1.

What is the difference between a population and a sample in research, and why is it
important?
o A population is the entire group of individuals or objects that meet certain
criteria, while a sample is a subset of the population that is selected for
study. It is important to distinguish between the two because the
characteristics of a sample may not accurately reflect those of the
population, which can affect the validity and generalizability of the research
findings.
2. What is a research design, and what are some common types of research designs?
o A research design is a plan or strategy for conducting a research study.
Some common types of research designs include experimental, quasi-
experimental, correlational, survey, case study, and ethnographic designs.
3. What is a research hypothesis, and how is it formulated?
o A research hypothesis is a statement that proposes a relationship between
two or more variables. It is formulated by identifying the variables of
interest, specifying the direction and nature of the relationship, and making
predictions about the expected outcomes.
4. What is a research question, and how is it formulated?
o A research question is an inquiry that seeks information or clarification
about a topic or problem. It is formulated by identifying the key concepts or
variables, specifying the scope and context of the study, and framing the
question in a clear and concise manner.
5. What is a literature review, and why is it important in research?
o A literature review is a critical analysis and synthesis of the existing
research on a topic or problem. It is important in research because it helps
to identify the gaps, inconsistencies, and controversies in the literature, as
well as the strengths and weaknesses of the research methods and findings.
6. What is a research proposal, and what are some key components of a research
proposal?
o A research proposal is a document that outlines the plan and rationale for a
research study. Some key components of a research proposal include the
title, abstract, introduction, literature review, research questions or
hypotheses, methodology, data analysis, expected outcomes, and references.
7. What is a research instrument, and what are some common types of research
instruments?
o A research instrument is a tool or technique that is used to collect data in a
research study. Some common types of research instruments include
surveys, questionnaires, interviews, observations, and tests.
8. What is a research sample, and how is it selected?
o A research sample is a subset of the population that is selected for study. It
is selected using a sampling method that ensures representativeness,
randomness, and generalizability of the sample to the population.
9. What is a research variable, and what are some common types of research
variables?
o A research variable is a characteristic or attribute that can be measured or
manipulated in a research study. Some common types of research variables
include independent, dependent, extraneous, moderating, and mediating
variables.
10. What is a research ethics, and why is it important in research?
o Research ethics refers to the principles and guidelines that govern the
conduct of research involving human subjects or animals. It is important in
 research because it protects the rights, welfare, and dignity of the
participants, as well as the integrity and credibility of the research.
11. What is a research paradigm, and what are some common research paradigms?
o A research paradigm is a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices
that guide the research process. Some common research paradigms include
positivism, interpretivism, critical theory, and postmodernism.
12. What is a research method, and what are some common research methods?
o A research method is a systematic approach or procedure that is used to
collect and analyze data in a research study. Some common research
methods include experiments, surveys, case studies, content analysis, and
grounded theory.
13. What is a research data, and what are some common types of research data?
o Research data refers to the information or observations that are collected
and analyzed in a research study. Some common types of research data
include quantitative, qualitative, primary, secondary, and mixed data.
14. What is a research analysis, and what are some common types of research
analysis?
o Research analysis refers to the process of interpreting and making sense of
the research data. Some common types of research analysis include
descriptive, inferential, content, discourse, and thematic analysis.
15. What is a research report, and what are some key components of a research report?
o A research report is a document that presents the findings, conclusions, and
recommendations of a research study. Some key components of a research
report include the title, abstract, introduction, literature review,
methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, and references.
16. What is exploratory research, and what is its purpose?
o Exploratory research is a type of research that is conducted to explore a
topic or a problem that is not well understood or defined. Its purpose is to
generate insights, ideas, and hypotheses that can be further investigated in
subsequent research.
17. How is research different from everyday life, and why is it important?
o Research is different from everyday life in that it is systematic, objective, and
rigorous in its approach to understanding the world. It is important because
it helps to generate new knowledge, solve problems, and improve the quality
of life.
18. What are the key characteristics of research, and why are they necessary?
o The key characteristics of research are purpose, objectivity, validity,
reliability, generalizability, and ethics. They are necessary because they
ensure that the research is conducted with a clear goal, free from bias,
accurate, consistent, applicable, and ethical.
19. Can research have multiple purposes, and what are some examples?
o Yes, research can have multiple purposes, such as describing, explaining,
predicting, or evaluating a phenomenon. Some examples of research
purposes include market research, academic research, scientific research,
and social research.
20. What is transdisciplinary research, and why is it relevant to business?
o Transdisciplinary research is a type of research that integrates knowledge
and methods from different disciplines to address complex problems. It is
relevant to business because it helps to identify and solve problems that
require a multidisciplinary approach, such as sustainability, innovation, and
social responsibility.
21. Does business research have to have a practical application, and why or why not?
 o Yes, business research has to have a practical application because its
purpose is to generate knowledge that can be applied to solve business
problems, improve business processes, or create business opportunities.
22. What are hypotheses, and how are they different from questions?
o Hypotheses are statements that propose a relationship between two or more
variables. They are different from questions in that they are more specific,
testable, and falsifiable than questions.
23. What does it mean for a research topic to be symmetrical, and why is it important?
o For a research topic to be symmetrical means that the outcome of the
research does not affect the value of the study, regardless of whether it
supports or rejects the hypothesis. It is important because it ensures that
the research is conducted objectively, free from bias, and focused on the
research question.
24. What is the goal of brainstorming to generate research ideas, and how can it be
achieved?
o The goal of brainstorming to generate research ideas is to produce as many
ideas as possible, without judging their quality or feasibility. It can be
achieved by setting a time limit, encouraging participation, avoiding
criticism, and building on the ideas of others.
25. What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative research, and what are
some examples?
o Quantitative research is a type of research that uses numerical data and
statistical analysis to test hypotheses. Some examples of quantitative
research include surveys, experiments, and content analysis. Qualitative
research is a type of research that uses non-numerical data and interpretive
analysis to explore a phenomenon. Some examples of qualitative research
include interviews, observations, and case studies.
26. Can the findings of qualitative research be treated as conclusive, and why or why
not?
o No, the findings of qualitative research cannot be treated as conclusive
because they are based on subjective interpretations of the data, rather than
objective measurements. Qualitative research aims to explore and
understand a phenomenon in depth, rather than to generalize or predict its
outcomes.
27. What is the primary purpose of business research, and how is it achieved?
o The primary purpose of business research is to reduce the level of risk of a
business decision by generating knowledge that is relevant, reliable, and
valid. It is achieved by identifying the research problem, formulating
research questions or hypotheses, selecting the research design and
methods, collecting and analyzing the data, and reporting the findings and
conclusions.
28. What is the difference between reporting and descriptive studies, and what are
some examples?
o Reporting studies provide a summation of data, while descriptive studies try
to discover answers to the questions who, what, when, where, and how.
Some examples of reporting studies include meta-analyses, literature
reviews, and systematic reviews. Some examples of descriptive studies
include surveys, case studies, and observational studies.
29. What are some common methods of data collection in research, and how are they
used?
o Some common methods of data collection in research include surveys,
interviews, observations, and experiments. Surveys are used to collect self-
 reported data from a large sample of respondents. Interviews are used to
collect in-depth data from a small sample of respondents. Observations are
used to collect data on natural behavior in a specific context. Experiments
are used to manipulate variables and test causal relationships.
30.What are the advantages and disadvantages of deductive and inductive
research approaches?
o Deductive research approaches start with a theory and test it with data,
while inductive research approaches start with data and generate a
theory from it. Some advantages of deductive research are that it is more
objective, rigorous, and generalizable. Some disadvantages are that it
may be too rigid, simplistic, or detached from reality. Some advantages of
inductive research are that it is more flexible, creative, and context-
sensitive. Some disadvantages are that it may be too subjective, biased,
or inconclusive.