
Short-term Limit: 37 mg/m3 for 15 min.
all together max. 4x per day

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 Safety: Toxicity

• LD50 and Carcinogenicity

• Avoid LD50 < 100mg/kg (teaspoon)
• Avoid carcinogens

LD50 Toxic Human lethal dose

<1 Dangerously Taste
1-50 Seriously 1 teaspoon
50-500 Highly 1 ounce
500-5000 Moderately 1 pint
5000-15000 Slightly 1 quart
> 15000 Low 1 quart

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TLV – Example Values

 Acetone 750 ppm

 Ammonia 25 ppm
 CO 25 ppm
 Chlorine 0.5 ppm
 Gasoline 300 ppm
 Hexane 50 ppm
 Phosgene 0.1 ppm
 For flammables, TLV is ¼ of lower flammable
limit.

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 Occupational Hygiene

Recognition
Entry Route

 Inhalation
 Ingestion
Dust
Hygiene

 Absorption
(Injection)

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Occupational Hygiene

Information Sources
Supplier – MSDS – R Phases

Approved Supply List

Chemical Register

Supplier - Labels
Internet - caution

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 Occupational Hygiene
Action

Asphxyiant
Corrosive
Irritant
Toxic
Sensitiser
Local effect
Systemic effect
Immediate
Delayed

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Occupational Hygiene

Dose

Strength
Quantity

Acute / Short Time

Chronic / Long Term

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 Occupational Hygiene

 WEL : Workplace Exposer Limit (UK)

 TLV : Threshold Limit Values (USA)

 BMGV :Biological Monitoring Guidance Value

----- very few
 OHC Category Ranges
 BEI : biological exposure indice
 BAT : biological allowable tox
 MAK : Max. allowable concentration

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Categories & Exposure Bands

related to air-born exposure

• OHC A: 3 - 10 mg/m3 air inhalable dust
(or vapor up to 500 ppm)
• OHC B: 0.5 - 3 mg/ m3 air inhalable dust/ vapor
• OHC C: 0.05 - 0.5 mg/ m3 air inhalable dust/ vapor
• OHC D: <0.05 mg/ m3 air inhalable dust/ vapor

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 Exposure Prevention Measures

• OHCs ask for particular level of protection

• Priority of measures
technical measures
personal protective equipment
exposure monitoring
maintenance

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Occupational Hygiene
Control
Hazardous Materials
Remove
Substitute
Reduce
Segregate
Contain
Ventilation
Manage
Protective clothing
First aid ?

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 Occupational Hygiene
Technical/Engineering Controls
 Process Design
Substitute material or form
Limited quantities
 Encloser of Plant
 Automation
 Local exhaust Ventilation
 Process Segregation
 Bulk handling/Storage
 Safe storage/disposal

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Occupational Hygiene

Administrative/Organisational
 No People/Fewer people
 Less time on job
 Training/Re-training / Validation
 Good working practices
 Clear procedures/instructions
 Washing facilities
 Eating facilities
 PPE
 Emergency procedure/facilities

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 • Thank You

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