Fundamentals of Canadian Nursing Concepts Process and Practice Canadian 3rd Edition Kozier Test Bank

Fundamentals of Nursing, 3Ce (Kozier)
Chapter 8 Health Promotion
1) Mr. Tramble, 56, and his nurse are developing a health-promotion plan to have him return
safely to his home in the community following discharge from a rehabilitation unit. What role
does the nurse play at this stage?
A) Expert
B) Peer
C) Resource person
D) Decision maker
Answer: C
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. The nurse does not act as expert (except to provide information), peer, or decision
maker. Indeed, the definition of health promotion includes that it is a process of enabling or
empowering people to increase control over and improve their health.
B) Incorrect. In a therapeutic relationship between a nurse and a client, there is no "peer."
C) Correct. Health-promotion plans need to be mutually developed according to the needs,
desires, and priorities of the client. The client chooses the health-promotion goals; the frequency,
duration, and course of actions; and the method of evaluation. The nurse acts as a resource
person, an adviser, and a counsellor. The nurse provides information, emphasizes the importance
of small steps in making behavioural changes, and helps the client to set realistic and measurable
goals.
D) Incorrect. The definition of health promotion includes that it is a process of enabling or
empowering people to increase control over and to improve their health. The nurse does not act
as expert (except to provide information), peer, or decision maker.
Type: MC
CRNE Competency: Health and Wellness
CRNE Taxonomy: Application
Learning Outcome: 8-7
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2) Mr. Jelkman, 47, is working with the nurse to improve control of his diabetes. How will goals
and interventions be developed?
A) Mr. Jelkman will decide the goals and interventions required to meet his needs.
B) The nurse will decide the goals and interventions required to meet Mr. Jelkman's needs.
C) The goals and interventions developed by the nurse and Mr. Jelkman will need to be
acceptable to his doctor.
D) The goals and interventions will be based on nursing priorities.
Answer: A
Explanation:
A) Correct. Health-promotion plans need to be mutually developed according to the needs,
desires, and priorities of the client. The client chooses the health-promotion goals; the frequency,
duration, and course of actions, and the method of evaluation. The nurse acts as a resource
person, an adviser, and a counsellor. The nurse provides information, emphasizes the importance
of small steps in making behavioural changes, and helps the client to set realistic and measurable
goals.
B) Incorrect. The nurse helps the client to set realistic and measurable goals.
C) Incorrect. The process of planning health promotion is carried out jointly by the nurse and the
client.
D) Incorrect. The nurse acts as a resource person, an adviser, and a counsellor. The client
chooses the health-promotion goals; the frequency, duration, and course of actions; and the
method of evaluation.
Type: MC
2
3) A nursing student is considering a health-promotion project while working on the pediatric
unit at the local hospital. Which of the following statements would be supported in the literature
during the student's research?
A) The leading cause of death in children under the age of 14 is poison consumption.
B) Children under the age of two are too young to benefit from health-promotion initiatives.
C) Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death and injury in children under the age of
14.
D) Obesity is genetic, and a health-promoting initiative would fail for those under the age of 12.
Answer: C
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. According to the Public Health Agency of Canada (2005), deaths in children by
poisoning was ranked third in frequency. Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death
and injury under the age of 14.
B) Incorrect. Many health promotion initiatives, such as immunization programs, benefit
children under the age of two.
C) Correct. Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death and injury in children under
14 years of age in Canada. Nurses can play a critical role in health promotion through safety
promotion and injury prevention. They can prevent premature deaths by reinforcing the
mandatory child safety restraint systems.
D) Incorrect. Childhood obesity is becoming a serious health problem. In 2004 Statistics Canada
reported that 26% of children and youth aged 2 to 17 years were overweight, and 8% were obese.
Providing healthy food choices and exercising regularly are health promoting measures.
Type: MC
CRNE Taxonomy: Knowledge
3
4) Community action, supportive environments, personal skills, health services, and healthy
public policy are all concepts found in what document?
A) Epp Report
B) Transtheoretical Model
C) Ottawa Charter
D) Population Health Model
Answer: C
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. In 1986, Canada hosted the first international conference on health promotion in
Ottawa and released Jake Epp's (1986) Achieving Health for All: A Framework for Health
Promotion. Epp identified three health-promotion challenges: reducing inequities, increasing
prevention, and enhancing coping.
B) Incorrect. The Transtheoretical Model is commonly used to promote positive behaviour
changes. The model views health behaviour change as a cyclical phenomenon in which people
progress through several stages.
C) Correct. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (World Health Organization, Health and
Welfare Canada, & Canadian Public Health Association, 1986) was conceived and signed by
delegates from 38 countries at the end of the 1986 First International Conference. The Charter
outlined five health-promotion strategies and aims: strengthen community action, create
supportive environments, develop personal skills, reorient health services, and build healthy
public policy.
D) Incorrect. The Population Health-Promotion Model integrated the concepts of health-
promotion strategies from the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, the determinants of health
from the Strategies for Population Health, and the levels of potential clients for intervention.
Type: MC
4
5) Mrs. Dunning, 81, has been discharged home after hip replacement surgery. Part of her
discharge plan includes a visit by an occupational therapist to suggest changes to her
environment to keep her safe from falls. Which term describes this plan?
A) Health promotion
B) Information dissemination
C) Health education
D) Health protection
Answer: D
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Health promotion is intended to attain a higher level of wellness by modifying
one's own behaviour and improving social, environmental, and economic conditions.
B) Incorrect. Information dissemination is one type of health promotion program.
C) Incorrect. Health education is learning designed to facilitate changes in behaviour towards
pre-determined goals.
D) Correct. The goal of health protection is to increase resistance to harm by modifying the
environment to minimize preventable illness or injury.
Type: MC
6) Mr. Sneddon, 34, is in a drug rehabilitation centre He and his nurse develop a behavioural care
plan to help him stay off drugs once discharged into the community. How should a role model be
selected to help in maintaining new health behaviours?
A) The nurse should choose the role model as she knows the client best.
B) The physician should chose the role model for his client.
C) Mr. Snedden and the nurse together should select the role model.
D) Choice of a role model is the responsibility of a social worker.
Answer: C
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Although the nurse should be modelling healthy lifestyle behaviours and attitudes,
the nurse and Mr. Snedden should mutually select a role model.
B) Incorrect. The physician should not choose the role model. The nurse and client should
mutually select a role model with whom the client can identify and whom he respects.
C) Correct. By using a role model during the early stages of learning and change, the client
acquires ideas for behaviour and coping strategies for specific problems. The nurse and Mr.
Snedden should mutually select a role model with whom he can identify and whom he respects.
D) Incorrect. A social worker should not choose a role model for Mr. Sneddon. The nurse and
client should mutually select a role model with whom the client can identify and whom he
respects.
Type: MC
CRNE Competency: Nurse-Client Partnership
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7) How did the Epp report (1986) differ from the Lalonde report (1974)?
A) Epp addressed the effect of socioeconomic conditions on health.
B) Epp's report focused on health promotion; Lalonde's did not.
C) Lalonde named the health care system as responsible for an individual's health.
D) Lalonde named self-care, mutual aid, and healthy environments as foci of his report.
Answer: A
Explanation:
A) Correct. Members of disadvantaged groups have significantly shorter life expectancies,
poorer health, and a higher prevalence of disability compared with the average Canadian.
B) Incorrect. The first landmark health-promotion document in Canada, A New Perspective on
the Health of Canadians (Lalonde, 1974), was known as the Lalonde report. In 1986, Canada
hosted the first international conference on health promotion in Ottawa and released Jake Epp's
(1986) Achieving Health for All: A Framework for Health Promotion.
C) Incorrect. Lalonde's report put the emphasis on individuals' responsibility for their own
health. Lalonde's approach was heavily criticized for blaming the victims for their poor health
and failing to recognize the socioeconomic barriers to people making healthy lifestyle choices.
D) Incorrect. These health-promotion mechanisms were proposed by Epp, not Lalonde.
Type: MC
8) A nurse learns that Jolene, 18, is considering weight reduction and has gathered information
on various diets. Jolene verbalizes plans to begin the diet in a couple of months. In which stage
of the transtheoretical model of change is Jolene?
A) Precontemplation
B) Preparation
C) Action
D) Contemplative
Answer: D
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Precontemplation precedes contemplation, and in that stage the client has no plans
to change behaviours.
B) Incorrect. The preparation stage follows the contemplation stage, and clients intend to take
action in the immediate future, and firm up their plan.
C) Incorrect. The action phase follows the preparation phase, and the plan is implemented.
D) Correct. The transtheoretical model of health behaviour change consists of six stages, from
precontemplative to termination. Clients may move through the stages progressing from one to
the next, but at any point a person can relapse to any previous stage. In the contemplative stage,
the person acknowledges having a problem and seriously considers changing a behaviour. They
may gather information and discuss the plan to begin in the near future.
Type: MC
6
9) Ms. De Luca, 33, has joined a fitness club and tells a nurse about her desire to lose weight.
She has had success with exercise in the past, but has not been exercising lately. While assessing
the potential for success with this client, the nurse should evaluate which of the behavior-specific
cognitions?
A) Interpersonal influences
B) Perceived benefits of action
C) Situational influences
D) Perceived self-efficacy
Answer: B
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Interpersonal influences are a person's perceptions concerning the behaviours,
beliefs, or attitudes of others. Family, peers, and health care professionals are sources of
interpersonal influences that can shape a person's health-promoting behaviours.
B) Correct. Perceived benefits of action affect the person's plan to participate in health-
promoting behaviors and may facilitate continued practice. If the person has prior positive
experience with the behavior or observations of others engaged in the behavior, he or she may be
motivated to success.
C) Incorrect. Situational influences are direct and indirect influences on health-promoting
behaviors and include perceptions of options, demand characteristics, and the aesthetic features
of the environment.
D) Incorrect. Perceived self-efficacy refers to the conviction that a person can successfully carry
out the behavior necessary to achieve a desired outcome.
Type: MC
7
10) A client comes to the clinic seeking information regarding smoking cessation classes and
ways to improve respiratory function. This client is modelling which behaviour?
A) Health promotion
B) Health protection
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Primary prevention
Answer: B
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Health promotion is behaviour motivated by the desire to increase well-being and
actualize human health potential. It is motivated by a desire for wellness, rather than avoidance
of harm or illness.
B) Correct. Health protection activities are focused on preventing, avoiding, or minimizing
injuries and preventable illnesses. Expressing a desire to quit smoking would be modelling this
behaviour. The information we are given does not tell us if the client has pathology or not, but
the client certainly has been exposed to a health hazard.
C) Incorrect. Tertiary prevention measures focus on restoration and rehabilitation; they are not
behaviours.
D) Incorrect. Primary prevention measures focus on health promotion; they are not behaviours.
Type: MC
11) What were the themes leading to the development of the 1997 Jakarta Declaration on
Health Promotion?
A) Perceived barriers, benefits, and self-efficacy
B) Health risk, lifestyle, and environment
C) Injury prevention, nutrition, and active living
D) Social justice, equity, and sustainability
Answer: D
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Pender's HPM describes these behaviour-specific cognitions.
B) Incorrect. The nurse's role in health promotion includes support of programs such as these to
encourage healthy behaviours.
C) Incorrect. These are examples of health promotion activities.
D) Correct. Social determinants of health became the key themes in health-promotion
discussions and resulted in the adoption of the 1997 Jakarta Declaration on Health Promotion
(WHO, 1997).
Type: MC
8
12) Sigvard, 17, has asthma. When the nurse suggests that he add a spacer to improve the
delivery of the inhaled medications, Sigvard expresses concern over what his peers will think. He
is displaying which of the following behaviours of health promotion?
A) Competing preferences
B) Competing demands
C) Situational influences
D) Interpersonal influences
Answer: A
Explanation:
A) Correct. Competing preferences are behaviours over which an individual has a high level of
control and depend on the individual's ability to be self-regulating. In this case, the individual
must make a choice to use his spacer. It's really his choice—either he uses it or he doesn't.
B) Incorrect. Competing demands are behaviours over which an individual has a low level of
control; something unexpected competes with a planned activity.
C) Incorrect. Situational influences are direct and indirect influences on health-promoting
behaviours and include perceptions of available options, demand characteristics, and the
aesthetic features of the environment.
D) Incorrect. Interpersonal influences are a person's perceptions concerning the behaviours,
beliefs, or attitudes of others.
Type: MC
CRNE Competency: Changes in Health
13) Mrs. Fadamen, 67, has recently been diagnosed with type II diabetes. Why is it important for
the nurse to assess Mrs. Fadamen's health beliefs as part of the overall nursing assessment?
A) It helps the nurse to understand Mrs. Fadamen's beliefs about how behaviours can improve
health.
B) Mrs. Fadamen's overall control of her diabetes will be influenced by identified risk factors.
C) The impact of stress on Mrs. Fademan's mental and physical well-being can be determined.
D) It validates other assessment data which has been collected.
Answer: A
Explanation:
A) Correct. Assessment of a client's health beliefs reveals how the clients believe or perceive
they can influence or control health through personal behaviours. Some cultures have a strong
belief in fate: "Whatever will be, will be." An example is diabetic teaching, which often requires
many lifestyle changes in diet and exercise, and close control of blood glucose levels to prevent
complications. If the person believes he or she has no control over the outcome, it is difficult to
motivate the client to make the necessary changes.
B) Incorrect. Her health beliefs are the focus of the question, not risks.
C) Incorrect. Although this may be true, it does not address the issue of health beliefs.
D) Incorrect. This is a vague statement.
Type: MC
9
14) Several nursing students have been discussing the benefits of joining a study group, as they
think that together they may be more effective in retaining information than if they studied alone.
Which stage of behaviour change are they exemplifying?
A) Termination stage
B) Preparation stage
C) Contemplation stage
D) Action stage
Answer: C
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. The termination stage is the ultimate goal where the individual has complete
confidence that the behaviour (in this case the behaviour would be to not study together) is no
longer a temptation.
B) Incorrect. The preparation stage occurs when the person undertakes cognitive and
behavioural activities that prepare the person for change.
C) Correct. During the contemplation stage, the person acknowledges the problem, considers
changing a specific behaviour, actively gathers information, and verbalizes plans to change the
behaviour in the near future. Discussing benefits of a study group would fall into this stage. They
haven't started a group nor have they made any preparation toward it; they have merely been
talking about it.
D) Incorrect. The action stage occurs when the person actively implements behavioural and
cognitive strategies to interrupt previous behaviour patterns and adopt new ones.
Type: MC
CRNE Competency: Professional Practice
10
15) Mr. Etherington, 67, was diagnosed with COPD. His nurse at an outpatient clinic develops a
written contract with him for smoking cessation. What is the purpose of this written contract?
A) Identifying barriers to change
B) Holding the client accountable for his behaviour
C) Motivating the client to follow through with selected actions
D) Controlling client behaviour
Answer: C
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Barriers are identified in step 7 of the process, proposed by Pender et al. (2006):
address environmental and interpersonal facilitators and barriers to change.
B) Incorrect. In this health promotion plan, Mr. Etherington is accountable to himself, not to the
nurse. Pender's model does not use "fear" or "threat" as a motivating source for changing health
behaviours.
C) Correct. Pender et al. (2006) propose a nine-step process in the planning of health promotion.
These steps are carried out jointly by the nurse and the client. The final step is commit to
behaviour change. Commitments to changing behaviours are often verbal, but a formal written
behavioural contract may be used to motivate the client to follow through with selected actions.
Motivation to follow through is provided by a positive reinforcement or reward stated in the
contract.
D) Incorrect. In this health promotion plan, Mr. Etherington will control his own behaviour, and
is accountable to himself, not to the nurse.
Type: MC
11
16) A nurse in a university health clinic is preparing information packets for incoming students
regarding drug abuse. What type of program is this?
A) Health promotion
C) Disease prevention
D) Empowerment promotion
Answer: A
Explanation:
A) Correct. Health promotion is behaviour motivated by personal, positive desire for wellness. It
is a strategy that aims at informing, influencing, and assisting individuals and organizations so
that they will accept more responsibility and be more active in matters affecting mental and
physical health.
B) Incorrect. Health protection activities are focused on preventing, avoiding, or minimizing
injuries and preventable illnesses. Its aim is to increase resistance to harm by modifying the
environment to minimize preventable illness or injury.
C) Incorrect. Disease prevention is concerned with taking measures to prevent and control
common risk factors for diseases.
D) Incorrect. Empowerment is a social action process "through which people gain greater control
over decisions and actions affecting their health."
Type: MC
12
17) The client is making a list of past experiences that have brought joy, peace, and hope into the
client's life. This is part of which of the following?
A) Lifestyle assessment
B) Social support systems review
C) Health beliefs review
D) Spiritual health assessment
Answer: D
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Lifestyle assessment focuses on personal lifestyle and habits of the client as they
affect health. Physical activity, nutritional practices, and stress management would be included
in a lifestyle assessment.
B) Incorrect. A social support systems review takes into account the social context in which a
person lives and works and is important in health promotion. This includes individuals, groups,
and interpersonal relationships that provide comfort, assistance, encouragement, and
information.
C) Incorrect. A health beliefs review is a clarification of those beliefs that determine how a
person maintains control of his or her own health status.
D) Correct. Spiritual health is the ability to develop one's spiritual nature to its fullest potential,
including the discovery of how to experience love, joy, peace, and fulfillment. An assessment of
spiritual well-being is a part of evaluating the person's overall health.
Type: MC
13
18) Mrs. Silver, 76, who has been recently widowed, has diabetes, hypertension, and congestive
heart failure. What should the nurse keep in mind when working with Mrs. Silver toward health
promoting and illness prevention changes?
A) Mrs. Silver is at risk of cognitive impairment, and may not understand the change process.
B) Maximizing strengths will be of prime importance to maintain optimal function and quality of
life.
C) Her chronic illnesses make her a poor candidate for successful health promoting changes.
D) Mrs. Silver has a poor support system, and may not successfully complete a health promoting
change process.
Answer: B
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. There is no evidence that Mrs. Silver has any cognitive impairment.
B) Correct. Maximizing strengths to retain function and quality of life are central to Mrs. Silver's
plan.
C) Incorrect. Although Mrs. Silver has several chronic illnesses, she may have many strengths to
draw upon.
D) Incorrect. In older adults, health promotion and illness prevention remain important, but often
the focus is on learning to adapt to and live with increasing changes and limitations. There is no
evidence that Mrs. Silver has a poor support system.
Type: MC
19) A needle exchange program is a particular approach to health promotion. in which

intravenous drug users can exchange used needles for new ones. Which of the following
describes the purpose of such a program?
A) Harm reduction
B) Behaviour change
C) Health education
D) Role modelling
Answer: A
Explanation:
A) Correct. Harm reduction is a health-promoting approach that aims to minimize harm or
reduce the negative consequences of risk behaviour by keeping people as safe and healthy as
possible in their current lifestyle realities. The nurse provides the needed knowledge, skills,
resources, and support to those who are at risk, to reduce the harm done to those engaging in
these behaviours and the overall community.
B) Incorrect. Behaviour change is the intended outcome of a health-promoting change process.
C) Incorrect. Providing health education may be part of a health promotion initiative, and
provide information to groups or individuals. The topic must be based on the needs of the people.
D) Incorrect. Role modelling can assist clients who have undergone a health-promoting change
by observing and acquiring ideas for behaviour and coping strategies.
Type: MC
14
20) The health nurse of a university campus is implementing a health-promotion activity by
placing posters about proper hand washing in all of the public restrooms on campus. This is an
example of which type of health-promotion program?
A) Environmental control
B) Information dissemination
C) Health risk appraisal and wellness assessment
D) Lifestyle and behaviour change
Answer: B
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Environmental control programs have been developed as a result of the continuing
increase of contaminants of human origin that have been introduced into the environment.
B) Correct. Information dissemination is the most basic type of health-promotion program. This
method makes use of a variety of media to offer information to the public about the risk of a
particular lifestyle choice and personal behaviour as well as the benefits of changing that
behaviour.
C) Incorrect. Health risk appraisal and wellness assessment programs are used to describe risk
factors to people and motivate them to reduce specific risks and develop positive health habits.
D) Incorrect. Lifestyle and behaviour change programs require participation of the individual
and are geared toward enhancing the quality of life and extending life span.
Type: MC
15
21) A nurse working within a cancer agency, is helping a client, Mr. Martin, to quit smoking
using Prochaska's transtheoretical change theory. During the action phase of this health
behaviour change, how can the nurse support Mr. Martin as he strives to reach the termination,
or final phase?
A) Ask Mr. Martin to reflect on why he wanted to smoke
B) Remind Mr. Martin of past successes
C) Suggest that Mr. Martin plan weekly rewards for not smoking
D) Provide pamphlets on the dangers of smoking
Answer: C
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Reflecting on why he smoked is a strategy for the contemplation phase, when the
client is aware that smoking is a problem, but is not yet ready to change. The nurse can assist the
client in increasing awareness around his habit.
B) Incorrect. A reminder of past successes would be a strategy during the preparation phase,
when the client may still be considering pros and cons around the proposed change.
C) Correct. During the action phase, the client has actively implemented his behavioural and
cognitive strategies. This stage requires the greatest commitment of time and energy. Planned
rewards can help the client achieve success.
D) Incorrect. Providing pamphlets would be most effective in the precontemplative stage to help
the client move towards action.
Type: MC
22) A group of nurses travel to a developing country to provide polio immunizations to children.
Which of the following describes this activity?
A) Health promotion
C) Enhancement of coping
D) Biological health field concept
Answer: B
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Health-promotion activities are motivated by personal, positive desire for wellness,
and may include initiatives around nutrition, parenting, and stress management.
B) Correct. Health-protection activities are geared toward preventing specific diseases and
include such activities as immunization programs, infectious disease control, and cancer
screening.
C) Incorrect. Enhancement of coping by people with chronic disease was identified in the Epp
report as a health promotion challenge.
D) Incorrect. Lalonde's conceptualization of health, the health field concept, included biology,
lifestyle, environment, and health care organizations.
Type: MC
16
23) According to the 2007 Canadian Community Health Survey, what is the estimated number of
Canadians at risk of developing diabetes by 2017?
A) 9 in 1000
B) 1 in 1000
C) 1 in 100
D) 9 in 100
Answer: D
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. The findings revealed that between 2007 and 2017, 1.9 million (or 9 of 100)
Canadians will develop diabetes during the 10-year period.
B) Incorrect. 1.9 million (or 9 of 100) Canadians will develop diabetes during the 10-year period.
C) Incorrect. During the 10-year period, 9 of 100 Canadians will develop diabetes.
D) Correct. Understanding the population at risk for developing diabetes is a cornerstone in
health planning. The findings revealed that between 2007 and 2017, 1.9 million (or 9 of 100)
Canadians will develop diabetes during the 10-year period.
Type: MC
24) Which of the following can provide the nurse with clear direction for health promotion
planning with healthy clients?
A) Change strategies
B) Wellness nursing diagnosis
C) Harm reduction approach
D) Role modelling
Answer: B
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. During evaluation, the client may decide to continue with the plan, reorder
priorities, change strategies, or revise the health-promotion contract.
B) Correct. Strength-oriented, or wellness, nursing diagnoses provide a clear focus for planning
interventions and can be applied at all levels of prevention. Wellness diagnoses are particularly
useful for healthy clients who require teaching on health promotion, illness or disease
prevention, and personal growth.
C) Incorrect. Harm reduction is an implementation strategy, not a guide to planning. Depending
on the client's needs, the nursing strategies may include supporting, teaching, consulting,
coordinating, facilitating, counselling, and modelling to enhance behaviour change. Harm
reduction is a health-promotion approach that aims to minimize harm or reduce the negative
consequences of risk behaviour.
D) Incorrect. Role modelling is also an implementation strategy, not pre-planning.
Type: MC
17
25) Mr. De La Fontaine, 59, wishes to strike a better balance between his work and social life so
he has decided to join a walking program at a local shopping mall. This would be considered
which kind of activity?
A) Health education
B) Disease prevention
C) Health promotion
D) Health protection
Answer: C
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. Health education is not synonymous with health promotion, but rather a strategy of
health promotion; it is concerned with the communication of information and the fostering of
motivation, skills, and confidence to take action to improve health.
B) Incorrect. The goal of his program is not to decrease his risk of cardiovascular disease (which
would be considered disease prevention), but rather to increase his overall health and feeling of
well-being.
C) Correct. If the motivation for walking is to increase his overall health and feeling of well-
being, then it is considered health-promotion behaviour.
D) Incorrect. Health protection involves activities focused on preventing, avoiding, or
minimizing injuries that individuals have little or no control over and preventable illnesses.
Type: MC
26) What is one major difference between Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) and the
Health Belief Model of Rosenstock and Becker?
A) The Health Belief Model upholds that the client perceives the benefits of behaviour change.
B) Pender's Health Promotion Model integrated concepts from the Ottawa Charter.
C) The Health Belief Model cites fear and force as motivating factors for changing behaviour.
D) Six stages of behaviour change highlight Pender's Health Promotion Model.
Answer: C
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. The HPM looks to benefits of behaviour change as a motivator.
B) Incorrect. The Hamilton and Bhatti (1996) Population Health-Promotion Model integrated the
concepts of health-promotion strategies from the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, the
determinants of health from the Strategies for Population Health, and the levels of potential
clients for intervention. These clients may be individuals, families, communities, groups, or
societies.
C) Correct. Unlike the Health Belief Model, the HPM does not include "fear" or "threat" as a
motivating source for changing health behaviour.
D) Incorrect. Prochaska's transtheoretical model (TTM), also known as change theory, is
commonly used to promote positive behaviour through six stages of change.
Type: MC
18
27) In 2004, which organization was formed to set public health goals and benchmarks to
achieve population health for Canadians?
A) The Ottawa Charter
B) Health and Welfare Canada
C) Public Health Agency of Canada
D) Canadian Red Cross Society
Answer: C
Explanation:
A) Incorrect. The Ottawa Charter was conceived and signed by delegates from 38 countries at
the end of the 1986 First International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa. This charter
addresses the importance of a socioenvironmental approach to achieving equity in health.
B) Incorrect. Health and Welfare Canada was a former federal department which was established
in 1944 and later split into two separate departments: Health Canada and Human Resources
Development Canada.
C) Correct. In 2004, the newly established Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) led
extensive consultations with experts, stakeholders, and Canadians from all regions to articulate
their priorities and vision for the health goals for the nation, and benchmarks were set to improve
the health status of Canadians.
D) Incorrect. The Canadian Red Cross Society was formed in 1909.
Type: MC
28) What is known about effective health-promotion activities offered to individuals and families
in the home or in the community setting, such as in schools, hospitals, or worksites?
A) Models or conceptual frameworks must be used to guide practice.
B) To reduce potential bias, the nurse should remain unknown to the client(s).
C) The public health nurse should choose the priority behaviour for change.
D) The nurse should do a private evaluation of the success of goal attainment.
Answer: A
Explanation:
A) Correct. Effective health-promotion activities must be guided by models or conceptual
frameworks for practice.
B) Incorrect. The nurse should establish a trusting relationship with the client(s).
C) Incorrect. The nurse needs to be supportive and non-judgmental when assisting the clients to
select priority behaviour for change.
D) Incorrect. Evaluation of the plan is an ongoing, collaborative effort between the nurse and the
client, both during the attainment of short-term goals and after the completion of long-term
goals. During evaluation, the client may decide to continue with the plan, reorder priorities,
change strategies, or revise the health-promotion contract.
Type: MC
19

Fundamentals of Canadian Nursing Concepts Process and Practice Canadian 3rd Edition Kozier Test Bank

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Fundamentals of Canadian Nursing Concepts Process and Practice Canadian 3rd Edition Kozier Test Bank

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Fundamentals of Nursing, 3Ce (Kozier)

Chapter 8 Health Promotion

19) A needle exchange program is a particular approach to health promotion. in which

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