Finite Mathematics 11th Edition Lial

Solutions Manual
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Finite Mathematics 11th Edition Lial Solutions Manual

Chapter 2

SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATRICES

2.1 Solution of Linear Systems by the Your Turn 3
Echelon Method Since there are 60 utensils with a total weight of 189.6
Your Turn 1 pounds, the equations of Example 5 become
2 x + 3 y = 12 (1) x + y + z = 60 (1)
3x - 4 y = 1 ( 2) 3.9 x + 3.6 y + 3.0 z = 189.6 ( 2)
Use row transformations to eliminate x in equation (2). where x = the number of knives, y = the number of
2 x + 3 y = 12 forks, and z = the number of spoons.
3R1 + (-2) R 2  R 2 17 y = 34
x + y + z = 60
Now make the coefficient of the first term in each 3.9 R1 + ( −1) R 2 → R 2 0.3 y + 0.9 z = 44.4
equation equal to 1.
1R 3
 R1 x+ y =6 x + y + z = 60
2 1 2
1
1 R2  R2 y = 2 R2 → R2 y + 3 z = 148
17 0.3
Back-substitute to solve for x.
Solve for y in terms of the parameter z: y = 148 − 3 z
3
x + (2) = 6
2 Substitute this expression into equation (1).
x+3=6
x + (148 − 3 z ) + z = 60
x =3
The solution of the system is (3, 2). Then solve for x.
x = 2 z − 88
Your Turn 2 Since both x and y must be nonnegative, we have:
Let x = number of shares of Kohl’s stock
148
3z ≤ 148 or z ≤ , so z ≤ 49
y = number of shares of Best Buy stock 3
x + y = 188 (1) 2 z ≥ 88 or z ≥ 44
52 x + 27 y = 8601 (2)
The largest number of spoons is thus 49 ; the
x + y = 188 corresponding number of knives is (2)(49) − 88 = 10 ,
R 2 + (-52) R1  R 2 - 25 y = -1175 and the number of forks is 148 − (3)(49) = 1.
y=7
x + y = 188
2.1 Exercises
æ 1 ö÷
çç - ÷  R 2 y = 47 In Exercises 1–16 and 19–28, check each solution by
çè 25 ÷ø
substituting it in the original equations of the system.
1. x + y =5 (1)
2x - 2 y = 2 (2)
Substitue y = 47 in equation (1).
To eliminate x in equation (2), multiply equation
x + 47 = 188 (1) by -2 and add the result to equation (2). The
new system is
x = 141
x+ y = 5 (1)
- 2 R1 + R 2  R 2 - 4 y = -8. (3)
Olinda owns 141 shares of Kohl’s and 47 shares of Best
Buy.

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78 Chapter 2 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATRICES

Now make the coefficient of the first term in

each row equal 1. To accomplish this, multiply Back-substitution of 3 for y in equation (4) gives
1
equation (3) by - . 2
4 x - (3) = -1
3
x+ y =5 (1)
x - 2 = -1
- 14 R 2  R2 y = 2 (4) x = 1.
Substitute 2 for y in equation (1). The solution is (1, 3).
x+2=5
4. 2 x + 7 y = - 8 (1)
y =3
-2 x + 3 y = -12 (2)
The solution is (3, 2).
2 x + 7 y = - 8 (1)
2. 4x + y = 9 (1) R1 + R 2  R 2 10 y = -20 (3)
3x - y = 5 (2) Make each leading coefficient equal 1.
First use transformation 3 to eliminate the x-term 7
1 R1  R1 x+ y = -4 (4)
from equation (2). Multiply equation (1) by 3 and 2 2
add the result to -4 times equation (2).
1 R  R2 y = -2 (5)
4 x + y = 9 (1) 10 2
3R1 + (-4) R 2  R 2 7 y = 7 (3) Substitute -2 for y in equation (4).
Now use transformation 2 to make the coefficient 7
x+ (-2) = -4
of the first term in each equation equal to 1. 2
1 9 x - 7 = -4
1R  R1 x+ y = (4)
4 1 4 4 x = 3
1 R2  R2 y =1 (5)
7
The solution is (3, -2 ).
Complete the solution by back-substitution. 5. 3x + 2 y = - 6 (1)
Substitute 1 for y in equation (4) to get 5x - 2 y = -10 (2)
1 9 Eliminate x in equation (2) to get the system
x + (1) =
4 4 3x + 2 y = -6 (1)
8
x = = 2. 5R1 + (-3) R 2  R 2 16 y = 0. (3)
4
Make the coefficient of the first term in each
The solution is (2, 1). equation equal 1.
3. 3 x - 2 y = -3 (1) 2
1R  R
5x - y = 2 (2) 3 1 1 x + y = -2 (4)
3
1 R  R y = 0 (5)
To eliminate x in equation (2), multiply equation 16 2 2
(1) by -5 and equation (2) by 3. Add the results.
Substitute 0 for y in equation (4) to get x = -2.
The new system is
The solution is (-2, 0).
3x - 2 y = -3 (1)
-5 R1 + 3R 2  R 2 7 y = 21. (3) 6. -3 x + y = 4 (1)
2 x - 2 y = -4 ( 2 )
Now make the coefficient of the first term in
each row equal 1. To accomplish this, multiply Eliminate x in equation (2).
1 1
equation (1) by 3 and equation (3) by 7 . -3x + y = 4 (1)
1R 2 2 R1 + 3R 2  R 2 - 4 y = - 4 ( 3)
3 1
 R1 x- y = -1 (4)
3 Make the coefficient of the first term in each row
1 R2  R2 y = 3 (5)
7 equal 1.
1 4
- 13 R1  R1 x - y = - (4)
3 3
- 14 R 2  R 2 y = 1 (5)

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Section 2.1 79

Back-substitution of 1 for y in equation (4) gives Substitute -2 for q in equation (4) to get p = 3.
1 4 The solution is (3, -2 ).
x - (1) = -
3 3 10. 12s - 5t = 9
1 4 3s - 8t = -18
x- =-
3 3 12s - 5t = 9
x = -1. R1 + (-4) R 2  R 2 27t = 81
The solution is ( -1, 1).
1 R 5 3
12 1
 R1 s- t =
7. 6 x - 2 y = -4 (1) 12 4
1 R2  R2 t = 3
3x + 4 y = 8 (2) 27
Eliminate x in equation (2). Back substitution gives
6 x - 2 y = -4 (1) 5 3
s- (3) =
-1R1 + 2 R 2  R 2 10 y = 20 (3) 12 4
5 3
Make the coefficient of the first term in each row s- =
equal 1. 4 4
1 2 8
1R  R s = = 2.
6 1 1 x- y = - (4)
4
3 3
1 R  R y = 2 (5) The solution is (2, 3).
10 2 2

Substitute 2 for y in equation (4) to get x = 0. The 11. 6 x + 7 y = -2 (1)

solution is (0, 2). 7 x - 6 y = 26 (2)
8. 4m + 3n = -1 Eliminate x in equation (2).
2m + 5n = 3 6x + 7 y = - 2 (1)
4m + 3n = -1 7 R1 + (-6) R 2  R 2 85 y = -170 (3)
R1 + (-2) R 2  R 2 - 7 n = -7 Make the coefficient of the first term in each
Make each leading coefficient equal 1. equation equal 1.
1R  R 7 1
1R 3 1 6 1 1 x + y =- (4)
4 1
 R1 m + n=- 6 3
4 4 1 R  R
2 2 y = -2 (5)
- 17 R 2  R 2 n= 1 85
Substitute -2 for y in equation (4) to get x = 2.
Back-substitution gives The solution is (2, -2 ).
3 1 12. 3a - 8b = 14 (1)
m+ (1) = -
4 4
a - 2b = 2 ( 2)
4
m = - = -1. Eliminate a in equation (2).
4
3a - 8b = 14 (1)
The solution is (-1, 1).
R1 + (-3) R 2  R 2 - 2b = 8 (3)
9. 5 p + 11q = -7 (1) Make the coefficient of the first term in each row
3 p - 8q = 25 (2) equal 1.
1R  R 8 14
Eliminate p in equation (2). 3 1 1 a - b = (4)
3 3
5 p + 11q = - 7 (1)
- 12 R 2  R 2 b = -4 (5)
-3R1 + 5 R 2  R 2 - 73q = 146 (3)
Make the coefficient of the first term in each row Back substitute -4 for b in equation (4) to get
equal 1. a = -6. The solution is (-6, -4).
1R  R 11 7 13. 3x + 2 y = 5 (1)
5 1 1 p+ q =- (4)
5 5 6 x + 4 y = 8 (2)
1 R  R
- 73 q = -1 (5)
2 2

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