Principles and Methods of Statistical Analysis 1st Edition Miller Test Bank

Instructor Resource
Frieman, Principles & Methods of Statistical Analysis

SAGE Publishing, 2018
Chapter 8: Testing Hypotheses Where the Dependent Variable Consists of Frequencies of
Scores in Various Categories
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. What data format is it when the only thing you can do is to sort the data into categories? This
operation is referred to as classification.
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
Ans: A
Answer Location: Classifying Data
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. What data format is it when you can only rank order data in some way?
a. interval
b. ratio
c. nominal
d. ordinal
Ans: D
3. When the distance between 3 and 4 equals the distance between 5 and 6 you are using what
type of data format?
a. interval
b. ratio
Instructor Resource
c. nominal
d. ordinal
Ans: A
4. What is the name of the data format that has equal distances between the numbers as well as
an absolute zero?
a. interval
b. ratio
c. nominal
d. ordinal
Ans: B
5. A binomial distribution gives us the probability of obtaining X successes in n trials for all
values of X from 0 to n. We use these distributions when we are working with what type of data
format?
a. interval
b. ratio
c. nominal
d. ordinal
Ans: C
Answer Location: The Binomial Distribution
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Instructor Resource
6. You have designed a study were people either say they like a political candidate, or they do
not. What type of distribution would you use?
a. normal distribution
b. non-normal distribution
c. noncentral t-distribution.
d. binomial distribution
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Application
7. The difference between t-tests and binomial distributions is that when sample size increases
the t-test variance ______ whereas for binomial distributions the larger sample size the variance
______.
a. increases, increases
b. increases, decreases
c. decreases, increases
d. decreases, decreases
Ans: C
Answer Location: Why the Number of Trials Affects the Power of a Binomial Test
8. The power of a binomial test:

a. increases as the number of trials increases.
b. increases as the number of trials decreases.
c. decreases as the number of trials increases.
d. decreases as the number of trials decreases.
Ans: A
Instructor Resource
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. What is it called when we adjust for the fact that we are approximating a discrete distribution
with a continuous distribution?
a. chi-square adjustment
b. correction for continuity
c. noncentral t-correction
d. confidence error correction
Ans: B
Answer Location: The Normal Distribution Approximation to the Binomial Distribution
10. We can use a ______ to test whether two samples come from binomial distributions with the
same parameter π.
a. z-statistic
b. chi-square parameter
c. confidence interval
d. t-test
Ans: A
Answer Location: Testing Hypotheses About the Difference Between Two Binomial Parameters
11. The test statistic for testing hypotheses about the proportions of individuals in different
categories in a population when there are three or more categories is called:
a. the power function.
b. the t-test.
c. the z-statistic.
d. the 2 statistic.
Ans: D
Instructor Resource
Answer Location: Testing Hypotheses Where the Dependent Variable Consists of Two or More
Categories
12. The chi square distribution comes from a:

a. family of distributions.
b. non-normal distribution.
c. normal distribution.
d. noncentral t-correction.
Ans: A
Answer Location: The Chi-Square Distribution
13. The power of a binomial test relies on all of the following except:
a. the number of trials.
b. the level of alpha.
c. the shape of the distribution.
d. the actual of (π−π0).
Ans: C
Answer Location: Power of the Test
14. What is the name of the statistic when one uses the χ2 test statistic to compare what we
observe in the sample with what we expect based on our theoretical model of the population?
a. t-test
b. z-statistic
c. goodness-of-fit test
d. 2 statistic
Instructor Resource
Ans: C
Answer Location: Testing Hypotheses About Proportions of Individuals in a Population with the
χ2 Test Statistic
15. As the sample size increases so does the calculated χ2 statistic which makes:
a. it easier to reject H0.
a. it harder to reject H0.
a. it easier to accept H0.
a. it inappropriate to use.
Ans: A
Answer Location: The Use and Misuse of the χ2 Test Statistic
Cognitive Domain: Conceptual
True/False
1. The power of a binomial test increases as the number of trials increases.
Ans: T
2. Because the χ2 statistic is based on binomial distributions it is not affected by sample size.
Ans: F
Categories
3. Nominal data can only be sorted into categories.

Instructor Resource
Ans: T
4. Data that are ranked are considered interval.

Ans: F
5. Interval data are when there are equal distances between the numbers.
Ans: T
6. Ratio data is when there are equal distances between the numbers as well as an absolute zero.
Ans: T
7. The 2 statistic can be used on any data format.

Ans: F
8. Binomial distributions are made from data that has four or more options.
Ans: F
Instructor Resource
9. For binomial distributions, the mean and the variance decrease as the sample size increases.
Ans: F
10. Power of a binomial test increases as the number of trials increase.

Ans: T
11. The degrees of freedom for most goodness of fit tests are the number of categories - 1.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Box 8.2: Example of a Goodness-of-Fit Test Using the χ2 Test Statistic
12. The correction for continuity is used because of the discrepancy between continuous and
discrete distributions.
Ans: T
Answer Location: The Normal Distribution Approximation to the Binomial Distribution
13. Z-statistic can test whether two samples come from binomial distributions with the same
parameter π.
Instructor Resource
Ans: T
Answer Location: Testing Hhypotheses About the Difference Between Two Binomial
Parameters
14. The 2 statistic is used when there are more than two categories.
Ans: T
Categories
15. The 2 test statistic can be used when the observations are dependent.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Independence of Scores
Essay
1. Name and describe the four different types of data formats.
Ans: (1) Nominal: when the only thing you can do is to sort the data into categories; (2) Ordinal:
we can rank order data in some way; (3) Interval: where the distances between the numbers are
equal; and (4) Ratio: equal distances between the numbers as well as an absolute zero.
2. Stevens’ (1946) believed differently from Lord (1953) and Gaito (1980) concerning the
importance of the data format for which statistical procedures are used. What are the two
competing arguments?
Instructor Resource
Ans: Lord (1953) and Gaito (1980) argued that “numbers do not know where they came from.”
From that perspective, data format does not matter. On the other hand, there are those like
Townsend and Ashby (1984) who, in their reply to Gaito, argue that it does. Over the years this
debate has focused on whether one can use t-tests and analysis of variance to analyze ordinal
data. Nevertheless, all are agreed that the statistical techniques that one uses to describe and
analyze nominal data are different from those used for the other three data formats.
3. What is the relationship between a critical value and a critical region?

Ans: We identify the critical region and critical value by starting at the ends of the distribution
and adding the probabilities for each possible outcome, moving toward the center until the
probabilities sum to a value close to 0.05.
Answer Location: Defining the Test Statistic and Finding the Critical Region and the Critical
Value
4. For binomial tests, what four factors affect power?

Ans: (1) The number of trials (n): All other things equal, the greater the number of trials, the
greater the power; (2) The level of alpha: All other things equal, the higher the alpha level set,
the greater the power; (3) Whether you have a one-tailed or a two-tailed test: All other things
equal, the one-tailed test will always be more powerful; and (4) The actual value of (π−π0): The
greater this difference the greater the power.
Answer Location: Power of the Test
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. How can the χ2 Test Statistic be misused?

Instructor Resource
Ans: The answer may include three of the following five concerns: (1) Independence of scores;
(2) Use frequencies not proportions or percentages to calculate; (3) Sample size and power; (4)
Correction for continuity; and (5) Assumption of normal distributions.
Answer Location: The Use and Misuse of the χ2 Test Statistic

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Instructor Resource

Frieman, Principles & Methods of Statistical Analysis

8. The power of a binomial test:

12. The chi square distribution comes from a:

3. Nominal data can only be sorted into categories.

4. Data that are ranked are considered interval.

7. The 2 statistic can be used on any data format.

10. Power of a binomial test increases as the number of trials increase.

3. What is the relationship between a critical value and a critical region?

4. For binomial tests, what four factors affect power?

5. How can the χ2 Test Statistic be misused?

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