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8-1
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8-2 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-3
Status: Q/P
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8-4 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
CHECK FIGURES
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-5
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Property that is classified as personal use property is not used in a trade or business or a
transaction entered into for profit and hence, is not subject to cost recovery. p. 8-3
2. The basis of the property must be reduced by the amount of cost recovery that should have
been deducted (i.e., the cost recovery “allowable”). p. 8-4
• Can a portion of the purchase costs of a ski resort, which are allocated to the construction
costs of the resort’s mountain roads, trails, and slopes, be depreciated?
5. The “placed in service date” and not the purchase date is the critical date in determining
whether the mid-quarter or half-year convention applies. pp. 8-7 and 8-9
6. The actual recovery period is a year longer than the MACRS recovery period (i.e., the cost of
three-year property is recovered over four years). This results from the use of the half-year
convention (i.e., a half-year in the first year and a half-year in the final year). p. 8-7
7. The asset is treated as if it were placed in service in the middle of the quarter. The factors in
the table take this into account and hence, the cost of the asset is multiplied by the factor to
determine the first year’s cost recovery. p. 8-9
8. Qualified property for additional first-year depreciation includes most types of new property
other than buildings. p. 8-7
9. The asset is treated as if it were sold in the middle of the quarter, and hence, one-half quarter
of cost recovery is allowed in the quarter of the sale. If the sale is in the first quarter, the
fraction is 0.5/4; in the second quarter 1.5/4; in the third quarter 2.5/4; and in the fourth
quarter 3.5/4. p. 8-10
10. The mid-month convention applies to real property. The convention provides for a half
month of cost recovery in the month the asset is placed in service and a half month of cost
recovery in the month the asset is sold or otherwise disposed of. p. 8-11
11. Even if MACRS straight-line is elected for the 7-year class assets, the cost recovery on the 5-
year class assets will be computed using regular MACRS with a mid-quarter convention
unless a separate election is made to use MACRS straight-line for the 5-year class assets.
With respect to the mid-quarter convention, the assumption is made that Robert is a calendar
year taxpayer. pp. 8-9 and 8-11
12. The general cost recovery method for new farming equipment is the 150% declining-balance
method. However, the straight-line method is required for any tree or vine bearing fruits or
nuts. The recovery period is 7 years. p. 8-11
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8-6 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
13. If an election is made to not have the uniform capitalization rules apply, the straight-line
method is required, but it does not affect the determination of the applicable convention.
p. 8-12
• What is the cost of a self-produced animal for purposes of computing its cost recovery?
• What is the proper placed in service date relating to self-produced breeding animals?
p. 8-12
15. The recovery methods and periods for lessor owned leasehold improvement property
generally are the same as those used for non-leasehold property. pp. 8-12 and 8-13
16. The cost of qualified leasehold improvement real property can be recovered using additional
first-year depreciation. The remainder of the cost can be recovered using MACRS with the
same recovery method and period as non-leasehold property. pp. 8-12 and 8-13
17. Any unrecovered basis in the leasehold improvement property is written off at the
termination of the lease. p. 8-13
18. Section 179 can only be taken on property used in a trade or business. p. 8-13
19. The basis of the asset is reduced by the § 179 limited expensing deduction (after applying the
$560,000 limitation and before the taxable income limitation) before computing additional
first-year depreciation and MACRS cost recovery. pp. 8-13 and 8-14
20. The § 179 amount eligible for expensing in a carryforward year is limited to the lesser of (1)
the statutory dollar amount of $139,000 (2012) reduced by the cost of § 179 property placed
in service in excess of $560,000 (2012) in the carryforward year or (2) the business income
limitation in the carryforward year. p. 8-14
21. Taxable income, for § 179 purposes, is defined as the aggregate amount of taxable income of
any trade or business of the taxpayer without regard to the amount expensed under § 179.
Therefore, the taxable income computation for purposes of the § 179 limit includes the
deduction for additional first-year depreciation and MACRS. p. 8-14
22. The following issues are relevant to John:
23. An automobile is listed property and consequently must pass the predominantly business use
test to be eligible for MACRS statutory percentage cost recovery. However, by weighing
more than 6,000 pounds, the automobile is not subject to the statutory dollar limits on cost
recovery. However, legislation enacted in 2004 provides that SUVs with a GVW between
6,000 pounds and 14,000 pounds are subject to a $25,000 ceiling in calculating the § 179
expense rather than the normal ceiling for 2012 of $139,000. p. 8-18
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-7
24. The cost of listed property that does not pass the more-than-50% business usage test must be
recovered using the straight-line method. If the listed property is an automobile, the cost
recovery is further limited by the cost recovery limitations. pp. 8-17 and 8-19
25. The purpose of the lease inclusion amount is to prevent taxpayers from circumventing the
cost recovery dollar limitations by leasing instead of purchasing an automobile. The dollar
amount is taken from an IRS table and is prorated for the number of days of the lease term
included in the taxable year. This amount is then adjusted to reflect the business and income
producing use of the automobile. p. 8-20
26. The amortization period for a § 197 intangible is 15 years regardless of the actual useful life.
p. 8-23
28. The elective treatment for start-up expenditures allows the taxpayer to deduct the lesser of:
(1) the amount of start-up expenditures with respect to the trade or business or (2) $5,000,
reduced, but not below zero, by the amount by which the start-up expenditures exceed
$50,000. Any start-up expenditures not deducted may be amortized ratably over a 180-month
period beginning in the month in which the trade or business begins. pp. 8-24 and 8-25
30. The cost basis is divided by the estimated recoverable units of the asset to arrive at the
depletion per unit. The depletion per unit then is multiplied by the number of units sold
during the year to arrive at the cost depletion allowed. p. 8-27
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8-8 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
PROBLEMS
33. The office furniture qualifies for additional first-year depreciation. So part of the $130,000
cost can be deducted as additional first-year depreciation. The property is 7-year class
property. Recovery would be calculated as follows:
Additional first-year depreciation
($130,000 × .50) $65,000
MACRS cost recovery
[($130,000 – $65,000) × .1429 (Table 8.1)] 9,289
Total cost recovery $74,289
pp. 8-5 to 8-8
34. a. The mid-quarter convention must be used. The office machine is 7-year class
property.
2012
Additional first-year depreciation
($75,000 × .50) $37,500
MACRS cost recovery
[($75,000 – $37,500) × .0357 (Table 8.2)] 1,339
Total cost recovery $38,839
b. 2013
MACRS cost recovery {$37,500 × [.2755 × (2.5/4)]} $6,457
pp. 8-5 to 8-9
35. a. 2012
MACRS cost recovery ($150,000 × 20%) (Table 8.1) $30,000
b. 2013
MACRS cost recovery [$150,000 × 32% (Table 8.1) × 1/2] $24,000
pp. 8-5 to 8-8
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-9
36. The mid-quarter convention must be used because the cost of the computers acquired in the
4th quarter exceeds 40% of the cost of all the personal property acquired during the year
($70,000/$150,000 = 47%).
Furniture (7-year class)
Additional first-year depreciation
($40,000 × .50) $20,000
MACRS cost recovery
[($40,000 – $20,000) × .1785 (Table 8.2)] 3,570
Trucks (5-year class)
Additional first-year depreciation
($40,000 × .50) 20,000
MACRS cost recovery
[($40,000 – $20,000) × .15 (Table 8.2)] 3,000
Computers (5-year class)
Additional first-year depreciation
($70,000 × .50) 35,000
MACRS cost recovery
[($70,000 – $35,000) × .05 (Table 8.2)] 1,750
Total cost recovery $83,320
pp. 8-5 to 8-9
37. a. The building was placed in service in October.
2012: $3,200,000 × .00535 (Table 8.6) = $17,120
b. 2016: $3,200,000 × [.02564 × (6.5/12)] = $44,443
p. 8-10
38. The building meets the 80% gross receipts from dwelling units test. Therefore, it is classified
as residential real property. The building’s depreciable basis is $1,500,000 [$2,000,000 (cost)
– $500,000 (land)].
$1,500,000 × 2.576% (Table 8.6) = $38,640
pp. 8-10 and 8-11
39. 2012: $2,800,000 × .01605 (Table 8.6) = $44,940
2022: $2,800,000 × .02564 (Table 8.6) = $71,792
pp. 8-10 and 8-11
40. The building’s depreciable basis is $1,300,000 [$1,600,000 (cost) – $300,000 (land)].
a. 2012: $1,300,000 × .0197 (Table 8.6) = $25,610
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8-10 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
41. The 150% declining-balance method must be used under these circumstances with a 7-year
cost recovery period.
MACRS cost recovery ($150,000 × .1071) (Table 8.4) $16,065
p. 8-11
42. Additional first-year depreciation ($80,000 × .50) $40,000
MACRS cost recovery (straight-line method)
[($80,000 – $40,000) × .05 (Table 8.5)] 2,000
Total cost recovery $42,000
pp. 8-11 and 8-12
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-11
Because the car will be used as a taxi, it is not subject to the cost recovery limitations
imposed on passenger automobiles. This $35,000 recovery assumes that your income from
your taxi business before considering this recovery would be at least $35,000 and an election
is made under § 179 to expense the maximum allowable amount.
If you need additional information or need clarification of our calculations, please contact me.
Sincerely yours,
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8-12 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
Calculations. Because the automobile will be used as a taxi, it is not subject to the cost
recovery limitations for passenger automobiles. Therefore, John can elect § 179 expensing.
In deducting the §179 amount of $35,000, the assumption is made that John’s income from
the taxi business before considering the § 179 expense will equal or exceed $35,000.
pp. 8-16 to 8-18
49. Since the car is a used car, it is not eligible for additional first-year depreciation.
MACRS cost recovery:
Cost $25,000
Statutory percentage (mid-quarter convention) × 5%
Cost recovery but subject to the limitation $ 1,250
*These cost recovery limits are indexed annually. The 2011 amounts are used.
51. a. Because the Escalade has a GVW rating in excess of 6,000 pounds, it is not a
passenger automobile and hence is not subject to the cost recovery limitations.
However, since the vehicle is an SUV with a GVW between 6,000 and 14,000
pounds, the § 179 expense amount is limited to $25,000.
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-13
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8-14 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
If the automobile is purchased, the total cost recovery deductions for the five years would be
$14,460. If the automobile is leased, lease payment deductions would total $22,500. In
addition, you also would have to include $286 in your gross income.
If you need additional information or need clarification of our calculations, please contact us.
Sincerely yours,
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-15
ADS:
Year 1 [$100,000 × 10.71% (Table 8.4)] $10,710
Year 2 ($100,000 × 19.13%) 19,130
Year 3 ($100,000 × 15.03%) 15,030
Total cost recovery (44,870)
Cost recovery lost by electing ADS $11,400
Tax cost of election ($11,400 × 28%) $ 3,192
pp. 8-5 to 8-7, 8-22, 8-23, and Tables 8.1 and 8.4
57. Hoffman and Smith, CPAs
5191 Natorp Boulevard
Mason, OH 45040
October 15, 2012
Mr. Mike Saxon
200 Rolling Hills Drive
Shavertown, PA 18708
Dear Mr. Saxon:
This letter is in response to your request concerning the tax consequences of allocating the
purchase price of a business between the two assets purchased: a warehouse and goodwill.
If the purchase price of $2,000,000 is allocated $1,200,000 to the warehouse and $800,000 to
goodwill, the total recovery in the first year of operations would be $82,865. Cost recovery
on the warehouse would be $29,532 and amortization of the goodwill would be $53,333. If
the purchase price is allocated $1,500,000 to the warehouse and $500,000 to goodwill, the
total recovery in the first year of operations would be $70,248. Cost recovery on the
warehouse would be $36,915 and amortization of the goodwill would be $33,333.
Therefore, under the first option, your deductions in the first year would be $12,617 greater
($82,865 – $70,248). The building is written off over 39 years, while the goodwill is written
off over 15 years. Thus, the higher the allocation to goodwill, the faster the write-off will be.
Should you need more information or clarification of calculations, please contact us.
Sincerely yours,
John J. Jones, CPA
Partner
TAX FILE MEMORANDUM
October 15, 2012
FROM: John J. Jones
SUBJECT: Mike Saxon: Calculations of amount of recovery depending on the allocation of
purchase price between a warehouse and goodwill
Facts. Mike is negotiating the purchase of a business. The final purchase price ($2 million)
has been determined, but the allocation of the purchase price between a warehouse and
goodwill is still subject to discussion. Two alternatives are being considered. The first
alternative would allocate $1,200,000 to the warehouse and $800,000 to goodwill. The
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8-16 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
second alternative would allocate $1,500,000 to the warehouse and $500,000 to goodwill.
Mike wants to know the total recovery during the first year of operations from the two
alternatives.
Calculations
Alternative 1
Warehouse [$1,200,000 × 2.461% (Table 8.6)] $29,532
Goodwill ($800,000/15 years) 53,333
Total recovery $82,865
Alternative 2
Warehouse [$1,500,000 × 2.461% (Table 8.6)] $36,915
Goodwill ($500,000/15 years) 33,333
Total recovery $70,248
Additional deductions in first year under alternative 1
($82,865 – $70,248) $12,617
pp. 8-10, 8-22, and 8-23
58. Deductible amount ($5,000 – $4,000) $1,000
Amortizable amount [($53,000/180) × 10 months] 2,944
Total deduction for startup expenditures $3,944
pp. 8-23 and 8-24
59. Deductible amount [$5,000 – ($51,000 – $50,000)] $4,000
Amortizable amount {[($51,000* – $4,000)/180] × 7 months} 1,828
Total deduction for startup expenditures $5,828
*Startup expenses do not include interest expense.
pp. 8-23 and 8-24
60. Gross income $12,000,000
Less: Expenses (5,000,000)
Taxable income before depletion $ 7,000,000
Cost depletion ($10,000,000/250,000 × 45,000) = $1,800,000
Percentage depletion (22% × $12,000,000 = $2,640,000, limited
to 50% × $7,000,000 = $3,500,000) (2,640,000)
Taxable income $ 4,360,000
pp. 8-25 to 8-28
61. Not expensed
Gross income $3,840,000
Less: Expenses (1,240,000)
Taxable income before depletion $2,600,000
Cost depletion ($6* × 120,000) $720,000
Percentage depletion (15% × $3,840,000) $576,000
Greater of cost or percentage depletion (720,000)
Taxable income $1,880,000
Expensed
Gross income $3,840,000
Less: Expenses, including IDC (2,240,000)
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-17
CUMULATIVE PROBLEMS
62. Net income from Writers Anonymous (Note 1) $60,471
Interest income 5,000
Self-employment tax (Note 2) (4,271)
Adjusted gross income $61,200
Less: Itemized deductions (Note 3) (11,700)
Personal exemption (3,700)
Taxable income $45,800
Tax on $45,800 from 2011 Tax Table $ 7,581
Self-employment tax 7,427
Less: Estimated tax payments (17,000)
Net tax payable (or refund due) for 2011 ($ 1,992)
See the tax return solution beginning on page 8-23 of the Solutions Manual.
Notes
(1) The net income of Writers Anonymous is calculated as follows:
Income from sales $105,000
Less: Rent $16,500
Utilities 7,900
Supplies 1,800
Insurance 5,000
Travel excluding meals ($3,500 – $1,200) 2,300
Meals ($1,200 – $600) 600
Depreciation (Note 4) 10,429 (44,529)
Net income $ 60,471
(2) The self-employment tax is calculated as follows (see Ch. 13):
1. Net earnings from self-employment $60,471
2. Multiply line 1 by 92.35% 55,845
3. If the amount on line 2 is $106,800 or less,
multiply the line 2 amount by 13.3%.
This is the self-employment tax. $ 7,427
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8-18 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-19
Notes
(1) Section 179 deduction of $139,000.
(2) The inheritance of IBM stock worth $110,000 from Aunt Mildred is excludible under
§ 101.
(3) Cost recovery
Front-end loaders
Additional first-year depreciation
[($500,000 – $139,000) × .50] $180,500
MACRS cost recovery
[($500,000 – $139,000 – $180,500) × .20] 36,100
Total deduction $216,600
Dump truck
Additional first-year depreciation
($45,000 × .50) $22,500
MACRS cost recovery
[($45,000 – $22,500) × .20] 4,500
Total deduction $27,000
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8-20 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-21
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8-22 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
Proposed solutions to the Research Problems are found at the Instructor Companion Site for the
textbook (www.cengage.com/taxation/swft). Previously, these items were a part of the Instructor’s
Guide, but now they are available online at this site as free-standing documents, as well as on the
Instructor’s Resource CD.
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-23
62.
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8-24 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
62. continued
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-25
62. continued
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8-26 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
62. continued
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-27
62. continued
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8-28 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
62. continued
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Depreciation, Cost Recovery, Amortization, and Depletion 8-29
62. continued
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8-30 2013 Individual Income Taxes/Solutions Manual
NOTES
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