Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 9, 2020

ASSESSING LINKAGE BETWEEN THE PARENT CITY AND SATELLITE TOWNS: A CASE
STUDY OF RAMANAGARA AND HOSKOTE-KARNATAKA
S. Deepthi1, Dr.R. Shanthipriya2, Dr.S. Radhakrishnan3
1(B.Arch.,M.Plan (URP)), Assistant Professor, Prime Nest College of Architecture and Planning, Trichy, Affiliated to Anna
University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. ar.deepthisri@gmail.com
2Professor, Kalasalingam School of Architecture, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Srivilliputur.
3Director, Prime Nest College of Architecture and Planning, Trichy, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

Received: 08.03.2020 Revised: 10.04.2020 Accepted: 12.05.2020

Abstract
Metropolitan cities are progressively interlinked and dependent on secondary cities to boost trade, Investment and local economic
development.According to UN Habitat, Satellite Towns are one such spatial category associated with secondary cities surrounding the
large urban metropolitan region. Majorly, the expansion and development of parent cities are sprawling along the transportation
corridor connected to these satellites. Subsequently, it induces the development of the satellite town along the corridor. Satellite Towns
act as a catalysts and a supporting hub for production, trade, transport and transfer of goods and people in the current system of global
cities. Few Satellite towns are neglected as a part of the development and often lack financial and technical influence of larger cities. In
some cases, these towns are strongly considered for the further development with regard to the regional context. This paper presents the
identified 5 satellite towns around Bangalore metropolis proposed by the Bangalore Metropolitan Regional Development Authority
under the structure plan 2011. Furthermore, the towns which are well populated and exhibit definite spatial interaction pattern were
considered for the study, analysed through gravity model of interaction. The linkages between the parent city and the satellite towns
were determined by the flow analysis. The degree of dependency between the city and the towns were analysed based on core indicators
from the literature and available data. The Town with maximum degree of dependency were carried out for significance test. Finally, the
paper concludes whether the town with close proximity exhibit strong dependency with the parent city.
Keywords: Parent City, Satellite Town, Gravity Model of interaction, Flow Analysis, Degree of Dependency, Significance Test.

© 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.08

INTRODUCTION
The concept of satellite town was introduced by Graham Romeyn
Taylor in 1915 where factories were proposed to move to
satellites to relieve excessive concentration of metropolis
downtown. The idea of satellite town was derived from the
concept of garden city by Ebenezer Howard. The practice of
satellite towns dated back to 18th century. Initially, Satellite
towns were residential layout and dependent on parent city.
These towns were called dormitory towns. In Paris, Satellite
town planning started in 1912 to 1920 within 16km of radius. It
seems the establishment of satellite town created longer
commuting needs and failed to decentralize concentrated
industries in downtown. Later the concept of decentralization
was initiated by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen for satellite town
planning around Helsinki. The towns were equipped with some
industries and service facilities linked to urban downtown
through subways. Balancing the functions of living and
employment in satellite towns were realized.
The purpose of greater London plan 1944 was to redistribute
London’s population and industry into new satellite towns. The
influential plan addressed the problems of housing, transport,
congestion which could be solved through decentralization. In
order to prevent overcrowding of central area, London would be
ringed around greenbelt and existing population would be
transferred to the new satellites (Cherry 1988).
The influence of urban development concept in Paris and London
highly influenced Beijing planners to design satellite towns to
accommodate urban growth (Yan Xia Tang et al.2008).In 1993 a
plan revealed to mitigate congestion in the city by planning 14
satellite cities. The plan was resumed because of poor
transportation connectivity. In 2001 the city government started
to invest in infrastructure by building roads, bridges and
subways. It was only few residents moved to satellites because of
the transportation problem prevailed. The hub grew slowly than
anticipated. The policy factor proclaims that the satellite plan
would have been successful if the government assigned
significant amount of land for transportation system. (Heqian
2015).
The development of satellite town in Shanghai was a
consequence of central policy to avoid urban gigantism. The state
policy under the institution of city regions at all major economic
center also contributed for the Shanghai’s satellite town
programme. The administrative and the planning agency
facilitated decentralization of industrial activities from city
center to suburbs, with detailed transportation network form
city center to the satellite communities(Yue-man Yeng et
al.1996).In order to reduce capital investment Shanghai’s
planner proposed satellite towns located at prevailing industrial
districts along the major transportation line. After intense
research of survey five satellite towns out of twelve towns were
selected as Shanghai’s satellite. The initial stage of construction
was primarily focused on road network along with railways
connecting satellite towns and parts of urban core. Post1949, the
spatial structure of shanghai has gradually transformed into
multi hierarchical urban system because of the key role of
satellite town and the linkages established with the city core.
In Japan, National capital construction committee was
established for the scheme of Satellite Towns along with the
concept plan of capital region. The first capital region
Improvement plan 1958 labelled greenbelt around the prevailing
built-up area along with the development of Satellite Towns and
maintain segregation between Tokyo and Suburban Satellites.
(Alden 1984).The second NCRDP in 1968 rejected the greenbelt
and incorporated Suburban Development Area within 50km
radius of Tokyo Station retaining Satellite Towns. The
establishment of sub centres and Satellite Towns become
prominent due to the construction of new train service which
created a natural growth point. It also played an important role

Journal of critical reviews 43

 ASSESSING LINKAGE BETWEEN THE PARENT CITY AND SATELLITE TOWNS: A CASE STUDY OF RAMANAGARA AND
HOSKOTE-KARNATAKA
in restructuring of Tokyo Metropolitan region as per Fourth
CNDP which was included in Fifth CNDP of 1999.Population and
employment gained massive in the designated area of Satellite
towns and sub centres outside the city core. The suburban area
surrounding the core city gained population over 10 million
during 1970-1995 along the broad width of 20-40km from the
Tokyo station. Tokyo region has always experienced Polycentric
development not only in designed Satellites and sub centres but
also in other centres which were not notified as growth point.
(Sorensen 2010).The development of polycentrism however
created successful benefits of Satellites and sub centre in the
TMR but still holds important practice protecting greenbelts in
metropolitan fabric.
Navi Mumbai also known as New Mumbai established Satellite
Town development in 1972. Bombay Metropolitan regional
planning board took an initiative to decongest Bombay and
proposed a regional plan for BMR. (BMR 1974).Later City and
Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) was officially
designated for the development plan of New Bombay. The
foremost objective was to reduce the Population growth rate in
greater Bombay by creating an attractive urban area on the land
across Bombay harbour. (CIDCO 1972).Later, during the
preparation of draft plan the design principle adopted and
implemented by CIDCO were Polycentric mode of development
and to use land as a major source. Considering the success of
Satellite Town for the distant future, employment base was
mainly focussed on manufacturing industries, trade and
commerce along with service enabled sectors. Although job
opportunities were the driving factor but the provision of
housing were relatively successful. Another important factor was
the commuting mode of transportation which has led to effective
development over the period of time. The development of the
Satellite Town has created a tremendous effect on the
metropolitan region of Bombay. Business and finance have
become the strong pull factor of New Bombay along with
government approval of commercial and upper class residential
activities. However, the development of Navi Mumbai symbolize
difficulties of a successful project but failed to consider different
interest group of people (Shaw 1995).Overall, the ideology of
Satellite Town of New Bombay has created his own definite
identity.
The National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCTD), the giant
metropolis has grown enormously due to the phenomenal
changes in population and urban activities over the last five
decades. Urban Sprawl, being the major issue made the
government to develop the city of Delhi linking to the
surrounding area to be categorised as National Capital Region
(NCR). (World Energy Council,Indian Member Commitee
2008).Satellite Towns were evolved to decentralize the industrial
activities and migrating population from the Parent city Delhi.
Gurgaon was established as one of the Satellite Town to counter
act the uncontrollable growth of the Parent city. The growth of
the Satellite Towns took the advantages of the close proximity to
Delhi more than growth induced by the government. The nodes
of Suburban development (Satellite Towns) were segregated by
open spaces connected with Parent city Delhi by National
highways. Till 1977 the growth and development were
characterised by nodes. Later, during 1999 the nodes were the
important corridors of development with transportation of
National highway and regional railway connecting the Parent
City Delhi and its Satellites (Manisha Jain et al.2013). After 2010
these nodes merged into one mass known as a Megalopolis.
(Gottmann.J 1957).Gurgaon has witnessed its major growth in
industrial and residential sector which has transformed its
characteristic of being a Satellite Town to Satellite City. (V.Nath
Sept 2,1995).The urban complex of Gurgaon-Manesar is
increasing its demand for Software industries. (Haryana
Government,Town and Coutry planning Department 2010).Delhi
Journal of critical reviews
serves as a unique case study of Mega city which has grown
widely accommodating low and high skilled manpower.
Although, Delhi is being surrounded by its Satellite Towns the
city remains as a place of attraction.
The major metropolis across the globe incorporated the practice
of satellite town for growth control strategies. Later, the new
towns and cities concept started evolving as higher level of
Satellite Towns with more facilities. The development of
transportation system plays a vital role in determining the urban
form and spatial pattern of all activities (Rodrigue, The
geography of transportation system 2017).Most of the
development in the suburban setting form the city core are due
to the enhancement in the transportation system. But the
challenges faced in the towns are huge because of the disparities
in economic, Physical and social development of network
connected to the cities. Enhancement of connectivity, efficiency,
generating investment and employment in subsidiary towns has
become a challenge in developing countries. Primate city which
forms the core of country’s metropolitan area with other
adjacent cities, similarly other urban centres act as drives for
economy and society. In particular, we identify that towns with
close proximity to the city core and derive hypothesis testing
framework to evaluate interdependency from linkages
perspective.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
As mentioned, Bangalore Metropolitan Regional
Development Authority proposed five satellite towns on
the city’s periphery by connecting them through
expressways. BMR aimed for the development of dispersed
concentration and attracting growth away from the city.
((BMRDA) 2016).On the basis of development of satellite
towns and understanding the number of case studies
across the globe, we were able to define an approach based
on spatial interaction patterns.To study the degree of
interaction objective, the application of gravity model
theory between the city and the satellite towns is
determined. The interaction value between the city and the
proposed satellite towns is calculated by multiplying the
population of two places and dividing the square of the
distance between the selected places (Prashant Patil et
al.2012). The identified satellite towns with maximum
interaction value are further carried out for the analysis.
Based on Landsat 8 data, Normalized built-up Index for the
year 2013 and 2017 for the identified satellite towns were
mapped to understand the built-up area of the towns. Next
step is to understand the flow analysis between the
selected towns and the city based on mode of travel,
purpose of travel and frequency of travel conducted
through primary survey. Reconnaissance survey,
questionnaires, qualitative interviews and transect walk
form the basis for the objective of this context analyzed.
The local administrative boundary for the selected satellite
towns have been widely used for studying the physical
infrastructure, socio-economic and industrial condition.
The analysis of the existing scenario have been surveyed to
the people residing as well as commuting for
understanding the objectives of interdependency between
the city and the towns. The elements considered for
physical infrastructure are connectivity by roadway,
connectivity by railway, distance to the city and mode of
transport availability. The elements considered for
industries are Assessable to market, Availability of skilled
labour, Availability of raw materials, Distance to the
workplace, Supply of good/services, Investment of
industry, Level of technology, Amenities related to
industries. (TCPO 2015).The interview and observations
were conducted to a random selection of 40 samples in
selected each towns with relation to the parent city. The
44
 ASSESSING LINKAGE BETWEEN THE PARENT CITY AND SATELLITE TOWNS: A CASE STUDY OF RAMANAGARA AND
HOSKOTE-KARNATAKA

relation between the indicator based on physical
infrastructure and industrial condition were ranked and
correlated to understand the degree of dependency of the
selected towns and the city. The town with the highest
correlation coefficient is considered for the significance
testing.
Finally, the analysis explores whether the town with close
proximity have strong dependency with the Parent city.
model theory was adapted (Table 1).Based on the obtained
results, the interaction value between the city Bangalore and
satellite towns Hoskote and Ramanagara exhibit highest (Fig
1).The following formula was used to calculate the interaction
value:
𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 × 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The methodology proposed above was applied to the selected
satellite towns having maximum interaction value surrounding
the parent city Bangalore. To depict, the application of gravity

Table 1: Application of Gravity Model Theory to Parent city Bangalore and the proposed Satellite Towns

S.No Bangalore Satellite Satellite Pop I*Pop II Dt (Dt)² Interaction Population

Population Towns Towns (Km) Value In Millions
(Pop I) Population
II
1 8495492 Magadi 27605 23451805660 58 3364 6971404 6.9
2 8495492 Ramanagara 95167 808490582331 49 2401 3367330771 336
3 8495492 Bidadi 9917 84249813998 34 1156 72880461 72.8
4 8495492 Kanakapura 54014 464277066930 61 3721 124772122 124.7
5 8495492 Hoskote 56980 484073362080 27 729 664023816 664.4

Table 2: Application of Gravity Model with respect to Satellite Town Ramanagara

Similarly, the interaction value between the selected satellite towns Ramanagara and Hoskote with its surrounding cities and towns were
determined (Table 2 and Table 3).

Table 3: Application Gravity model with Respect to Satellite Town Hoskote

S.No Hoskote Towns/city Population Pop I*Pop II Dt (Dt)² Interaction Population In Millions
(Pop I) II (Km) Value
1 56982 Bengaluru 8495493 484090182126 27 729 664046889 664
2 56982 Kolar 30506 1738292892 40 1600 1086433 1.0
3 56982 Chikkaballapur 14902 849145764 50 2500 339658 0.33
4 56982 Doddaballapura 22365 1274402430 53 2809 453685 0.44
5 56982 Malur 9412 536314584 18 324 1655291 1.65

Figure 1: Image Showing Gravity Model Theory with Respect to Parent City and Its Satellites; With Respect to Town
Ramanagara;
With Respect to Town Hoskote

Journal of critical reviews 45

 ASSESSING LINKAGE BETWEEN THE PARENT CITY AND SATELLITE TOWNS: A CASE STUDY OF RAMANAGARA AND
HOSKOTE-KARNATAKA
Figure 2: Case Study Area: Ramanagara Satellite Town
Figure 3: NDBI for Satellite Town Ramanagara, 2013
Normalize Difference Build-up Index for Satellite town
Ramanagara was calculated given by the formula.
𝑆𝑊𝐼𝑅 − 𝑁𝐼𝑅
𝑁𝐷𝐵𝐼 =
𝑆𝑊𝐼𝑅 + 𝑁𝐼𝑅
For Land sat 8 data it is calculated by (Band 6-Band 5)/ (Band
6+Band 5).Where Negative value of NDBI represents Water
bodies and Highest value represent Build-up areas.(Fig 3 and
Fig 4)
Regarding the study area, (Fig 1) The Satellite town
Ramanagara located at a distance of 55km from parent city
Figure 4: NDBI for Satellite Town Ramanagara 2017
Journal of critical reviews
Bangalore known as the hub for sericulture activities. Cocoon
market in Ramanagara is one of the largest cocoon markets in
Asia and is cosmopolitan in nature. Themarket serves as a
platform for huge transaction of cocoons involving people from
different states of India. The connectivity of Ramanagara from
parent city is through state highway Bengaluru-Mysuru
Highway 17.The town is also well connected by means of
railways. As per census 2011 the town has a population of
95,167 with a geographical extent of 14.53 sq.km.The town has
31 wards. On an average it is found 35 metric tons of cocoons
are transacted in the market on a daily basis. ( Government of
Karnataka 2015-2016).The town consist of 784 reeling units
out of which 600 are cottage based, 85 are multi end reeling
units, 4 are automatic reeling units and 95 are twisting units.
These reeling units are found as clusters. On an average in a
cottage based reeling units the cocoon consumption are of 60-
70kgs per day and the production per day/basins is around
1.5-1.8kgs of silk. The cost of the silk is around Rs.2600 to
3200. Whereas in Multi-end reeling units the cocoon
consumption per day is around 90-120kgs and the
production/day/10basins is around 15-17 kg of silk. The cost
of silk per kg is around Rs.3000 to 3350. The denier comes in
the range of 14/16, 20/22, 26/28, 30/32.The silk which are
brought by the reelers are transported to weavers through silk
exchange located at Bangalore which is not functioning in a
greater extent. But maximum silk are sold or transported by
the reelers themselves to the open markets which are located
at Chickpet, old Bangalore.
46
ASSESSING LINKAGE BETWEEN THE PARENT CITY AND SATELLITE TOWNS: A CASE STUDY OF RAMANAGARA AND
HOSKOTE-KARNATAKA

Figure 5: Images of Ramanagara Cocoon Market Area, Entrance to Town

Figure 6: Google Image of Chickpet, Old City Bangalore, Existing Silk Shops, and Streets

Figure 7: NDBI for Satellite Town Hoskote 2017 Figure 8: NDBI for Satellite Town Hoskote 2013

Figure 9: Case Study Area: Hoskote Satellite Town

Journal of critical reviews 47

 ASSESSING LINKAGE BETWEEN THE PARENT CITY AND SATELLITE TOWNS: A CASE STUDY OF RAMANAGARA AND
HOSKOTE-KARNATAKA

Regarding the study area, (Fig 7) The Satellite town Hoskote,
located 27 km form Bangalore and it is one of the satellite towns
located on Old madras road, where NH4 connects from
Bangalore-Chennai in N-E part. The town is being the shadow of
Bangalore in terms of its economy and education. (Fig 8 and Fig
9) represents the build up index of satellite town hoskote of the
year 2013 and 2017.Majorly the population of Hoskote is
dependent on Bangalore for employment extensively. The main
occupation of the town is engaged in tertiary sectors. (Bangalore
Metropolitan Regional Development Authority 2013)The town
acts as a counter-Magnet for attracting and developing industries
mainly ancillary development are witnessed in the town and
parts of the taluk. Hoskote Town is the headquarters of Hoskote
taluk and major transportation corridor runs from Bengaluru-
Kolar NH4.The three state highways from Hoskote-Siddlaghaata,
Chinthamani, and Malur has a potential to develop as growth
centres in future. As per
census 2011, the population of the town is 56,613 with an area of
18.25sq.km with 23 wards. The major factors facilitating for
population growth in the town is proximity to the city,
Connectivity of NH-4 and 3 state highways, Industrial
development by KIADB of public and private sectors. Hoskote
TMC it is found that the percentage of primary working
population is decreasing and there is increase in tertiary sector
from 1991 to 2011. Chokkahalli industrial area located at 6km
from Hoskote TMC is one of the major industrial developed areas
by KIADB along Chinthamani road in chokkahalli village. The
industrial area has been established in 1980.The total land
acquired was 413.37 acres extent of allotable land is 360.63
acres. Major engineering units are large in number followed by
manufacturing and electronics units. Manufacturing of
automobile namely Volvo industries are located in Hoskote taluk.
Oil Corporation Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. Indian Oil
corporation Ltd. BELL ceramics are the major industries
established along NH4.

Figure 10: Images of Hoskote, Chokkahalli Industrial Area

After observing and understanding the relation between the Table 5: Population Commuting from Ramanagara to
parent city and satellite town, flow analysis is determined. Based Bangalore
on population commuting during weekdays and weekends from
town Ramanagara to Bangalore and vice versa showed that
private two and four wheelers were more in number during the
measured period of rush hours. Buses and Train were the second
used passages whereas a private college bus remains the lowest
(Table 4 and Table 5). The purposes of the travel from town
Ramanagara to Bangalore and vice versa were
majorly based on business trips followed by education and
leisure trips (Fig 11 and fig 12).Similarly, the flow analysis
between town Hoskote to Bangalore and vice versa determined
that Private two and four wheelers were more in number during
the measured period of time followed by buses as the second
passages (Table 6 and table 7).

Table 4: Population Commuting from Bangalore to

Ramanagara

Journal of critical reviews 48

 ASSESSING LINKAGE BETWEEN THE PARENT CITY AND SATELLITE TOWNS: A CASE STUDY OF RAMANAGARA AND
HOSKOTE-KARNATAKA

Table 7: Population commuting from Bangalore to Hoskote

Figure 11: Purpose of Travel from Ramanagara to Bangalore

Vice versa-Weekdays

Figure 12: Purpose of Travel from Bangalore to Ramanagara

Vice Versa During Weekends

Table 6: Population Commuting from Hoskote to Bangalore

Figure 12: Purpose of Travel from Bangalore to Hoskote Vice

Versa (Weekends)

Journal of critical reviews 49

ASSESSING LINKAGE BETWEEN THE PARENT CITY AND SATELLITE TOWNS: A CASE STUDY OF RAMANAGARA AND
HOSKOTE-KARNATAKA

Figure 13: Purpose of travel from Hoskote to Bangalore Vice Versa (Weekdays)

Figure 15: Indices and Correlation between Satellite Town Ramanagara and Parent City Bangalore

Figure 14: Indices and Correlation between Satellite Town Hoskote and Parent city Bangalore

Journal of critical reviews 50

 ASSESSING LINKAGE BETWEEN THE PARENT CITY AND SATELLITE TOWNS: A CASE STUDY OF RAMANAGARA AND
HOSKOTE-KARNATAKA

To ensure the strength of evidence and to define correlation
between results of both the towns with respect to parent city it
was necessary for the significance test to be performed. By
framing Null hypotheses (H0) for this study as: The town
(Hoskote) with close proximity does not have strong dependency
with the parent city (Bangalore) whereas Alternative Hypotheses
(H1) states: The town (Hoskote) with close proximity have strong
dependency with the parent city (Bangalore). The occurrence of
95% of significance level was determined based on three
methods such as
1.) P-value methods of hypothesis testing by ANOVA in Excel (See
Table 8)
1.) P-value methods of hypothesis testing by ANOVA in Excel (See
Table 8)

Table 8: P value Test

The above represented table shows the p value is significant Table 11: Paired T-test by Manual Method
which implies null hypothesis is rejected. S.NO Parent Satellite (X-Y) (X-Y)2
2.) Student T-test: Two-sample assuming unequal variable and city(X) Town
equal variable (See Table 9 and 10) Hoskote(Y)
1 0.863636 0.59596 0.267676 0.07165
Table 9: T-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances 2 0 0 0 0
Variable 1 Variable 2 3 1 1 0 0
Mean 0.568905714 0.525782857 4 1 1 0 0
Variance 0.109932811 0.116336672 5 0.390244 0.265 0.125244 0.015686
Observations 14 14 6 0.61324 0.575 0.03824 0.001462
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 7 0.425087 0.22 0.205087 0.042061
Df 26 8 0.229965 0.245 -0.01504 0.000226
t Stat 0.339202116 9 0 0 0 0
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.368591013 10 0.522648 0.47 0.052648 0.002772
t Critical one-tail 2.478629824 11 0.648084 0.61 0.038084 0.00145
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.737182025 12 0.808362 0.84 -0.03164 0.001001
t Critical two-tail 2.778714533 13 0.599303 0.64 -0.0407 0.001656
14 0.864111 0.9 -0.03589 0.001288
Table 10: T-test: Two-samples Assuming Equal Variables SUM 0.60372 0.139253
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 0.568905714 0.52578286 So the obtained score after substituting the values in the formula
Variance 0.109932811 0.11633667 is t=1.79. The p-value in the t-table using the degree of freedom
Observations 14 14 with specified alpha level as 0.05(5%) with the sample size to get
Pooled Variance 0.113134742 the degree of freedom with 14 items is 14-1df=13 and t-value is
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 1.79. Compare the t-table value for the calculated value of t-
Df 26 value. The t table-value is found to be 1.77. The calculated t-value
t Stat 0.339202116 is greater than the t-table value at an alpha level of 0.05.The p-
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.368591013 value is less than the alpha level:p<0.05.Finally,the null
t Critical one-tail 2.478629824 hypothesis can be rejected because there is no difference
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.737182025 between the means.
t Critical two-tail 2.778714533 By using all three methods for testing hypothesis it is found there
is significant value which implies null hypothesis can be rejected.
In both the cases t-stat<critical t which implies null hypothesis is
disproved CONCLUSION
Urban development pattern is highly challenging in developing
3.) Paired T-test by manual method (see table 11). The following
countries. It is important to manage unprecedented growth in an
formula was used to calculate the T-score:
(∑ 𝐷)⁄𝑁 effective and efficient manner. Satellite towns were one such
𝑡= approach established by government in major metropolitan
(∑ 𝐷)2
∑ 2 cities across the globe to tackle such issues. The success of the
√ 𝐷 +( 𝑁 )
(𝑁−1)(𝑁) satellite towns lies with the connectivity aspects with the urban
Where core. As a result, the importance of linkages and planning to
ΣD is Sum of the differences (Sum of X-Y), provide an intervention based on distinct characteristics of each
ΣD2 is Sum of the squared differences; settlement are required. The gravity model, flow analysis is one
(ΣD) 2 is Sum of the differences squared such technique which can be useful for planners to choose
relevant strategy for understanding the spatial interaction
pattern between two settlements. The obtained results are based
on field surveys and interpretation of stakeholders carried out in

Journal of critical reviews 51

 ASSESSING LINKAGE BETWEEN THE PARENT CITY AND SATELLITE TOWNS: A CASE STUDY OF RAMANAGARA AND
HOSKOTE-KARNATAKA

the field which reveals the fact of strong dependency of town 20th Century Experience of Planned Polycentrism."
with close proximity to city core. It is however must be specified International planning studies, no. Department of Urban
and implementation of strategies in accordance with satellite Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan (2010): 9-32.
towns which are located to a limited extent also plays a major 21. TCPO, Town and Country Planning Organisation. Urban and
role in regional context. The analysis can be further expanded to Regional Developmental Plan Formulation and
the local levels of the each settlement to understand the further Implementation (URDPFI) Guidelines. New Delhi:
scale of intervention. Government of India, Ministry of Urban Development, 2015.
22. V.Nath. "Planning for Delhi and National Capital Region:
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