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-١ﻻزم و اﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺤﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ رﺳﻤﺔ ال) systemال (schematicو ﻛﻤﺎن رﺳﻤﺔ ال ،H-Sاﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺮﺳﻤﺔ ال T-Sﻓﻤﺶ ﻻزم
ﻧﺮﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﰱ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ال . combinedاوGas
-٣و اﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺴﺎش ان ) (1MPa = 10barو ) ،(100kPa = 1barﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻮ اداﻧﺎ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺎلMPa
ﻫﻨﴬب ﰱ 10و ﻟﻮ ﺟﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎل kPaﻫﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﱃ 100
-٤ﳌﺎ ﻧﺠﻴﺐ ﻗﻴﻢ ال ) hاو اى ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم( ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻻزم ﻧﻘﻮل ﺟﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻧﻬﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺘﻦﻴ ،ﺳﻮاء ال ،Pال ،Tال Sاﻟﺦ..
h = 3225 kJ/kg @ P = 30bar and T = 400C ﻣﺜﺎل:
-٥ﻣﺎﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺶ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ده ) (h = Cp . Tsatﻏﺮﻴ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ال sat. liquidو ال sub-cooledﻓﻘﻂ ،و ﻻ ﻤﻳﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﰱ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ
)(Cp (water) = 4.18 kJ/kg.C and Tsat. = Tcondenser inlet = Tcondenser exit in Celsius ال mixtureاو الsuperheated
و ده ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﺮﻴ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ال hﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة و دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺪه اﻧﻨﺎ ﻋﺎرﻓﻦﻴ ان ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ال) hfاﻟﲆ ﺑﻨﺠﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ال(sat. liquid line
ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎوى )اﻗﻞ( ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ال) hfاﻟﲆ ﺑﻨﺠﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ال sat. vapor lineﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ(
-٦داﻤﻳﺎً ﺑﻨﻬﻤﻞ ال pump workﰱ ﺣﻞ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ و ﻋﺪم ﺗﺄﺛﺮﻴه ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﻋﲆ اﻟ powerو اﻟ ،efficiencyاﻻ ﻟﻮ اﺗﻜﻠﻢ
ﻋﻨﻪ ﺳﻮاء اداﻧﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﴍ ،او اداﻧﺎ isentropic efficiencyﻟﻞ pumpو ﰲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﺧﺮﻴة ﻫﻨﻀﻄﺮ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ال) pump workو
ﺧﻠﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮا اﻧﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺤﺴﺒﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻳﻦ ﻣﺶ ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة( و ﻧﺠﻴﺐ ﻛﺎﻤن ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺧﺮوج ال pumpاﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
-٧ﻟﻮ ﻣﺎﻫﻤﻠﻨﺎش ال pump workﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻻزم ﻧﺎﺧﺪه ﰱ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻧﺎ ﺳﻮاء ﰱ ﺣﺴﺎب ال powerاو ال efficiencyو ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﻣﺶ
ﻫﻨﺤﺴﺒﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ال WTﻓﻘﻂ
-٨و اﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﻨﺳﻢ رﺳﻤﺔ ال) T-Sﺳﻮاء ﰱ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ او ﺳﺆال ﻧﻈﺮى( ﻧﺎﺧﺪ
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎ ان ﺧﻂ ال pump workﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن و ده ﻷﻧﻨﺎ زى ﻣﺎ
ﻗﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﻬﻤﻞ ال ،pump workو ﻛﺎﻤن ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ال pumpﻣﺎﺑﱰﻓﻌﺶ درﺟﺔ
ﺣﺮارة اﳌﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺬى ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧ ًﺔ ﻤﺑﻘﺪار اﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﻪ
داﺧﻞ اﻟﱰﺑﻴﻨﺔ
h5 = Cp . Tsat. 5
-٩اﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺧﺮوج الh6 = h 5 (neglecting pump work) pump
ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ اﻫﺎﻤل اﻟﺸﻐﻞ و اﻋﺘﺒﺎرهor (if pump work is considered) :
)h6 = h5 + (v .∆P )(Pump work
v = 10-3 m3/kg (specific volume), ∆P = P6 - P5
-١٠ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺴﺎش اﻧﻨﺎ و اﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺤﻞ ال steamان درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎل Cو ﻟﻜﻦ ﰱ ﺟﺰء ال) gasاﻟﲆ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ال (combinedدرﺟﺎت
اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﺑﺎل) Kﻓﺎﻤﻧﻨﺴﺎش ﻧﺤﻮﻟﻬﺎ(
-١١ﻟﻮ ﺟﻪ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ال steamﻣﺎدﻧﺎش ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ال ،Tmaxﺑﻨﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ 500Cاﱃ 600C
-١٢ﻧﺎﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎ ان ﰱ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ال actual cycleال hactﻻزم ﺗﻄﻠﻊ اﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ال) hisenﰱ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت ال turbineو ال (pumpو الTact
ﺗﻜﻮن اﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ال) Tisenﰱ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت ال(compressor
-١٣ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ان ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ال turbineال actual workﺑﻴﻜﻮن اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ال ،ideal or isentropic workو ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ الisentropic
،ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻤ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ال pumpو ال compressorال actual workﻻزم ﻳﻜﻮن اﻛﱪ efficiencyﻫﺘﻜﻮن ﻛﺎﻵﻲﺗ:
ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﻧﻘﺪر ﻧﻌﻮض اﻟﻔﻘﺪ و ﻧﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﲆ ال lossesو ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ال efficiencyﻫﺘﻜﻮن ﻛﺎﻵﻲﺗ:
ﻓﺒﻨﴬب ﰱ 103ﻋﻠﺸﺎن ﻧﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ MWل KW -١٤ﻧﺎﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات و اﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﻌﻮض
-١٦ﻟﻮ اﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﺬه ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ او ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻞ اﻛﱰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺨﻦﻴ ) (reheatﻣﺎﻧﻨﺴﺎش ﻧﺠﻤﻌﻬﻢ
WT = W1 + W2 + W3 etc.. Qadd = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 etc...
-١٧ﻟﻮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ regenerationﻣﺎﻧﻨﺴﺎش و اﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺠﻤﻊ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﱰﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﻧﴬب ﰱ ال mass fractionاﻟﲆ اﺗﺒﻘﻰ
و ﺣﺼﻠﻪ ﻤﺗﺪد ﰱ اﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ،ﻣﺜﺎلWT = (h1 - h2) + (1-y)(h2 - h3) + (1-y-z)(h3-h4) :
0<y<1 and 0<z<1 -١٨ﻧﺎﺧﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎ ان ال yاو ال zﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا اﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ و ﻻ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ )ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ(
-١٩ﻧﺨﲆ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ال regenerationﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ال Open FWHﻻزم اﻟﺨﻠﻂ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﺑﻨﻼﻗﻰ ان ﻋﺪد
ال pumpsﺑﻴﺴﺎوى ﻋﺪد ال FWHsزاﺋﺪ واﺣﺪ ) ،(FHW + 1ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻤ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ال Closed FWHﺑﻨﻼﺣﻆ وﺟﻮد pumpواﺣﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ
اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻞ cycleو اﻟﲆ ﺑﱰﻓﻊ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ال condenserﻟﻀﻐﻂ ال boilerﻋﲆ ﻃﻮل ،ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻤ وﺟﻮد اى pumpﺗﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ رﺟﻮع ال condensateﻟﻞ cycleاﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﺳﻮاء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام drain pumpاو (steam trap
Cp = 1.005 kj/kg.K and k = 1.4 -٢٠ﰱ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ال combinedﻟﻮ ﻣﺎدﻧﺎش ﻗﻴﻢ ال Cpو ال kﺑﻨﻔﺮﺿﻬﻢ ﻛﺎﻵﻲﺗ:
-٢١ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺴﺎش ﰱ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ال combinedﻧﴬب ﰱ ال m.sﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ال steam turbine workو ﻧﴬب ﰱ الm.air
و ال Cpﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ال gas turbine workو ال Qaddو ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ و اﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺤﺴﺐ الcombined cycle efficiency
-٢٢ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺪرﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺗﺤﺖ ال 50ﰱ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻧﻘﺪر ﻧﺤﺪدﻫﻢ ﰱ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺑﻨﺎءا ﻋﲆ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻀﻐﻮط اﻟﲆ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﰱ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ
ﻛﺎﻵﻲﺗ :ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ 0.04ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﺣﻮاﱃ 30و ﻋﻨﺪ 0.05ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﺣﻮاﱃ 33و ﻋﻨﺪ 0.07ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﺣﻮاﱃ 40و ﻋﻨﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ 0.1ﺑﺘﻜﻮن
ﺣﻮاﱃ .. 45اى ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺗﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻰ ﰱ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻧﻘﺪر ﻧﺠﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ