BUILDING UTILITIES 2

MODULE – MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, HVAC, ACCU, ELEVATOR AND

ESCALATOR
 Heating,
WHAT IS HVAC? Ventilation,
Air Conditioning.

- the different systems used for moving air between indoor and outdoor areas, along with
heating and cooling both residential and commercial buildings. They are the systems that
keep you warm and cozy in the winter and feeling cool and fresh in the summer. They
also are the systems that filter and clean indoor air to keep you healthy and maintain
humidity levels at optimal comfort levels.
DUCTS AND FITTINGS
A common method of conveying conditioned air is through
tubes of sheet aluminum or steel that have square,
rectangular, round, or oval sections and which are connected
with several kinds of joints
Ducts whose diameters or short-side dimensions are 6 in.
or less are usually made in multiples of 1 in, while larger
ducts are made in multiples of 2 in.
Ordinary work consists of slip-in ducts with screwed
fittings, good work has machine-formed bolted ducts with
cleaned and degreased interior surface, and best work
has flanged and gasketed connections.
A special high-speed variable-air-volume (VAV) duct
known as rigid spiral tubing has machine formed round or
oval lengths with spiral-lock seams and welded joints.
The most frequently used material for air ducting is hot-dip
galvanized sheet steel, the familiar metal with a spangle
finish. Its zinc coating is classified from G01 to G360, the
G indicating galvanized and the number indicating the
amount of zinc per sf of sheet. Thus the bigger the
number the thicker the galvanizing.
Common grades are G60 for dry indoor ducts
and G90 for wet indoor installations or outdoor exposures.
DUCTS AND FITTINGS
Elbows.
Generally the higher the air velocity through the elbow,
the larger should be its radius. Long-radius elbows
should be used wherever possible. Square vaned
elbows are generally used where limited space
prevents the use of round elbows.
Stratification
A serious airflow problem in ducting is stratification. This is
the forming of different horizontal or vertical layers of
temperature, humidity, or other air property in the airflow
within a section area of ducting.
This causes airflow properties to be other than their
computed or expected value; which can lead to
discomforting air delivery, excessive cycling and
breakdown of subcomponents, and wasted energy.
Stratification typically occurs where two different kinds of
air —e.g. supply and return air— are mixed. The best way
to eliminate it is to introduce a little turbulence into
the airflow immediately downstream of the mixing area,
usually by introducing vanes or other minor obstructions
into the airflow.
Ducting requires many kinds of fittings that connect them
at intersections and obstructions, where runs are not
straight, and where controls are installed.
DUCTS AND FITTINGS

Mixing Boxes. These are used for mixing proper

Tees. These may be round or rectangular, one’s stem may
proportions of hot and cold air to create the desired
form an angle of 45 to 90˚ with its top, and the three
temperature in a space. They usually contain a
intersecting ducts may have different sizes. Round tees
thermostatically operated movable damper and vanes
rarely have redirecting vanes in them, and 90˚tees are
to redirect the airstream in a confined volume.
usually installed only where air velocities are low.
Takeoffs. Also known as splitter dampers, these duct
intersections contain a thermostat-controlled damper
that divides the air for two spaces with different heating
and cooling loads.
DUCTS AND FITTINGS

Easements.
Flexible Ducts. These are usually 3 or 4 in. diameter flexible
conduits that carry small amounts of incoming air from the
These are installed inside a duct to streamline any
end of branch ducts to registers in small spaces. Since
hangers, circular obstructions more than 4 in. diameter,
friction loss is higher than in round ducts, they are best
stays, or other shapes more than 3 in. wide. If the
used only for short runs. They may be used in high velocity
easement exceeds 20 percent of the duct
as well as low-velocity systems.
area, the duct openings on each side should be designed
separately
DUCTS AND FITTINGS

Transformations. These are used to change the shape of a Exhaust Vents. When stale or foul air is removed from a
duct that passes obstructions or to increase or decrease a building, it usually exits through one or more exhaust
duct area. They may be round, rectangular, or round-to- vents on the roof or high on an exterior wall.
rectangular.
DUCTS AND FITTINGS

Exhaust vent problem has to do with HVAC return air vents

on the top of large buildings. Such openings often handle
great volumes of air which is best ejected straight upward;
but then rain could easily enter the ducting.

This problem is solved as sketched in Fig. 3-11: mount a

slightly larger-diameter vertical duct sleeve above the
vertically oriented return air vent so the rain striking its
inside surfaces flows outside the circumference of the
return air vent. This technique utilizes the fact that rain
rarely falls straight downward. Still, the sleeve’s length
should be at least 4 times its diameter, and the lower part
of the return air vent should have a 45˚ elbow in which the
airflow enters from the side and any rain that enters the
vent drains out the bottom.
DUCTS AND FITTINGS

Also known as grilles, supply and return air registers

for heating and cooling systems should be as far apart
as possible in each space (ideally in opposite walls,
opposite corners, with one near the ceiling and one
near the floor); and grilles should be located where
occupants or furnishings will not block them.

Supply grilles should direct incoming air across wall

and floor surfaces without creating drafts, and their
vanes should spread the air evenly into the space.
A register’s total outer dimension is usually
1™ in. longer and wider than its duct.

An important property of a register is its throw. This is a

function of its vane configuration and the velocity of
airflow in the duct behind it.
DUCTS AND FITTINGS

In air-media climate control systems, fans are what move the

airflow. They may be axial or centrifugal, as described below.
Both may move supply or exhaust air, and their motor drives
may be direct or by belt or chain.

Axial fans In these units the airstream moves parallel to the

axis of fan rotation. Axial fans are economical and take up
little extra space, but the duct that contains them is usually
larger and they are less efficient because part the airflow is
deflected outward. They are preferred for low pressure
conducted airflow, and because they are relatively noisy they
areoften used in recreational and industrial settings.

Centrifugal fans. In these units the exiting airstream moves

perpendicular to the axis of fan rotation. Centrifugal fans can
operate at low speeds, can be adjusted more accurately for
specific airflow requirements, and are more efficient where air
volumes are large and under high pressure.
They are better where the fan is installed inside ducting, the
ducting changes direction, inflow/outflow duct diameters are
different, hooded exhausts are installed, and quiet operation
is a priority. But centrifugal fans require more space, are
harder to clean, and are more expensive.
DUCTS AND FITTINGS

In air-media climate control systems, fans are what move the

airflow. They may be axial or centrifugal, as described below.
Both may move supply or exhaust air, and their motor drives
may be direct or by belt or chain.

Axial fans In these units the airstream moves parallel to the

axis of fan rotation. Axial fans are economical and take up
little extra space, but the duct that contains them is usually
larger and they are less efficient because part the airflow is
deflected outward. They are preferred for low pressure
conducted airflow, and because they are relatively noisy they
areoften used in recreational and industrial settings.

Centrifugal fans. In these units the exiting airstream moves

perpendicular to the axis of fan rotation. Centrifugal fans can
operate at low speeds, can be adjusted more accurately for
specific airflow requirements, and are more efficient where air
volumes are large and under high pressure.
They are better where the fan is installed inside ducting, the
ducting changes direction, inflow/outflow duct diameters are
different, hooded exhausts are installed, and quiet operation
is a priority. But centrifugal fans require more space, are
harder to clean, and are more expensive.
CLIMATE CONTROL SYSTEMS

TYPPES OF SYSTEM:

1. ELECTRIC HEATING
2. RADIANT FLOOR HEATING
3. RADIANT CEILINGHEATING
4. ELECTRIC HEATING AND COOLING
5. HOT WATER HEATING
6. STEAM HEATING
7. AIR HEATING
8. AIR COOLING
9. AIR HEATING AND COOLING
10. AIR-WATER HEATING AND COOLING
11. HEAT PUMP
12. HUMIDIFICATION
13. DEHUMIDIFICATION
 FIRE DETECTION
WHAT IS FDAS? &
ALARM SYSTEM.

•Standalone Non-Addressable
•Standalone Addressable
•Networkable Addressable
 FIRE PROTECTION
• The design of building’s fire protection needs to consider
how everything can be saved - first the occupants, then its
contents – including the building itself.
• The design also needs to ensure immediate resumption
and continuity of operations in other functioning areas of
the building after a “FIRE OUT” is declared.
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
▪Thermal
Flame and heat−Visible and tactile elements of fire that
can cause burn, shock, dehydration, heat exhaustion and
fluid blockage of the respiratory tract
▪Non-thermal
Smoke including gases−Can be usually seen or
smelled−Made up of droplets of flammable tars and small
particles of carbon suspended in the air−Gases are
extremely dangerous because they displace oxygen
FIRE ISSUES
Products of combustion – CO, CO2,other
gases
• Lack of oxygen
Rapid deterioration of human capabilities- Muscle
control-Thinking, consciousness, etc.
• Poor visibility
• Spread of smoke, heat thru vertical shafts
and HVAC systems’ air ducts
Elevators
Escalators
Atriums
• Lack or absence of windows in abuilding
prevent entry of firefighters.
• High-rise building types complicate
firefighting and rescue operations
Ordinarily, maximum reach of firefighting equipment is no
higher than 7floorsoTypically, only 2 fire exit stairways are provided
• Materials for building interior finishes can
spread fire, give off smoke
plastic and synthetics are a source of toxic gas and smoke
 INCIPIENT STAGE

▪The combustion products comprise a significant quantity of

non-thermal microscopic particles suspended in the air.
▪No visible flame, smoke or appreciable heat.
▪Characterized by particles, although small, are visible to the
naked eye as smoke.
▪Flame or appreciable heat still not present.

FLAME STAGE

▪The appearance of flame is followed almost instantaneously

by heat buildup and the rapid spread of flame, with an attendant
large increase in hazard.
▪Detection of flame is no longer “early warning”, as rapid
combustion produces radiant energy in the visible (infrared)and
invisible (ultraviolet)spectrums.

HEAT STAGE

The last and the most hazardous because, by this time, the fire
is burning openly and producing great heat, incandescent air
and smoke.
FIRE PROTECTION

The most common residential alarm initiating device

If properly designed and functioning normally. the
is the temperature detector, sometimes called a
system should provide sufficient time for the
thermostat.
evacuation of the residents and then for appropriate
countermeasures to be initiated.
These detectors are of two types; the fixed
The elements of the system are the various alarm-
temperature unit and the rate-of-rise unit.
initiating device, the wiring and control panel , and the
audible alarm devices. Systems utilizing automatic
The former operates a set of contacts when a
sensing equipment are ref erred t o as automatic fire
present (nonadjustable) temperature is reached.
alarm systems. Even if manual signal units are also
The latter operates when the rate of ambient
used.
temperature changes exceeds a predetermined
amount, indicative of an incipient fire.

The rate-of-rise unit is normally combined with a

fixed temperature unit in a single housing.
The fixed temperature unit is available in a one time
nonrenewable design that utilizes a tow melting
point alloy plug and an automatic resetting unit of
design ·similar to a thermostat. For most
applications. The resettable unit is preferred.
FIRE PROTECTION

Rate-of -rise unit comprises an air chamber wit h

restricted bleed valve. Rapid temperature rise unit
comprises an air chamber with restricted bleed valve.
Rapid temperature rise causes expansion of bellows
before loss of air by bleeding and consequent alarm.
Unit is combined with bimetallic fixed temperature unit.
FIRE PROTECTION

Audible Alarm Devices

The audible devices comprises conventional belts,

gongs, buzzers, and horns, some of which are
illustrated below. Most commonly used is the a-c
vibrating bell, since gongs are normally only used in
coded non-residential systems. A weatherproof
external bell, to alert neighbors and passersby, is also
desirable..
FIRE PROTECTION

Control Unit

The function of the central panel is to energize the

audible devices (bells, buzzer, and gongs) upon receipt
of a signal from the detector, which will continue to
sound until the emergency condition is cleared or until
they are manually silenced at the control panel.

Other functions that the panel may be designed to

serve are shut-off of oil and gas lines, shut -off of attic
fan to prevent fire spread, and turnout of lights, both
inside and outside. In order to assure system operation
even in the event of a power interruption, most
systems are provided with a standby battery.
SPRINKLER

Various circuit arrangements are possible by use of Commercial grade surface-mount

water f low switches that are placed temperature detector of the self resetting
in sprinkler pipelines and operate when a sprinkler variety.
head goes off This unit will alarm at a preset fixed

temperature of 135 ° or
Typical water flow indicator. The unit bolts onto a 200 °F. This is .1 5 m or 6 in. high
sprinkler pipe with the paddle inside the pipe. Any water overall, mounts on a standard 4-in.
motion deflects the paddle, causing a signal to be (.10 m) box, and is equipped with indicating
transmitted from the microswitch mounted in the box on light.
top of the pipe.
In electrical terms, a water flow
switch is a set of contacts, similar to
a temperature detector. It can be
used to t rip a coded transmitter,
setting off a sprinkler code to show
up on a sprinkler annunciator board
called a sprinkler alarm panel, or to
act as a zone in a noncoded system.
Wiring of water flow switches is the
same as for stations