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1. GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Note : The making and breaking of bonds usually occurs
in several discrete steps before transforming transforming
1.1 Introduction into products. The detailed sequential description of all
the steps is called the mechanism of the reaction.
In 1807, Berzelius proposed the term ‘Organic Chemistry’
for the study of compounds derived from natural sources.
2.1 Hybridization
This was based on the theory of vitalism which said that
all living systems possessed a ‘vital force’ which was absent Hybridisation is a process in which two or more atomic
in non-living systems. Compounds derived from living orbitals of comparable energy of the valence-shell of an
natural sources (organic) were thought to be fundamentally atom (central atom of the molecule or ion) either in its
different from inorganic compounds. ground state or in its excited state mix together and give
rise to the formation of new degenerate orbitals which are
called hybrid orbitals.
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
carbon chain are called electron-donating groups (EDG) 3.4.2 Effect of Distance
or electron-releasing groups (ERG) and are said to exert If the ERG/EWG moves away, the inductive effect
+I effect. Those which withdraw electrons from carbon diminishes.
chain are called electron-withdrawing groups (EWG)
and are said to exert –I effect. Example - 2
Important :
(a) Compare the acidic strength of :
1. I.E. of alkyl groups : 3° > 2° > 1° > CH3–
(I)
2. In general, greater is the number of carbons in an alkyl group,
greater is its +I effect. (II)
3. For problem-solving, we take electronegativity of sp-
3
hybridized carbon to be more than sp hybridized nitrogen.
(III)
3.4 Applications of Inductive Effect
(III) (III)
Solution :
An alkyl group is donating only if no other EWG is present (IV)
on it. Therefore, groups like –CH2Cl and –CH2F become
electron withdrawing groups.
Order of Acidic Strength : III > II > I
Order of acidic strength : II > III > IV > I
+I Series (ERG)
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Example - 8
Rule-1 :
All the lewis structures must conform to lewis octet rule.
Rule-2 :
Position of atoms in all resonating structures must be the
same. Only the electrons move.
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Rule-3 : (b) I and II are tied on octets and number of S bonds but
All the resonating structures must have the same number negative charge is more stable on more electronegative
of paired and unpaired electrons, i.e. sum of bond pairs atom. Hence, II is more stable.
and lone pairs must be constant.
Example - 11
Rule-4 :
All the atoms participating in resonance in a molecule must Give the order of stability of following resonating
be coplanar. This is required for the effective overlap of structures
p orbitals and the delocalization of electrons, for eg, (I)
buta-1,3-diene.
(II)
4.3 Criteria for Major/Minor Contributors
5. MESOMERIC EFFECT
The common thing about all the groups listed is that the
Solution : atom connected with the conjugated system has a lone pair
(a) In II, all octets are complete. Therefore, II is more stable. to donate. Therefore, a generic representation can be
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
5.1.2 Electron-Withdrawing Groups (–R or –M effect) Similarly, in phenol, resonance leads to charge separation
which increases the rate of ionization and forms phenoxide
ion which is stabilized by charge delocalization.
The common thing about all the groups listed is that the atom
connected with the conjugated system has a S bond with
another more electronegative atom which withdraws the
electrons or directly has a positive charge on them. Therefore,
a generic representation can be
(ENZ > ENY)
5.1.3 Dual Behaviour
Groups such as are both electron-releasing and
electron-withdrawing as illustrated.
Example - 12
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Example - 13
6. HYPERCONJUGATION
Hyperconjugation is the ability of the V bond electrons of
an D bond to undergo conjugation with the adjacent
S electrons. It is also known as Baker-Nathan Effect, No-
Solution : Bond Resonance and V-S S Effect.
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Now, greater the number of D-H, greater the number of 6.3.3 Stability of Carbocations
hyperconjugating structures and more is the electron
donation of alkyl group to S bond.
The order of electron-donation of alkyl groups based on
hyperconjugation is :
Solution :
When the multiple bond is between two unlike atoms, the
shift of electrons takes place towards more electronegative
atom.
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Hybridization of C = sp2
Geometry of C = Trigonal Planar
Example - 15
Example - 16
Solution :
–I, –NO2 are bulky groups and is case of steric inhibition
of resonance. Therefore, the –NO2 groups ortho to –I are
out of conjugation while the –NO2 group para to –I will
be in conjugation with the benzene ring. Therefore, bonds
‘a’ and ‘b’ will always have single bond character while
‘c’ has double bond character. Therefore :
c<a=b
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Solution :
Rate of carbocation formation depends on :
(a) Stability of carbocation formed.
(b) Strength of the electrophile.
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Example - 18
Solution :
Step-1 : Protonation
.
Step-2 : Formation of Carbocation
10.6.4 Cyclic Rearrangement/Ring Expension
Ring expension will take place only when positive charge
is on carbon adjacent to the ring.
Example - 20
Solution :
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
11.3 Stability
Example - 21
11. CARBANIONS
Give the order of stability of :
11.1 Definition
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Note :
11.5.1 Grignard Reagent as a Base Reagent will react with to give as in previous
reaction.
In this reaction it captures acidic hydrogen.
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
11.5.3 Aldol Condensation The hybridization of carbon free radical was proposed after
This reaction is shown by carbonyl compounds containing experimental verification of structure of different radicals.
• 2
atleast one DH in presence of dilute base such as dilute It was proposed that when ERG are placed on C , it has sp
3
NaOH. hybridization and when EWG are placed on C•, it has sp
hybridization.
Mechanism :
12.3 Stability
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(I) Chain Initiation Cl•, CH3•. There are ways in which free radicals from
different chains may combine to terminate the reaction.
There are two choices :
(a)
(b)
There is a side-product that is formed in this
(I) (b) will take place as it is energetically feasible.
reaction. Besides these, a number of other side-products such
(II) Chain Propagation
as CH2Cl2, CHCl3 and CCl4 have also been observed. These
(a) get formed since carbon free radical is highly reactive. It
randomly reacts with other species that make it stabler.
Alcohols OH Hydroxy – ol
(C)HO Oxo – al
(C)ONH2 – – amide
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
– – oate
Ethers OR Alkoxy– –
– – nitrile
, , , , , , , , , , ,
Important :
(a) The –R, –C6H5, halogens, nitro and alkoxy groups are always treated as substituents.
(b) If more than one functional group of same type is present, its number is indicated by adding di-, tri- etc.
(c) When C is marked in parenthesis, the carbon of the functional group is counted as part of the parent chain and the numbering
will always begin from this carbon and its position need not be marked in the name.
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14. ISOMERISM
In organic chemistry, a number of organic compounds having Since the isomers are constituted of the same number of atoms,
different physical and chemical properties can be represented by so it is clear that the difference in their properties must be due to
the same molecular formula. The property by virtue of which the difference in the relative arrangement of the atoms within the
organic compounds possessing different physical and chemical molecules.
properties and having the same molecular formula is known as
isomerism and the different compounds are known as isomers.
If the isomers have the same molecular formula but they differ in (ii) C6H4(NO2)2 exhibits following three positional isomers.
the relative arrangement of atoms, it is called structural isomerism.
In structural isomers, the structural formula of the isomers differ
whereas the molecular formula remains same. This type of
isomerism is further divided into various types.
n–butane isobutane
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Example 27
15.4 Tautomerism
15.5 Metamerism
In general, the keto form is more stable than the enol form but
in some cases the enol form is more stable. It is caused by the attachment of different alkyl/groups to a polyvalent
atom or group (an atom having more than one valency). A metamer
Cases when the enol form is more stable than the keto form :
can be obtained by shifting one or more CH2 group from one side of
(1) Enol form has resonance stabilization by forming a the polyvalent functional group to the other side. Metamerism is
conjugated system and has intra-molecular hydrogen bonding. found to occur in amines, ethers, ketones, esters, etc.
Example 25 Example 29
C4H10O exhibits three metamers.
Acetoacetic ester
(2) Enol form has aromatic stabilization.
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It is the type of isomerism in which the compounds possessing When C = C contain three or four different groups, it is difficult
same molecular formula differ in their properties due to the to assign cis or trans configuration to the geometrical isomers.
difference in their geometry that is, due to the difference in the Example 34
direction of attachment of same atoms or groups in their molecule.
It is not shown by single bonded compounds like (C – C) due to
free rotation.
It is shown by C = C, C = N, N = N and cycloalkanes. To deal with such problems, E–Z nomenclature is used. E (similar
Conditions for exhibiting Geometrical Isomerism to anti), Z (similar to syn)
(a) There must be restricted rotation in the molecule. Cahn - Ingold - Prelog (CIP) Rules
1. Higher atomic number group is assigned higher priority.
Example 30
Same atoms or groups on same side. So geometrical isomerism is
not possible.
For determining priority, use the following method
Example 31
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Polarimeter
Setup
16.2.1 Chirality
16.2.2 Chiral Carbon and Chiral Compound The arrangement of atoms that characterizes a particular
stereoisomer is called its configuration.
When a carbon atom is bonded to four different atoms (or groups)
CWXYZ, it is chiral and is denoted as C*.
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The configuration is assigned for a stereoisomer based on Cahn- If the lowest priority group is not behind the plane or on the vertical,
Ingold-Prelog rules by assigning priority to the groups attached exchange it with the group that is behind the plane. When two groups
to the chiral carbon. The rules that are used for EZ isomerism are are exchanged, the configuration of that atom is inversed.
used in the same way here as well. The lowest priority group Example 40
should be behind the plane while deciding the configuration.
If the direction of priorities assigned to groups is clockwise, the
compound has R configuration. If the direction of priorities assigned
to groups is anti-clockwise, the compound has S configuration.
Example 38
Case I : Compounds with only one chiral carbon are always chiral,
i.e. optically active.
Example 41
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GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Example 43
Example 44
T Dobserved
D O
Auc
D = specific rotation
Example 46
Dobserved = observed value of rotation
A = length of solution
c = concentration of solution.
Specific Rotation depends upon :
(a) Nature of solute and solvent.
(b) Wavelength of light during the experiment.
16.2.6 Enantiomers, Diastereomers, (c) Temperature during the experiment.
Meso Compounds and Racemic Mixture
(d) Length and concentration of solution.
Enantiomers are compounds that are non-superimposable mirror
images of each other. The dA configuration is relative to the optical
activity experiment whereas RS
Meso compounds are compounds which satisfy any symmetry
configuration
is absolute configuration which is assigned based on priority
condition will be optically inactive due to internal compensation
of groups according to CIP rules.
of rotation.
Lakshya Educare
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General Organic Chemistry
(a) 4-bromo-3-cyanophenol
(b) 2-bromo-5-hydroxybenzonitrile
(c) 2-cyano-4-hydroxybromobenzene
(d) 6-bromo-3-hydroxybenzonitrile
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(b) benzene chloro ketone
(c) benzene carbonyl chloride
(d) chloro phenyl ketone
5.
C2 is rotated anti-clockwise 120° about C2-C3 bond. The resulting conformer is (2004)
(a) partially eclipsed
(b) eclipsed
(c) gauche
(d) staggered
7. The number of isomers for the compound with molecular formula C2BrClFI is (2001)
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6
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8. Which of the following compounds will exhibit geometrical isomerism? (2000)
(a) 1-phenyl-2-butene
(b) 3-pbenyl-1-butene
(c) 2-phenyl-1-butene
(d) 1, 1-diphenyl-1-propene
9. The optically active tartaric acid is named as D-(+)-tartaric acid because it has a positive
(1999)
(a) optical rotation and is derived from D-glucose
(b) pH in organic solvent
(c) optical rotation and is derived from D-( + )-glyceraldehydes
(d) optical rotation when substituted by deuterium
10. How many optically active stereoisomers are possible for butane-2, 3-diol ? (1997)
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
11. Isomers which can be interconverted through rotation around a single bond are (1992)
(a) conformers
(b) diastereomers
(c) enantiomers
(d) positional isomers
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(d) 9 sigma bonds, 2 pi bonds and 1 lone pair
14. If two compounds have the same empirical formula but different molecular formulae, they
must have (1987)
(a) different percentage composition
(b) different molecular weight
(c) same velocity
(d) same vapour density
15. Which of the following will have least hindered rotation about carbon-carbon bond? (1987)
(a) Ethane
(b) Ethylene
(c) Acetylene
(d) Hexachloroethane
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(a) methanol
(b) diethyl ether
(c) acetone
(d) dimethyl ether
18. The IUPAC name of the compound having the formula is (1984)
(a) 3, 3, 3-trimethyl-1-propene
(b) 1, 1, 1-trimethyl-2-propene
(c) 3, 3-dimethyl-1-butene
(d) 2, 2-dimethyl-3-butene
19. Which of the following compounds will exhibit cis-trans (geometrical) isomerism ? (1983)
(a) 2-butene
(b) 2-butyne
(c) 2-butanol
(d) butanal
20. The compound which is not isomeric with diethyl ether is (1981)
(a) n-propyl methyl ether
(b) butane-1-ol
(c) 2-methyl propane-2-ol
(d) butanone
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(a) 4-methylchlorobenzene
(b) 3-chlorotoluene
(c) 1 -chloro-4-methylbenzene
(d) 1-methyl-4-chlorobenzene
22. The correct combination of names for isomeric alcohols with molecular formula C4H10O
is/are (2011)
(a) tert-butanol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol
(b) tert-butanol and 1, 1-dimethylethan-1-ol
(c) n-butanal and butan-1-ol
(d) iso-butyl alcohol and 2-methylpropan-3-ol
23. Which of the given statement(s) about N, O, P and Q with respect to M is/are correct? (2012)
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24. The correct statement(s) about the compound is/are (2009)
25. The correct statement(s) concerning the structures E, F and G is/are (2008)
26. The correct statement(s) about the compound given below is/are (2008)
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27. Tautomerism is not exhibited by (1998)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
28. Which of the following compounds will show geometrical isomerism? (1998)
(a) Ethene
(b) propene
(c) 1-phenyl propene
(d) 2-methyl-2-butene
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29. Which of the following have asymmetric carbon atom? (1989)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
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(c)
(d)
31. Only two isomeric mono-chloro derivatives are possible for (1986)
(a) n-butane
(b) 2, 4-dimethyl pentane
(c) benzene
(d) 2-methyl propane
32.
Statement I: Molecules that are non-superimposable on their mirror images are chiral.
Statement II: All chiral molecules have chiral centres. (2007)
(a) Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct; Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I
(b) Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct; Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I
(c) Statement I is correct; Statement II is incorrect
(d) Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is correct
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33. The total number of stereoisomers that can exist for M is (2015)
Options:
(a)1
(b)2
(c)3
(d)4
34. The total number(s) of stable conformers with non-zero dipole moment for the following
compound is/are (2014)
Options:
(a)1
(b)2
(c)3
(d)4
35. The total number of cyclic structures as well as stereoisomers possible for a compound with
the molecular formula C5H10 is/are: (2009)
Options:
(a)5
(b)2
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(c)3
(d)7
36. μ obs = μ i x i
Where µi is the dipole moment of stable conformer and xi is the mole fraction of that conformer.
(I) Write stable conformer for Z-CH2-CH2-Z in Newman's projection. (2005)
If µsolution = 1.0 D and mole fraction of anti form = 0.82, find µgauche
(a) 5.57D
(b) 5.85D
(c) 5.94D
(d) 5.55D
39. Identify the pairs of enantiomers and diastereomers from the following (2000)
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(a) I + II = Enantiomers and I + III = Diastereomers
(b) I + II and I + III = Diastereomers
(c) I + II and II + III = Diastereomers, I + III = Enantiomers
(d) I + III = Enantiomers and I + II = Diastereomers
41.
42.
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43.
44.
45.
46.
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47. Which of the following molecules is least resonance stabilized? (2017)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
48. The distillation technique most suited for separating glycerol from spent lye in the soap
industry is
(a) fractional distillation
(b) steam distillation
(c) distillation under reduced pressure
(d) simple distillation
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49. The correct order of acidity for the following compounds is (2016)
50. For the estimation of nitrogen, 1 .4 g of an organic compound was digested by Kjeldahl's
method and the evolved ammonia was absorbed in 60 mL of M/10 sulphuric acid. The unreacted
acid required 20 mL of M/10 sodium hydroxide for complete neutralisation. The percentage of
nitrogen in the compound is (2014)
(a) 6%
(b) 10%
(c) 3%
(d) 5%
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51. A gaseous hydrocarbon gives upon combustion 0.72 g of water and 3.08 g of CO2. The
empirical formula of the hydrocarbon is (2013)
(a) C2H4
(b) C3H4
(c) C6H5
(d) C7H8
53. Arrange the following compounds in the order of decreasing acidity (2013)
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(d) IV > III > I > II
55. In allene (C3H4), the type(s) of hybridisation of the carbon atoms, is (are) (2012)
(a) sp and sp3
(b) sp and sp2
(c) only sp3
(d) sp2 and sp3
57. The correct stability order of the following resonance structure is (2009)
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58. In the following carbocation; H/CH3 that is most likely to migrate to the positively charged
carbon is (2009)
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61. The correct stability order for the following species is (2008)
62. Among the following, the least stable resonance structure is (2007)
(a)
(b)
(c)
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(d)
63. When benzene sulphonic acid and p-nitrophenol are treated -with NaHCO3, the gases
released respectively are (2006)
(a) SO2, NO2
(b) SO2, NO
(c) SO2, CO2
(d) CO2, CO2
64. Which of the following is obtained when 4-methylbenzene sulphonic acid is hydrolysed with
excess of sodium acetate? (2005)
(a)
(b)
(c)
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(d)
65. For 1 -methoxy- 1, 3-butadiene, which of the following resonating structure is least stable?
(2005)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
66.
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67. Among the following, the molecule with the highest dipole moment is (2003)
(a) CH3Cl
(b) CH2Cl2
(c) CH2Cl2
(d) CCl4
68. Which of the following represent the given mode of hybridisation sp2 - sp2 - sp - sp from left
to right? (2003)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
69.
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The product A will be (2003)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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70. Which of the following acids has the smallest dissociation constant? (2002)
(a) CH3CHFCOOH
(b) FCH2CH2COOH
(c) BrCH2CH2COOH
(d) CH3CHBrCOOH
71. Identify the correct order of boiling points of the following compounds:
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH (1)
CH3CH2CH2CHO (2)
CH3CH2CH2COOH (3)
(a) 1 > 2 > 3
(b) 3 > 1 > 2
(c) I > 3 > 2
(d) 3 > 2 > 1
72. Which of the following hydrocarbons has the lowest dipole moment? (2002)
(a) cis-2-butene
(b) 2-butyne
(c) 1 -butyne
(d)
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(a) 2 > 1 > 3 > 4
(b) l > 3 > 2 > 4
(c) 3> 1 > 2 >4
(d) l > 2 > 3 > 4
75. Which of the following, has the most acidic hydrogen? (2000)
(a) 3-hexanone
(b) 2, 4-hexanedione
(c) 2, 5-hexanedione
(d) 2, 3-hexanedione
76. The most unlikely representation of resonance structures of p-nitro phenoxide ion is (1999)
(a)
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(b)
(c)
(d)
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77. Among the following compounds, the strongest acid is (1998)
(a) HC CH
(b) C6H6
(c) C2H6
(d) CH3OH
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80. The hybridisation of carbon atoms in C-C single bond H − C C − CH = CH2 is (1991)
82. The number of sigma and pi-bonds in 1 -butene 3-yne are (1989)
(a) 5 sigma and 5 pi
(b) 7 sigma and 3 pi
(c) 8 sigma and 2 pi
(d) 6 sigma and 4 pi
83. The compound which gives the most stable carbonium ion is (1989)
(a)
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(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
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(d)
85. The bond between carbon atom (1) and carbon atom (2) in compound (1987)
86. Among P, Q, R and S aromatic compounds, how many have the 2 number of pi electron?
(2013)
(a) 1
(b) 2
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(c) 3
(d) 4
87. The hyperconjugative stabilities of tert-butyl cation and 2-butene, respectively, are due to
(2013)
88. Amongst the given options, the compound(s) in which all the atoms are in one plane in all the
possible conformations (if any), is/are (2011)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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X and Y on axis, can respectively be (2010)
(a) H and H
(b) H and C2H5
(c) C2H5 and H
(d) CH3 and CH3
90. The molecules that will have dipole moment are (1992)
(a) 2, 2-dimethyl propane
(b) trans-2-pentene
(c) trans-3-hexene
(d) 2, 2, 3, 3-tetramethyl butane
91. The compound in which C uses its sp3 -hybrid orbitals for bond formation is (2000)
(a) HCOOH
(b) (H2N)2CO
(c) (CH3)3COH
(d)
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(d) ethanol
93. Statement I: p-hydroxybenzoic acid has a lower boiling point than o-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Statement II: o-hydroxybenzoic acid has intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
(a) Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct; Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I
(b) Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct; Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I
(c) Statement I is correct; Statement II is incorrect
(d) Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is correct
95. Match the reactions in Column I with appropriate types of steps/reactive intermediate
involved in these reactions as given in Column II. (2011)
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(a) A → r, s, t; B → p, s; C → r, s; D → q, r
(b) A → r, t; B → p, s; C → r, s; D → q, r
(c) A → r, t; B → p, s; C → r, s; D → q, r, s
(d) A → r, t; B → p; C → r, s; D → q, r
96. Match the reaction in Column I wit appropriate options in Column II. (2010)
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(a) A → r; B → t; C → p, q; D → r
(b) A → r, s; B → t; C → p, q; D → r
(c) A → r, t; B → s; C → p, q; D → r
(d) A → r, s; B → t; C → p, r; D → q
Options:
(a)5
(b)7
(c)3
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(d)8
98. Amongst the following, the total number of compounds soluble in aqueous NaOH is (2010)
Options:
(a)5
(b)7
(c)4
(d)8
99. The kind of delocalisation involving sigma bond orbitals is called? (1994)
(a) Hyperconjugation
(b) Inductive
(c) Electromertic
(d) Mesomeric
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100. The bond dissociation energy needed to form the benzyl radical from toluene is____ than
the formation of the methyl radical from methane. (1994)
(a) more
(b) less
(c) equal
(d) None of the above
101. The structure of the enol form of CH3 – CO – CH2 – CO – CH3 with intermolecular
hydrogen bonding is. (1993)
(a) cyclic
(b) acyclic
(c) polar
(d) None of the above
104. A ___ diol has two hydroxyl groups on ___ carbon atoms. (1985)
(a) geminal, different
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(b) geminal, same
(c) geminal, infinity
(d) None of these
107. The compound having both sp and sp2 -hybridised carbon atoms is (1981)
(a) propane
(b) propene
(c) propadiene
(d) None of these
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109. Among the given cations, ____ is most stable. (1981)
(a) sec-butyl carbonium ion
(b) tert-butyl carbonium ion
(c) n-butyl carbonium ion
(d) None of these
110. Which of the following compounds will be suitable for Kjeldahl’s method for nitrogen estimation?
111.
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113. The correct match between items of List-I and List-II is :
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116. Which of the following compounds will form significant amount of meta product during mono-
nitration reaction? 2017
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
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122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
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127.
128.
129.
130.
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131.
132.
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133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
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138.
139.
140.
141.
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142.
143.
144.
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145.
146.
147.
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148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
153.
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154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
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159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
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164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
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169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
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175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
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180.
181.
182.
183.
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184.
185.
186.
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187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
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192.
193.
194.
195.
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196.
197.
198.
199. 0.10 g of an organic compound containing phosphorus gave 0.222 g of Mg2P2O7. Then the
percentage of phosphorus in it is:
(a) 62
(b) 6.2
(c) 31
(d) 13
200. 0.117 g of an organic compound on heating with conc. HNO3 and silver nitrate in carious furnace
gave 0.42 g of AgCl. Find the percentage of chlorine in the compound-
(a) 52
(b) 64
(c) 89
(d) 18
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Answer key
1 A 11 A 21 C 31 D 41 B
2 B 12 A 22 A 32 C 42 C
3 A 13 B 23 A 33 B 43 A
4 C 14 B 24 D 34 C 44 B
5 C 15 A 25 C 35 D 45 B
6 D 16 B 26 A 36 D 46 A
7 D 17 D 27 B 37 B 47 D
8 A 18 C 28 C 38 B 48 C
9 C 19 A 29 D 39 C 49 A
10 B 20 D 30 B 40 A 50 B
51 D 61 D 71 B 81 A 91 C
52 D 62 A 72 B 82 B 92 A
53 C 63 D 73 B 83 B 93 D
54 C 64 C 74 D 84 D 94 A
55 B 65 C 75 B 85 C 95 A
56 C 66 A 76 B 86 A 96 B
57 B 67 A 77 D 87 A 97 A
58 D 68 A 78 D 88 B 98 C
59 A 69 A 79 A 89 B 99 A
60 B 70 C 80 C 90 B 100 B
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Solutions:
1.
Solution:
2.
Solution:
3.
Solution:
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4.
Solution:
5.
Solution:
6.
Solution:
7.
Solution:
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8.
Solution:
9.
Solution: The ‘D’ term is derived from D-glyceraldehyde.
10.
Solution:
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11.
Solution: Conformers can be interconverted through rotation about C — C bond.
12.
Solution:
13.
Solution:
14.
Solution: Compounds with same empirical formula but different molecular formula have same
percentage composition of elements but different molecular weight.
15.
Solution:
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16.
Solution:
17.
Solution:
18.
Solution:
19.
Solution:
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20.
Solution:
Diethyl ether (C2H5OC2H5 will be isomeric with all 4-carbon saturated alcohols. Butanone
(CH3CH2COCH3) is unsaturated, has two hydrogen less than the diethyl ether.
21.
Solution:
Since, there is no principal functional groups, numbering of disubstituted benzene is done in
alphabetical order as
22.
Solution:
PLAN: This problem is based on structure and nomenclature of organic compound.
Draw structure of each compound and write IUPAC name of the given compound.
Match the molecular formula of given compound with molecular formula of compound given in
choices.
The combination of names for possible isomeric alcohols with molecular formula C4H10O is/are
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23.
Solution:
Converting all of them into Fischer projection.
Since M and N have — OH on same side and opposite side respectively, they cannot be mirror
image, they are diastereomers.
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M and O are identical.
NOTE:
Fischer projection represents eclipse form of Sawhorse projection.
For comparison purpose, similar types of eclipse conformers must be drawn i.e. both vertically
up or both vertically down.
24.
Solution:
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25.
Solution:
E, F and G are not resonance structures because movement of hydrogen between E and F are
involved.
E, F and E, G are tautomers in which E is keto form and both F and G are enol form of the same
E.
F and G are geometrical isomers.
F and G are distereomers as they are stereo isomers but not related by mirror image relationship.
26.
Solution:
The compound is optically active as well as it possesses a two-fold axis of symmetry.
27.
Solution:
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28.
Solution:
29.
Solution:
A carbon bonded to four different atoms or groups is called asymmetric carbon.
30.
Solution:
Carbonyl compounds containing α-H show keto-enol tautomerism.
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31.
Solution:
32.
Solution:
Molecules that are non-superimposable on its mirror image are optically active and known as
chiral molecule. However, for chirality of molecule, presence of chiral centre is not essential, e.g.
33.
Solution:
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34.
Solution:
PLAN: This problem can be solved by using concept of conformational analysis of given
organic compound. To solve the question, draw the stable conformational structures of organic
compound and determine the net resultant dipole moment.
The conformations of the given compound are as follows
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These three have non-zero dipole moment due to non-cancellation of all dipole moment created
by
C—Cl and C—Br bond.
35.
Solution:
36.
Solution:
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37.
Solution:
The less stability of above-mentioned conformer is due to van der Waals’ repulsion between the
adjacent methyl groups
38.
Solution:
39.
Solution:
I and III are mirror images of one another as well as they are non-superimposable while II is a
meso form.
⇒ (I + III) = Enantiomers
I + II and II + III = Diastereomers
40.
Solution:
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Thiols (RSH) are stronger acid than alcohols
Methanol (pKa =15.5) is a stronger acid than H2O (pKa = l5.7), but other alcohols are weaker than
H2O
41.
Solution:
42.
Solution:
Acidity as explained in (a) in CH3SH > CH3OH > H2O > EtOH.
Basicity:
When nucleophilic centre is different ( and and they belong to the same
group, nucleophilicity anti-parallels basicity.
Nucleophilicity:
43.
Solution:
(III) + I effect of two Me groups > (IV) standard (NH3) > (I) EWG (C = 0) group > (II) EWG
two (C = 0) groups.
44.
Solution: Positive charge on sp – hybridized C atom.
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45.
Solution: R2S
46.
Solution: CO
47.
Solution:
Aromatic compounds are stable due to resonance while non-aromatics are not. According to
Huckel' s rule (or 4n + 2 rule), "For a planar, cyclic compound to be aromatic, its cloud must
contain (4n + 2) electrons, where n is any whole number." Thus,
48.
Solution:
Glycerol with high boiling point (290° C) can be separated from spent lye by distillation under
reduced pressure. This process is used to purify liquids having very high boiling points. By this
process, liquid is made to boil at lower temperature than its boiling point by lowering the
pressure on its surface.
49.
Solution:
—OH group displays both kinds of effect;
an electron withdrawing acid-strengthening inductive effect from the meta-position and an
electron-releasing acid weakening resonance effect from the para-position (at this position,
resonance effect overweighs the inductive effect). Thus, III > IV.
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o-hydroxybenzoic acid (II) is far stronger than the corresponding meta and para isomers as the
carboxylate ion is stabilised by intramolecular H-bonding.
2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (I) forms carboxylate ion which is further stabilised by intramolecular
H-bonding, Thus, correct order is
50.
Solution:
THINKING PROCESS: This problem is based on the estimation of percentage of N in organic
compound using Kjeldahl’s method. Use the concept of stoichiometry and follow the steps given
below to solve the problem
(a) Write the balanced chemical reaction for the conversion of N present in organic compound to
ammonia, ammonia to ammonium sulphate and ammonium sulphate to sodium sulphate.
(b) Calculate millimoles (m moles) of N present in organic compound followed by mass of N
present in organic compound using the concept of stoichiometry.
(c) At last, calculate % of N present in organic compound using formula
Mass of N 100
% of N =
Mass of organic compound
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51.
Solution:
52.
Solution:
The order of stability of carbocation will be
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53.
Solution:
Electron releasing group decreases acidic strength while electron withdrawing group increases
acidic strength by destabilising and stabilising the phenoxide ion formed, respectively.
54.
Solution:
55.
Solution:
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Allene is the name given to propdiene, H2C = C = CH2.
Allene
Hybridisation of an atom is determined by determining the number of hybrid orbitals at that atom
which is equal to the number of sigma () bonds plus number of lone pairs at the concerned
atom.
Pi() bonds are not formed by hybrid orbitals, therefore, not counted for hybridisation.
Here, the terminal carbons have only three sigma bonds associated with them, therefore,
hybridisation of terminal carbons is sp2. The central carbon has only two sigma bonds associated,
hence hybridisation at central carbon is sp.
56.
Solution:
A mono-substituted benzoic acid is stronger than a mono-substituted phenol as former being a
carboxylic acid. Among the given substituted benzoic acid, ortho-hydroxy acid is strongest acid
although —OH causes electron donation by resonance effect which tends to decrease acid
strength.
It is due to a very high stabilisation of conjugate base by intramolecular H-bond which outweigh
the electron donating resonance effect of OH.
The overall order of acid-strength of given four acids is ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid (pKa = 2.98)
> Toluic acid pKa = 4.37) > p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pKa = 4.58) > p-nitrophenol (pKa = 7 .15).
57.
Solution:
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I is the most stable because it has more covalent bonds and negative charge on electronegative
nitrogen. III is more stable than II and IV due to greater number of covalent bonds. Between II
and IV, II is more stable since, it has negative charge on electronegative atom and positive
charge on electropositive atom. Hence, overall stability order is
I > III > II > IV
58.
Solution:
H at C2 will migrate giving resonance stabilised carbocation.
59.
Solution:
60.
Solution:
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61.
Solution:
The -electron of C—H bond is delocalised with p-orbitals of -bond.
62.
Solution:
The following structure has like charge on adjacent atoms, therefore, least stable
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63.
Solution:
64.
Solution:
A spontaneous neutralisation will occur between strong acid and strong base as
65.
Solution:
+ −
H2C = CH— C H — C H —O—CH3
Lone pair of oxygen atom is not the part of this mode of delocalisation.
66.
Solution:
Carboxylic acid is stronger acid than ammonium ion, hence —COOH(X) is most acidic. Z
+ +
(N H 3 ) is more acidic than Y (N H 3 ) due to - l effect of —COOH on Z. Hence, overall acid
strength order is
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X>Z>Y
67.
Solution:
CH3Cl has highest resultant dipole moment.
68.
Solution:
69.
Solution:
In general, the order of acid strength is
—C CH < ROH < H20 < PhOH < R—COOH
Therefore, during stepwise neutralisation of given acid, —COOH will be neutralised first.
In the second step, the phenolic —OH, assisted by -I effect of —NO2 at meta position will be
neutralised.
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70.
Solution:
Weakest acid is BrCH2CH2COOH which has smallest dissociation constant due to
• Less electronegative than fluorine and
• Placed after two C atoms from carboxylic group.
71.
Solution:
Butanoic acid forms more exhaustive H-bonds than butanol and butanal do not form
intermolecular H-bonds. Hence, boiling point order will be
3>1>2
72.
Solution:
CH3 − C C − CH 3
symmetric
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73.
Solution:
I is most basic due to formation of resonance stabilised conjugate acid.
Also, among alkyl amines, 2° is more basic than 1° amine. Hence, overall order of basic strength
is
1>3>2>4
74.
Solution:
Lone pair is not taking part in resonance, most basic. In other cases, lone pair of nitrogen is part
of delocalisation which decreases Lewis base strength.
75.
Solution:
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A methyl (—CH2—) with carbonyl group on both side is highly acidic.
76.
Solution:
77.
Solution:
Although alcohols are weaker acid than water, it is stronger than ammonia and terminal alkynes.
78.
Solution:
Nitro group from para position exert electron withdrawing resonance effect, increases acidity of
phenol the most. This is followed by meta nitrophenol in which nitro group exert electron
withdrawing effect on acidity. CH3— is an electron donating group, decreases acid strength.
Hence, the overall order is
IV > III > I > II
79.
Solution:
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80.
Solution:
81.
Solution:
Lone pair is not involved in resonance, most basic. In all other cases, lone pair of nitrogen is
involved in resonance, less basic.
82.
Solution:
83.
Solution:
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84.
Solution:
85.
Solution:
86.
Solution:
PLAN: A species is said to have aromatic character if
(a) ring is planar
(b) there is complete delocalisation of -electrons
(c) Huckel rule i.e. (4n + 2) rule is followed.
Where, n is the number of rings
(4n + 2) = electron delocalised.
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In all cases there is complete delocalisation of -electrons.
87.
Solution:
PLAN: Spreading out charge by the overlap of an empty p-orbital with an adjacent -bond is
called hyperconjugation. This overlap (the hyperconjugation) delocalises the positive charge on
the carbocation, spreading it over a larger volume, and this stabilises the carbocation.
tertiary butyl carbocation has one vacant p-orbital, hence, it is stabilised by -p (empty)
hyperconjugation.
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88.
Solution:
In compound (b), all the atoms are present in one single plane
89.
Solution:
90.
Solution:
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91.
Solution:
92.
Solution:
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Phenol is less acidic than a carboxylic acid (acetic acid).
On the other hand, methoxy group from para position, donate electrons by resonance effect,
decreases acid strength of phenol. Also, ethanol is weaker acid than phenol due to resonance
stabilisation in phenoxide ion.
Hence,
Ethanol < Glyoxal< p-methoxyphenol < phenol < acetic acid
————increasing acid strength—————→
93.
Solution:
Statement I is incorrect; Statement II is correct, intramolecular H-bonding in ortho-hydroxy
benzoic acid lowers the boiling point.
94.
Solution:
Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct; Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
Intramolecular H-bonding discourage release of H+ to some extent, hence weaker acid than its
para isomer.
95.
Solution:
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96.
Solution:
This is the example of electrophilic substitution at para position of phenol, giving a coupling
product.
97.
Solution:
These are total 6α-H to sp carbon and they all can participate in hyperconjugation.
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Total 5 contributing structures showing
hyperconjugation.
98.
Solution:
Aromatic alcohols and carboxylic acids forms salt with NaOH, will dissolve in aqueous NaOH:
99.
Solution: Hyperconjugation
100.
Solution: Less
101.
Solution: Cyclic
102.
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Solution: butanedioic acid
103.
Solution: triangular planar
104.
Solution: geminal, same
105.
Solution: sp3
106.
Solution: cyclopropane
107.
Solution: propane
108.
Solution: aniline
109.
Solution: tert-butyl carbonium ion
110.
Solution:
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111.
112.
Solution: Here the aniline is the least reactive due to formation of anilinium ion in acidic medium.
113.
Solution:
114.
Solution:
115.
Solution:
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116.
Solution:
117.
Solution:
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118.
Solution:
119.
Solution:
120.
Solution:
121.
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Solution:
122.
Solution:
123.
Solution:
124.
Solution:
125.
Solution:
126.
Solution:
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127.
Solution:
128.
Solution:
129.
Solution:
130.
Solution:
131.
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Solution:
132.
Solution:
133.
Solution:
134.
Solution:
135.
Solution:
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136.
Solution:
137.
Solution:
138.
139.
140.
Solution:
141.
Solution:
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142.
Solution:
143.
144.
Solution:
145.
Solution:
146.
Solution:
147.
Solution:
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148.
Solution:
149.
Solution:
150.
Solution:
151.
Solution:
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152.
Solution:
153.
Solution:
154.
155.
Solution:
156.
Solution:
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157.
158.
Solution: Under reduced pressure it can start boiling before its boiling point.
159.
Solution:
160.
161.
Solution:
162.
Solution:
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163.
Solution:
164.
165.
Solution:
166.
Solution:
167.
Solution:
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168.
Solution:
169.
Solution:
170.
Solution:
171.
Solution:
172.
173.
Solution:
174.
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Solution:
175.
176.
Solution:
177.
Solution:
178.
Solution:
179.
Solution:
180.
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181.
Solution:
182.
Solution:
183.
Solution:
184.
Solution:
185.
Solution:
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186.
Solution:
187.
Solution: Carbanion
188.
Solution:
189.
Solution:
190.
Solution:
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191.
Solution:
192.
Solution: carbonium ion formed in the above reaction is not resonance stabilised.
193.
Solution:
194.
Solution:
195.
Solution: Dehydrohalogenation
196.
Solution:
197.
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198.
Solution:
199.
Solution:
200.
Solution:
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