5.

FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.1 Definition of Sedimentation:
Filtration is a solid –liquid separation process in which the
liquid passes through a porous medium to remove as
much fine suspended solids as possible

5.2 Locations of filtration tanks in water treatment:

Filtration tanks are used in all types of water treatment
plants except for disinfection treatment plants. See
Figures 5.1 through 5.4 illustrating the location of filtration
tanks.

2
 River
River
Water

Screen

PreͲSedimentation
Sedimentation
Coagulation Flocculation

Filtration Disinfection Storage Distribution

Figure5.1:FiltrationTreatmentPlant (River
Water)

3
 Screen

Surface
water
S di
Sedimentation
t ti
Coagulation Flocculation

Filtration Disinfection Storage Distribution

Figure5.2:FiltrationTreatmentPlant

4
Ground
Water
RapidMixing Flocculation Sedimentation Recarbonation

Filtration Disinfection Storage Distribution

Figure5.3:SofteningTreatmentPlantSinglestage
softening

5
Ground
Water Aeration Filtration
well

Storage Distribution
Disinfection

Figure5.4:AerationTreatmentPlant
( iron and manganese removalplant)
(ironandmanganese removal plant)

6
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5 3 Need for filtration:
5.3

‰ Settlingisnotsufficienttoremoveallparticlesand
flocsfromwater.
‰ FiltrationNeededforfineparticlesnotremovedby
sedimentation.
di t ti
‰FilterscanalsocaptureGiardia cysts, viruses,and
asbestos fibers
asbestosfibers
‰Typicaloverflowqualitiesfromsedimentationtanks
rangefrom1to10NTU.
‰Filtration,usuallyrapidsandfiltration,isthen
employedforfurther“polishing”,i.e.togetthe
turbidity to lower than 0 5 NTU (as required by
turbiditytolowerthan0.5NTU(asrequiredby
legislation).
‰Rapid sand filtration after prior sedimentation is the
‰Rapidsandfiltrationafterpriorsedimentationisthe
mostcommonconfigurationworldwide
7
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

5.4 Types of filters used in water treatment:

Granular material filters are the most used types of filters
in water treatment. Usuallyy sand, anthracite, and Garnet.
There are three types of granular filters:
1. Single –medium filters :
one type of media is used: either sand or anthracite

2. DualͲmedia filters: two types of media is used usually sand

and anthracite
3. Multimedia filters: three types of media are used usually
sand , anthracite , and Garnet
Most famous filters in water treatment are Rapid Sand Filters.

8
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.5 Geometryy and components
p of Rapid
p Sand Filter:

‰ Rapid sand filters are always rectangular tanks.

‰ Figures 5.5 to 5.10 show typical Rapid sand filters used in

water treatment.
‰ Main components of Rapid sand filter are:
1. A concrete tank
2. Filter media
3 Under drain system
3.
4. Backwash system: pressurized water and air lines

9
Figure5.5:Rapidsandfiltercomponents

10
Figure5.6a:
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:
p p withgraveland
g
perforatedpipesunderdrainsystem
11
Figure5.6b:
Fi 5 6b
Rapidsandfiltercomponents: withgraveland
perforatedpipesunderdrainsystem 12
Figure5.7:
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:
p p withgraveland
g
perforatedpipesunderdrainsystem
13
Figure5.8:
Fi 58
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:withductsunderͲ drainsystem 14
Figure5.9:
Rapidsandfiltercomponents:withnozzleunderͲ drainsystem
15
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

Figure5.10:
Figure 5.10 :
Rapidsandfilterperforated
slabandnozzleunderͲdrain
system

16
 5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

Figure5.11:
Nozzle used in Rapid sand filter
NozzleusedinRapidsandfilter
underͲdrainsystem

17
 5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

5.6 Operation of Rapid Sand Filter:

There are two modes of operation of Rapid sand filter

‰ Filtration mode ( see Figure 5.12 )

‰ Backwashing mode ( see Figure 5.13 )

18
 5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

5 7 Filtration mode:
5.7Filtrationmode:

• Waterflowsdownwardthroughabed
ofsandandgravel
Particles are captured on and between
• Particlesarecapturedonandbetween
sandgrains
• Filteredwateriscollectedintheunder
drain, sent to disinfection
drain,senttodisinfection

19
 5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

5 8 Backwash mode:
5.8Backwashmode:

Sand is backwashed when

• Sandisbackwashedwhen
– Itbecomesclogged,or
– Turbidityoffilteredwatergetstoohigh
Duringbackwash,waterispumped
• During backwash, water is pumped
upwardsthroughthesandbed

20
 5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

• Sandbecomes“fluidized”,andparticles
areflushedfromthesand
• Dirtybackwashwaterispumpedintoa
settling pond and either
settlingpond,andeither
– Recycledbackintoplant,or
Di d
– Disposed
• Backwashingcanconsume1%to5%ofa
plant’sproduction

21
Figure5.12:Rapidsandfilterduring 22
filtration
Figure5.13:Rapidsandfilterduringbackwashing
23
 5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.9Filtermediaproperties

Figure5.14:filtermediagraindistribution
24
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

h fl d d h d h l
ͲThesefiltersusesandandcrushedanthracitecoalona
gradedgravelbase.

ͲMedialayersarearrangedinacoursetofinegradationinthe
directionofflow,whichallowsgreaterdepthofpenetrationof
p
floc particles.

ͲMultimediafiltersareselectedwithspecificgravitiessothat
moderate intermixing between media layers occurs during
moderateintermixingbetweenmedialayersoccursduring
backwashing.

25
 5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
5.10Filtermediaproperties
Thefiltermediaischaracterizedbytwomain
parameters: the effective size and the uniformity
parameters:theeffectivesizeandtheuniformity
coefficient.
Effectivesizeofthefiltermedia
Theeffectivesizeofthemediaisthediameter
Th ff ti i f th di i th di t
that10%ofthefiltermediaislessthanitsizeand
isdenotedasd10.
Uniformitycoefficientofthefiltermedia
d 60
U
d10
U=Uniformitycoefficient
d60 =sievesizethatpasses60%byweight
d10 =sievesizethatpasses10%byweight
Ͳ d60 andd10 arefoundbysieveanalysisofthe
mediatobeusedinthefilter.
ͲAnotherimportantsievesizeisd90 thatisused
tocalculatethebackwashrate. 26
 5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

Figure5.15:
27
Rapidsandmedialayers
Figure5.16:
Rapidsand
media layers
medialayers

28
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Table 5.1
Table5.1

29
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Table 5 2
Table5.2

30
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment
Table 5.3
Table5.3

31
 5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

Figure5.17:
Headlossandeffluentturbidityincreasewithtimeduringfiltration
y g

32
5.FiltrationinwaterTreatment

Figure5.14:Headlossinrapidsand
filter during filtration cycle
filterduringfiltrationcycle

33
Figure5.14:Headlossinrapidsandfilter
g p
34
 Headlossinacleanfilter

Carmen–Kozeny equation:

2
h kP (1  H ) 2 §V ·
¨ ¸ v
L g UH 3 © A¹

V 6 Q
v
A I d As
Where,
k=dimensionlesscoefficient,5forsand,6foranthracite;
v filtration rate m3/m2.d,orfiltrationvelocitym/d.
v=filtrationratem d or filtration velocity m/d
A=thegrainsurfacearea;
As=surfaceareaofthesandfilter;
V= the grain volume;
V=thegrainvolume;
ɸ=filterporosity;around0.40forsandfilter
ˇ=shapefactor;1forsphericalparticles,0.70forsand;
µ=dynamic viscosity; N s/m2
µ=dynamicviscosity;N.s/m
ʌ=waterdensity;kg/m3
h=headlossincleanfilter,m 35
 Example5.1:

Adualmediafilteriscomposedof0.30manthracite(meanparticlesize
0.20mm)thatisplacedovera0.60mlayerofsand(meanparticlesize0.70mm)
withafiltrationrateof9.78m/h.Assumethegrainsphericity̴
/ =0.75and
porosity(ɸ)=0.40forboth.Estimatetheheadlossinthecleanfilterat150C.

A H dl
A.Headlossintheanthracitelayer:
i th th it l
2
0.00113 * (1  0.40) 2 § 6 ·
h 0.30 * 6 * 3 ¨ ¸ * 0.00272 0.0508m
9.81*1000 * 0.40 © 0.75 * 0.002 ¹
B.Headlossinthesandlayer:
2
0.00113* (1  0.40) 2 § 6 ·
h 0.60 * 5 * 3 ¨ ¸ * 0.00272 0.6918 m
9.81*1000* 0.40 © 0.75* 0.007 ¹
B.Headlossinthesandlayer:
y

htotal 0.0508  0.6918 0.743 m

36
 Headlossduringfiltration
(None clean filter)
(Nonecleanfilter)

hl t
v a  bV filterd
Where,
Where
v=filtrationratem3/m2.d,orfiltrationvelocitym/d.
a,b=coefficientsdependingonthefiltermediaproperties;
Vfiltered filtered volume per unit area of filter since last backwash; m3/m2
filt d =filteredvolumeperunitareaoffiltersincelastbackwash;m
(hl)t =headlossatanytime(t),m

37
 Example5.2:
Afilterhasaheadlossof0.30mwhenclean(newlywashed),and1.30mafter
24hrsoffiltrationatarateof1.5L/s.m2 .Estimatetheheadlossboth
immediatelyafterbackwashand10hrslater,ifthefiltrationrateischangedto2
L/s.m2 .
A.Estimatethevaluesofaandb:
1.5
0.30 a  b*0
1000
1.5 § 1.5 ·
1.30 ¨ a  b * * 24 * 3600 ¸
1000 © 1000 ¹
Bysolvingthe2equationssimultaneously,a=200,b=5.14

B.Calculateheadlossforthenewflowrate:
2
H0 200  b * 0 0.40 m
1000
2 § 2 ·
H 10 ¨ 200  5.14 * * 10 * 3600 ¸ 1.88 m
1000 © 1000 ¹
38
FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations

39
FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations

40
FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations

41
 Calculationsoffilterbackwashrate

Thebackwashflowrateiscalculatedusingthefollowingequations:

P 0. 5 33.7 P
vb 1135.69  0.0408G n 
Ud 90 Ud 90
d 903 U Us  U g
Gn
P2

vb design
1.3vb
Where,
b k h t
vb =backwashratem 3/m
/ 2.d,
d
d90 = sievesizethatpasses90%byweight
µ=dynamicviscosity;N.s/m2
water density; kg/m3
ʌ = waterdensity;kg/m
ʌs = filterparticlesdensity;kg/m3
Gn =Galileonumber,dimensionless
g = gravitationalacceleration,m/s
g= gravitational acceleration m/s2

42
 Calculationsoffilterexpansion

Theexpansionduringbackwashiscalculatedusingthefollowing
equations:
q
0.22
§ 1 H · § vb design ·
Le L¨¨ ¸¸ He ¨ ¸
©1 H e ¹ ¨ v ¸
© s ¹

Where,
L= beddepthduringfiltration,m
= expanded bed depth m
Le =expandedbeddepth,m
ɸe =expandedbedporosity,dimensionless
ɸ=bedporosityduringfiltration,dimensionless
= settling velocity of the filter particles m/s
vs=settlingvelocityofthefilterparticles,m/s

43
 Calculationsofheadlossduringfilterbackwash

Headlossduringbackwashingiscalculatedusingthefollowing
equation:
q

Le 1  H e U s  U
h
U

Where,
Le =expandedbeddepth,m
ɸe =expandedbedporosity,dimensionless
d k / 3
ʌ =waterdensity;kg/m
ʌs =filterparticlesdensity;kg/m3

44
BackwashhydraulicsCalculations

45
BackwashhydraulicsCalculations

46
BackwashhydraulicsCalculations

47
BackwashhydraulicsCalculations

48
FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations

49
FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations

50
FiltrationhydraulicsCalculations

51