World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016
5HF\FOHG&HOOXORVLF)LEHUVDQG/LJQRFHOOXORVLF
$JJUHJDWHVIRU6XVWDLQDEOH%XLOGLQJ0DWHULDOV
16WHYXORYD,6FKZDU]RYD9+RVSRGDURYD--XQDN-%ULDQFLQ

Abstract²6XVWDLQDELOLW\ LV EHFRPLQJ D SULRULW\ IRU GHYHORSHUV
DQG WKH XVH RI HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ IULHQGO\ PDWHULDOV LV LQFUHDVLQJ
1RZDGD\V WKHDSSOLFDWLRQ RI UDZ PDWHULDOV IURP UHQHZDEOH VRXUFHV
WREXLOGLQJPDWHULDOVKDVJDLQHGDVLJQLILFDQWLQWHUHVWLQWKLVUHVHDUFK
DUHD /LJQRFHOOXORVLF DJJUHJDWHV DQG FHOOXORVLF ILEHUV DUH FRPLQJ
IURP PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW VRXUFHV VXFK DV ZRRG SODQWV DQG ZDVWH 7KH\
DUH SURPLVLQJ DOWHUQDWLYH PDWHULDOV WR UHSODFH V\QWKHWLF JODVV DQG
DVEHVWRV ILEHUV DV UHLQIRUFHPHQW LQ LQRUJDQLF PDWUL[ RI FRPSRVLWHV
1DWXUDOILEHUVDUHUHQHZDEOHUHVRXUFHVVRWKHLUFRVWLVUHODWLYHO\ORZ
Open Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004634
LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR V\QWKHWLF ILEHUV :LWK WKH FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI
HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQVFLRXVQHVV QDWXUDO ILEHUV DUH ELRGHJUDGDEOH VR
WKHLU XVLQJ FDQ UHGXFH &2 HPLVVLRQV LQ WKH EXLOGLQJ PDWHULDOV
SURGXFWLRQ7KHXVHRIFHOOXORVLFILEHUVLQFHPHQWLWLRXVPDWULFHVKDYH
JDLQHGLPSRUWDQFHEHFDXVHWKH\PDNHWKHFRPSRVLWHVOLJKWHUDWKLJK
ILEHU FRQWHQW WKH\ KDYH FRPSDUDEOH FRVW  SHUIRUPDQFH UDWLRV WR
VLPLODU EXLOGLQJ PDWHULDOV DQG WKH\ FRXOG EH SURFHVVHG IURP ZDVWH
SDSHU WKXV H[SDQGLQJ WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU ZDVWH XWLOL]DWLRQ LQ
FHPHQWLWLRXVPDWHULDOV7KHPDLQREMHFWLYHRIWKLVZRUNLVWRILQGRXW
WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI XVLQJ GLIIHUHQW ZDVWHV KHPS KXUGV DV ZDVWH RI
KHPSVWHPSURFHVVLQJDQGUHF\FOHGILEHUVREWDLQHGIURPZDVWHSDSHU
IRU PDNLQJ FHPHQW FRPSRVLWH SURGXFWV VXFK DV PRUWDUV EDVHG RQ
FHOOXORVHILEHUV7KLVPDWHULDOZDVPDGHRIFHPHQWPRUWDUFRQWDLQLQJ
RUJDQLF ILOOHU EDVHG RQ KHPS KXUGV DQG UHF\FOHG ZDVWH SDSHU ,Q
DGGLWLRQ WKH HIIHFWV RI ILEHUV DQG WKHLU FRQWHQWV RQ VRPH VHOHFWHG
SK\VLFDO DQG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI WKH ILEHUFHPHQW SODVWHU
FRPSRVLWHVKDYHEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHG,QWKLVUHVHDUFKRUJDQLFPDWHULDO
KDYH XVHG WR PRUWDUV DV   DQG  UHSODFHPHQW RI FHPHQW
ZHLJKW 5HIHUHQFH VDPSOH LV PDGH IRU FRPSDULVRQ RI SK\VLFDO DQG
PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI FHPHQW FRPSRVLWHV EDVHG RQ UHF\FOHG
FHOOXORVLF ILEHUV DQG OLJQRFHOOXORVLF DJJUHJDWHV 7KH SUHSDUHG
VSHFLPHQVZHUHWHVWHGDIWHUGD\VRIFXULQJLQRUGHUWRLQYHVWLJDWH
GHQVLW\ FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK DQG ZDWHU DEVRUEDELOLW\ 6FDQQLQJ
(OHFWURQ0LFURVFRS\H[DPLQDWLRQZDVDOVRFDUULHGRXW

Keywords²+HPS KXUGV RUJDQLF ILOOHU UHF\FOHG SDSHU
VXVWDLQDEOHEXLOGLQJPDWHULDOV
, ,1752'8&7,21
7 +( FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ LV RQH RI WKH PDMRU DQG PRVW
DFWLYH VHFWRUV LQ (XURSH ,W UHSUHVHQWV  DQG  RI
HPSOR\PHQW UHVSHFWLYHO\ RI WKH LQGXVWU\ DQG RI DOO WKH
(XURSHDQ HFRQRP\ 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ WKLV LQGXVWU\ LV DOVR
 SUHIDEULFDWHG FRPSRQHQWV LQ JHQHUDO >@ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU
16WHYXORYDLVZLWKWKH,QVWLWXWHRI(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ)DFXOW\RI
&LYLO (QJLQHHULQJ 7HFKQLFDO XQLYHUVLW\ RI .RVLFH 9\VRNRVNROVND  
.RVLFH 6ORYDN 5HSXEOLF SKRQH  HPDLO
QDGH]GDVWHYXORYD#WXNHVN 
, 6FKZDU]RYD 9 +RVSRGDURYD DQG - -XQDN DUH ZLWK WKH ,QVWLWXWH RI
(QYLURQPHQWDO (QJLQHHULQJ )DFXOW\ RI &LYLO (QJLQHHULQJ 7HFKQLFDO
XQLYHUVLW\ RI .RVLFH 9\VRNRVNROVND   .RVLFH 6ORYDN 5HSXEOLF
SKRQHHPDLOLYDQDVFKZDU]RYD#WXNHVN 
- %ULDQFLQ LV ZLWK WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI PHFKDQRFKHPLVWU\ ,QVWLWXWH RI
*HRWHFKQLFV :DWVRQRYD   .RVLFH 6ORYDN 5HSXEOLF SKRQH 
HPDLOEULDQFLQ#VDVNHVN 
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016
UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH GHSOHWLRQ RI ODUJH DPRXQWV RI QRQ
UHQHZDEOH UHVRXUFHV DQG IRU  RI FDUERQ GLR[LGH JDV
HPLVVLRQV >@ 7KH XVH RI UHQHZDEOH UHVRXUFHV E\ WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ ZLOO KHOS WR DFKLHYH D PRUH VXVWDLQDEOH
FRQVXPSWLRQ SDWWHUQ RI EXLOGLQJ PDWHULDOV DV ZHOO DV XVLQJ
SODQQLQJWRROVIRUVXVWDLQDELOLW\>@>@
,QWKHODVWIHZ\HDUVDQLQFUHDVHLQLQWHUHVWKDVEHHQJLYHQ
WR WKH XVH RI FHOOXORVH ILEHUV DQG OLJQRFHOOXORVLF ELRPDVV DV
DOWHUQDWLYHV IRU FRQYHQWLRQDO UHLQIRUFHPHQWV LQ FRPSRVLWH
PDWHULDOV IRU VXVWDLQDEOH EXLOGLQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQ >@ 7KH
GHYHORSPHQWRIFRPPHUFLDOO\YLDEOHHQYLURQPHQWDOO\IULHQGO\
DQGKHDOWK\PDWHULDOVEDVHGRQQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVLVRQWKHULVH
,Q WKLV VHQVH FHOOXORVLF ILEHUV DV UHLQIRUFHPHQWV IRU FHPHQW
PRUWDUV FRQVWLWXWH D YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ RSWLRQ IRU WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\>@
%LRFRPSRVLWHV EDVHG RQ FHOOXORVLF ILEHUV ZLWK LQRUJDQLF
PDWUL[UHSUHVHQWDJURXSRIOLJKWZHLJKWPDWHULDOVSURYLGLQJD
KHDOWK\ OLYLQJ LQ EXLOGLQJV >@ 2YHU WKH ODVW IHZ \HDUV
SUREOHPV UHODWHG WR HQYLURQPHQWDO LVVXHV KDYH PRWLYDWHG
H[WHQVLYH UHVHDUFK RQ HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ IULHQGO\ PDWHULDOV
3DUWLFXODULQWHUHVWKDVEHHQJLYHQWRWKHXVHRIILEHUVREWDLQHG
IURPUHQHZDEOHYHJHWDEOHVRXUFHVLQFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV>@
$ FRPELQDWLRQ RI LQWHUHVWLQJ PHFKDQLFDO DQG SK\VLFDO
SURSHUWLHVDQGWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWDOEHQHILWVKDVEHHQWKHPDLQ
GULYHU IRU WKHLU XVH DV DOWHUQDWLYHV IRU FRQYHQWLRQDO
UHLQIRUFHPHQWV 9HJHWDEOH RU FHOOXORVH ILEHUV H[KLELW D VHW RI
LPSRUWDQW DGYDQWDJHV VXFK DV ZLGH DYDLODELOLW\ DW UHODWLYHO\
ORZ FRVW ELRUHQHZDELOLW\ DELOLW\ WR EH UHF\FOHG
ELRGHJUDGDELOLW\QRQKD]DUGRXVQDWXUH]HURFDUERQIRRWSULQW
DQG LQWHUHVWLQJ SK\VLFDO DQG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV ORZ
GHQVLW\ DQG ZHOOEDODQFHG VWLIIQHVV WRXJKQHVV DQG VWUHQJWK 
>@>@
1RZDGD\V WKH QHHG IRU VXVWDLQDEOH HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQW
FRQVWUXFWLRQ PDWHULDOV KDV RULHQWHG H[WHQVLYH UHVHDUFK RQ
DOWHUQDWLYH PDWHULDOV WR SURGXFH HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ IULHQGO\
FRQVWUXFWLRQ SURGXFWV $SSOLFDWLRQV RI ELRFRPSRVLWHV DUH
EDVLFDOO\ DGGUHVVHG WR WKH QRQVWUXFWXUDO EXLOGLQJ RI WKLQ
ZDOOHG PDWHULDOV PDLQO\ WKLQVKHHW SURGXFWV IRU SDUWLWLRQV
EXLOGLQJ HQYHORSH RU FHLOLQJV IODW VKHHWV URRILQJ WLOHV DQG
RULJLQDQGFRPSRVLWLRQFHOOXORVLFILEHUVDUHFODVVLILHGDVQRQ
ZRRG DQG ZRRG ILEHUV :RRG ILEHUV DUH DOVR NQRZQ DV
OLJQRFHOOXORVLFILEHUVEHFDXVHWKH\KDYHKLJKHUOLJQLQFRQWHQW
WKDQQRQZRRGILEHUV>@
)LEHU UHLQIRUFHG FHPHQW FRPSRVLWHV H[KLELW LPSURYHG
WRXJKQHVV GXFWLOLW\ IOH[XUDO FDSDFLW\ DQG FUDFN UHVLVWDQFH
FRPSDUHG ZLWK QRQILEHU UHLQIRUFHG FHPHQWEDVHG PDWHULDOV
7KHPDMRUDGYDQWDJHRIILEHUUHLQIRUFHPHQWLVWKHEHKDYLRURI
745 ISNI:0000000091950263
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016

WKH FRPSRVLWH DIWHU FUDFNLQJ KDV VWDUWHG DV WKH ILEHUV EULGJH
WKH PDWUL[ FUDFNV DQG WUDQVIHU WKH ORDGV 7KH SRVW FUDFNLQJ
WRXJKQHVVPD\DOORZPRUHLQWHQVLYHXVHRIVXFKFRPSRVLWHVLQ
EXLOGLQJ&HOOXORVLFILEHUVSURYLGHDGHTXDWHVWLIIQHVVVWUHQJWK
DQGERQGLQJFDSDFLW\WRFHPHQWEDVHGPDWULFHVIRUVXEVWDQWLDO
HQKDQFHPHQW RI WKHLU IOH[XUDO VWUHQJWK WRXJKQHVV DQG LPSDFW
UHVLVWDQFH >@ >@ 0RUHRYHU WKHVH ILEHUV FDQ UHGXFH WKH
IUHH SODVWLF VKULQNDJH >@ GHFUHDVH WKH WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\
>@ DQG LPSURYH WKH DFRXVWLF SHUIRUPDQFH LQFUHDVLQJ WKH
VRXQGDEVRUSWLRQDQGWKHVSHFLILFGDPSLQJDQGWKHGHQVLW\RI
WKHFRPSRVLWH>@
,QWKLVVWXG\WZRW\SHVRISODVWHUVEDVHGRQELREDVHGZDVWH 
FHOOXORVLF ILEHUV FRPLQJ IURP UHF\FOHG SDSHU DQG D
OLJQRFHOOXORVLF DJJUHJDWHV FRPLQJ IURP KHPS VWHP 
SURFHVVLQJ  ZHUH SUHSDUHG DQG DQDO\]HG WR HYDOXDWH WKH
LQIOXHQFH RQ WKHLU SHUIRUPDQFH RI GLIIHUHQW ILEHUV XVHG DV
UHLQIRUFHPHQW ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH VDPH DPRXQW   DQG
Open Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004634

  RI UHF\FOHG ILEHUV DQG KHPS KXUGV &DQQDELV 6DWLYD 

ZDVDGGLQJWRWKHPRUWDU
7KLVSDSHUUHSRUWVGHWHUPLQDWLRQPRUSKRORJLFDOIHDWXUHVRI
UHF\FOHG FHOOXORVLF ILEHUV DQG OLJQRFHOOXORVLF DJJUHJDWH XVLQJ
E\ VFDQQLQJ HOHFWURQ PLFURVFRS\ 6(0  DQG (';
LQYHVWLJDWLRQ +HPS KXUGV DV OLJQRFHOOXORVLF DJJUHJDWH DQG
UHF\FOHGILEHUVIURPZDVWHSDSHUDUHLQWURGXFHGLQPRUWDUDQG
WKHLU HIIHFW RQ SK\VLFPHFKDQLFDO SDUDPHWHUV GHQVLW\ ZDWHU
DEVRUEDELOLW\ FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK  LV VWXGLHG LQ GHSHQGHQFH 
RQWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIXVHGILEURXVPDWHULDO E
)LJ2UJDQLFILOOHU D FHOOXORVHUHF\FOHGILEHUV E KHPSKXUGV
,,0$7(5,$/6$1'0(7+2'6
A. Recycled Cellulosic Fibers C.Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-
Ray Spectroscopy of Organic Filler
&HOOXORVHILEHUVIURPUHF\FOHGSDSHU )LJ D *UHHQFHO
6FDQQLQJ HOHFWURQ PLFURVFRS\ 6(0  REVHUYDWLRQV DQG
ZHUH VXSSOLHG E\ %XNR]D ,QYHVW /WG +HQFRYFH 6ORYDNLD 
(QHUJ\GLVSHUVLYH;UD\VSHFWURVFRS\ ('; FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ
7KHFHOOXORVHFRQWHQWRIUHF\FOHGSDSHUILEHUVLVDQGWKH
ZHUH GRQH RQ D 7(6&$1 0,5$  )( 7(6&$1 %UQR
UHPDLQLQJSHUFHQWDJHLVUHSUHVHQWHGWKHDVK7KHPHDQSDUWLFOH
&]HFK 5HSXEOLF  &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ ZDV GRQH RQ FHOOXORVH
VL]H RI WKH FHOOXORVLF ILEHUV LV  PP DQG YDOXH RI EXON
ILEHUV IURP UHF\FOHG SDSHU DQG KHPS KXUGV )LEHU VDPSOHV
GHQVLW\LVNJP
ZHUHJOXHGRQFDUERQDGKHVLYHILOPVDQGFRDWLQJZLWKFDUERQ
B. Lignocellulosic Aggregates ILOP XVLQJ D YDFXXP VSXWWHULQJ FRDWHU 7KH VDPSOHV ZHUH
7HFKQLFDO KHPS KXUGV REWDLQHG IURP KHPS SURFHVVLQJ FRDWHG ZLWK FDUERQ ILOP WR DYRLG FKDUJLQJ XQGHU WKH HOHFWURQ
FRPLQJIURPWKH1HWKHUODQGV&RPSDQ\+HPSIOD[ZDVXVHGDV EHDP
DQ DJJUHJDWH LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWV 2ULJLQDO KHPS KXUGV VOLFHV D.Samples Preparation and Testing
KDGZLGHSDUWLFOHOHQJWKGLVWULEXWLRQ ±PP )RUWKLV
7ZR NLQGV RI RUJDQLF ILOOHU ± UHF\FOHG SDSHU ILEHUV DQG
H[SHULPHQW IUDFWLRQ  PP )LJ  E  ZDV SUHSDUHG DIWHU
KHPS KXUGV LQ YDULRXVSRUWLRQV   DQG ZHUH
VLHYLQJDQGWKHPHDQSDUWLFOHOHQJWKRIWKLVKHPSPDWHULDOZDV
VHOHFWHGIRUSUHSDUDWLRQRIFHPHQWPRUWDUFRPSRVLWHVDPSOHV
PP7KHPHDVXUHGEXONGHQVLW\RIKHPSKXUGVZDV
3RUWODQG FHPHQW &(0 ,  5 +ROFLP 6ORYDNLD DV  DV
NJP 7KH FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ RI XVHG OLJQRFHOOXORVLF
ELQGHU DQG QDWXUDO VLOLFD VDQG IUDFWLRQ  PP  DV ILOOHU
KHPSPDWHULDOLVVKRZQLQ7DEOH,
ZHUH XVHG LQWR PL[WXUHV :DWHU IRU WKH FHPHQW PL[WXUHV

7$%/(, SUHSDUDWLRQ ZDV XVHG LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK VWDQGDUG 671 (1
&+(0,&$/&20326,7,212)+(03+85'6  )UHVK UHIHUHQFH PRUWDUV ZHUH SUHSDUHG ZLWK &HPHQW
+HPSKXUGVFRPSRQHQW &RQWHQW   6DQG &6 ZHLJKWUDWLRRIDQG:DWHU&HPHQW :& UDWLR
+RORFHOOXORVH  RI(DFKEDWFKRIWKUHHWHVWVSHFLPHQVFRQVLVWVRI“
&HOOXORVH  JRIFHPHQW“JRIVDQGDQG“JRIZDWHU)UHVK
+HPLFHOOXORVHV  PRUWDUSOXVRUJDQLFILEHUVZHUHSUHSDUHGZLWKFHPHQW VDQG
/LJQLQ 
ILEHUV  ZHLJKW UDWLR RI  7KH ILEHU FRQWHQW ZDV VXEWUDFWHG
&RPSRQHQWVVROXEOHLQWROXHQHHWKDQROH[WUDFW 
IURPWKHVLOLFDVDQGFRQWHQWZKLFKPHDQVWKDWILEHUVZHUHXVHG
$VK 

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016 746 ISNI:0000000091950263
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016

DVVXEVWLWXWLRQV7KHVDQGFRQWHQWZDVWKHQDGMXVWHGEDVHGRQ )LJV  DQG  5HF\FOHG SDSHU ILEHUV KDYH RQ WKHLU VXUIDFHV
PL[LQJUXOHZKHUHWKHUDWLRZDWHUFHPHQWLVNHSWFRQVWDQW LPSXULWLHV WKDW FRPH IURP UHSXOSHG ZDVWH SDSHU LQN
3UHSDUDWLRQ RI ILEHU UHLQIRUFHG FHPHQW FRPSRVLWHV ZDV GLIIHUHQWUHVRXUFHVRIZDVWHSDSHUDQGILOOHULQSDSHUPDNLQJ 
FDUULHGRXWLQWZRGLIIHUHQWZD\V$WILUVWWKHUHF\FOHGSDSHU +HPSKXUGVVXUIDFHWRSRJUDSK\VKRZVWKHSUHVHQFHRIVXUIDFH
ILEHUV ZHUH GLVSHUVHG LQ ZDWHU E\ PHFKDQLFDO VWLUULQJ LPSXULWLHVOLNHDVKDQGZD[HV7KHILEHUVWUXFWXUHLVIRUPHGE\
DSSUR[LPDWHO\  ZW  RI ZDWHU  6XEVHTXHQWO\ FHPHQW VHYHUDOEXQGOHVRIILODPHQWVDOLJQHGWKHSODQWVOHQJWK
VDQGDQGUHPDLQLQJDPRXQWRIZDWHUZHUHDGGHGDQGPL[LQJ 
FRQWLQXHVWRDOORZXQLIRUPILEHUGLVSHUVLRQLQWKHPL[WXUH$W
VHFRQG WKH FRPSRQHQWV RI PL[WXUH ZLWK KHPS KXUGV ZHUH
KRPRJHQL]HGLQGU\ZD\DQGWKHQPL[HGZLWKZDWHUDGGLWLRQ
$IWHU PL[LQJ WKH PRUWDUV ZHUH LPPHGLDWHO\ SRXUHG LQWR WKH
VWDQGDUGVWHHOEORFNIRUPVZLWKGLPHQVLRQV[[PP
7KHVSHFLPHQVZHUHFXUHGIRUGD\VLQWKHLQGRRUFOLPDWH
DWDSSUR[LPDWHO\ƒ&DQGWKHQWKH\ZHUHUHPRYHGIURPWKH
IRUPV $IWHU WKDW WLPH WKH VSHFLPHQV ZHUH KHOG XQGHU 39&
IRLO IRU  GD\V )RU HDFK PHDVXUHPHQW ZHUH SUHSDUHG  
VDPSOHV D  E 
Open Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004634

7KHGHQVLW\RIFHPHQW PRUWDUFRPSRVLWHVZHUHGHWHUPLQHG
LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK VWDQGDUG 671 (1  DQG 671 (1 )LJ6(0PLFURJUDSKVRIUHF\FOHGFHOOXORVHILEHUV D KHPSKXUGV
 E  WLPHVRIPDJQLILFDWLRQ 

6KRUW WHUP ZDWHU DEVRUSWLRQ DIWHU K  ZDV FDUULHG RXW LQ
DFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHVWDQGDUG671(1$
&RPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI WKH DOO FRPSRVLWH VDPSOHV ZDV
EHLQJHVWLPDWHGDIWHUGD\VRIKDUGHQLQJ7HVWVZHUHFDUULHG
RXWLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHVWDQGDUG671
(1 $ XVLQJ D ODERUDWRU\ LQVWUXPHQW $'5 (/( 
,QWHUQDWLRQDO /LPLWHG 8QLWHG .LQJGRP  DV WKH PD[LPXP
ORDGSHUDYHUDJHFURVVVHFWLRQDODUHD

,,, 5(68/76$1'',6&866,21

A. SEM and EDX characterization D  E 
7KH ILEHU TXDOLW\ ZDV FKHFNHG XVLQJ 6FDQQLQJ (OHFWURQ
)LJ6(0PLFURJUDSKVRIUHF\FOHGFHOOXORVHILEHUV D KHPSKXUGV
0LFURVFRS\ 6(0 WRUHYHDOVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVLPSHUIHFWLRQV E  WLPHVRIPDJQLILFDWLRQ 
DQG RYHUDOO JHRPHWU\ ([DPLQDWLRQV ZHUH FDUULHG RXW RQ WKH 
UHF\FOHGZDVWHSDSHUILEHUVDQGRQKHPSKXUGVWRILQGRXWWKH
PRUSKRORJLFDO FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQV 7KH 6(0 PLFURJUDSKV RI
FHOOXORVHILEHUVVXUIDFH D DQGRIKHPSKXUGV E DUHVKRZQLQ



D

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016 747 ISNI:0000000091950263
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016


Open Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004634

E
)LJ(';LQYHVWLJDWLRQRIFHOOXORVLFILEHUVIURPZDVWHSDSHU D OLJQRFHOOXORVLFKHPSKXUGV E 

7KHFKHPLFDOHOHPHQWVDQDO\VLVRIWKHUHF\FOHGSDSHUILEHUV UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KLV LV FDXVHG E\ DPRXQW RI ILEHUV WKHLU QDWXUH
DQG KHPS KXUGV ZDV VWXGLHG E\ (QHUJ\GLVSHUVLYH ;UD\ DQGWKHLUSK\VLFRFKHPLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV>@
VSHFWURVFRS\ (';  7KH PHWKRG ('; ZDV XVHG WR LGHQWLI\ 
HOHPHQWV SUHVHQW LQ WKHVH ELREDVHG PDWHULDOV 7KH HOHPHQWV
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIUHF\FOHGILEHUVDQGKHPSKXUGVDUHGHSLFWHG
LQ )LJ  7KHUH DUH VKRZHG DQG LQYHVWLJDWHG VLJQDOV RI &
FDUERQHXP  DQG 2 R[\JHQLXP  ZKLFK FDPH IURP WKHLU
QDWLYH FKDUDFWHU 7KH ('; DQDO\VLV RI ILEHU VXUIDFH FRPLQJ
IURP ZDVWH UHF\FOHG SDSHU FRQILUPHG SUHVHQFH VLJQDOV RI $O
DOXPLQXP  6L VLOLFLXP  DQG &D FDOFLXP  7KHVH LQRUJDQLF
HOHPHQWV DUH LPSXULWLHV FRPLQJ IURP WKH SDSHU SURFHVVLQJ
:KHUHDV WKH RULJLQDO KHPS KXUGV KDV QDWXUDO FKDUDFWHU WKHUH
ZDVQRWGHWHFWHGDQ\VLJQDOVRILQRUJDQLFHOHPHQWV
B. Physical and Mechanical Parameters of Composites
)RU WKLV LQYHVWLJDWLRQ YDULRXV PL[WXUHV RI ILEHUFHPHQW
FRPSRVLWHV ZHUH SUHSDUHG &HOOXORVH ZDVWH ILEHUV DQG
OLJQRFHOOXORVLF KHPS DJJUHJDWHV ZHUH DGGHG ZLWK GLIIHUHQW

SHUFHQWDJHV  ZW   ZW  DQG  ZW UHSODFHPHQW RI
VDQG  LQWR FHPHQW PRUWDU FRPSRVLWHV DQG D UHIHUHQFH VDPSOH )LJ,QIOXHQFHRIRUJDQLFILOOHUFRQWHQWRQFRPSRVLWHVGHQVLW\

ZLWKRXW ILEHUV DGGLWLRQ ZDV SUHSDUHG IRU FRPSDULVRQ 7KH DOO
)LJVKRZVWKHPHFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRURIWZRPL[WXUHW\SHV
SK\VLFRPHFKDQLFDO SDUDPHWHUV ZHUH PHDVXUHG RQ FRPSRVLWH
RQ YDULRXV FRQWHQWV RI RUJDQLF ILOOHU WR FHPHQW PRUWDUV LQ
VDPSOHVDIWHUGD\VRIKDUGHQLQJ
FRPSDULVRQZLWKUHIHUHQFHVDPSOHDIWHUGD\VRIKDUGHQLQJ
7KH ILUVW PHDVXUHG SDUDPHWHU RI ILEHUFHPHQW PRUWDU
7KHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKYDOXHVRIDOOPL[WXUHVDUHORZHUWKDQ
VDPSOHVZDVGHQVLW\,Q)LJGHSHQGHQFHRIWKHSHUFHQWDJH
YDOXH RI UHIHUHQFH VSHFLPHQ 7KH FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK WHQGV
RI FHOOXORVH ILEHUV RQ FRPSRVLWHV GHQVLW\ LV VKRZQ 7KH ERWK
WR LQFUHDVH ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ ILEHU FRQWHQW XS WR D SRLQW ZKHUH
W\SHV RI FRPSRVLWHV FHPHQW PRUWDU VDPSOHV ZLWK UHF\FOHG
WKHUHLVDGHFUHDVHLQFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIVDPSOHVGXHWR
ZDVWH SDSHU ILEHUV DQG DOVR VDPSOHV ZLWK KHPS KXUGV VKRZ
SKHQRPHQRQ ZKHQ DQ H[FHVVLYH DPRXQW RI ILEURXV PDWHULDO
GHFUHDVH RI GHQVLW\ ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ DPRXQW RI ILEHUV 7KH
UHGXFHVWKHVWUHQJWK,QWKLVFDVHDVLWLVVKRZQLQ)LJWKHUH
YLVLEOHGHFUHDVHRIFHOOXORVLFILEHUVFHPHQWPRUWDUFRPSRVLWHV
LVUHFRUGHGDQLQFUHDVHRIFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKXSWRZW
GHQVLW\ LV LQ WKH UDQJH ± LQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK
FRQWHQW RI ZDVWH SDSHU ILEHUV DQG KHPS KXUGV DW  DQG
UHIHUHQFH VDPSOH 'HQVLW\ RI VDPSOHV SUHSDUHG ZLWK
UHVSHFWLYHO\
OLJQRFHOOXORVLFKHPSKXUGVKDYHVLJQLILFDQWO\GHFUHDVHG
 DQG  LQ   DQG  ZW RI ILOOHU
UHSODFHPHQW LQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK UHIHUHQFH VDPSOH

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016 748 ISNI:0000000091950263
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016



)LJ,QIOXHQFHRIRUJDQLFILOOHUFRQWHQWRQZDWHUDEVRUEDELOLW\
)LJ,QIOXHQFHRIRUJDQLFILOOHUFRQWHQWRQFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWK
Open Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004634


7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKDQGGHQVLW\
YDOXHVRI WKH DOO FRPSRVLWHVZLWK RUJDQLF ILOOHU LV GHSLFWHG LQ
)LJ
,Q WKLV FDVH WKH UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW WKHUH LV D FRUUHODWLRQ
EHWZHHQGHQVLW\DQGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKYDOXHVRIELREDVHG
PRUWDU VDPSOHV OLQHDU FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW 5 ZDV
FDOFXODWHGZKLFKPHDQVYHU\VWURQJFRUUHODWLRQ
&RUUHODWLRQ LV ILWWHG E\ WKH PRVW VXLWDEOH IXQFWLRQ DQG WKH
HTXDWLRQ LV UHSRUWHG LQ WKH JUDSK LQFOXGLQJ WKH UHOLDELOLW\
FRHIILFLHQW5
  ZW  RI RUJDQLF PDWHULDO DGGLWLRQ WR WKH FRPSRVLWH
 VWUXFWXUHDQGQDWXUH+RZHYHUSUHFLVHO\EHFDXVHRIWKHSRURXV
)LJ'HSHQGHQFHRIGHQVLW\YDOXHVRQFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRI
FRPSRVLWHVDPSOHV
 DQGGHQVLW\RIELREDVHGFHPHQWPRUWDUVSHFLPHQVZDVVKRZQ
7KH VKRUWWHUP ZDWHU DEVRUSWLRQ K  YDOXHV RI SUHSDUHG
PRUWDUFRPSRVLWHVDPSOHVVKRZQLQ)LJSUHVHQWLQFUHDVLQJ
ZDWHU DEVRUEDELOLW\ RI FRPSRVLWHV EDVHG RQ FHOOXORVLF ILEHUV
DQG OLJQRFHOOXORVLF DJJUHJDWHV ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ SHUFHQWDJH RI
RUJDQLF PDWHULDO 7KLV LQFUHDVH LV FDXVHG E\ QDWXUH RI ELR
EDVHG FRPSRVLWHV UHLQIRUFHPHQW :DWHU DEVRUEDELOLW\ LQ
KDUGHQHGFRPSRVLWHVLVGHSHQGHQWRQLQWHUQDOSRUHV\VWHP
 7KHDXWKRUVDUHJUDWHIXOWRWKH6ORYDN9(*$*UDQW$JHQF\
,9 &21&/86,21
7KLV SDSHU GHDOV ZLWK XVH RI ELREDVHG PDWHULDO DV
UHLQIRUFHPHQW LQWR PRUWDU VDPSOHV WR FUHDWH VXVWDLQDEOH
EXLOGLQJPDWHULDOV
7KH HIIHFW RI ZDVWH FHOOXORVLF ILEHUV DQG OLJQRFHOOXORVLF
DJJUHJDWHVDGGLWLRQRQWKHSK\VLFR±PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRI
FHPHQW EDVHG PRUWDUV ZDV LQYHVWLJDWHG )XUWKHUPRUH WKH
HIIHFWRIILEHURULJLQ UHF\FOHGILEHUVFRPLQJIURPZDVWHSDSHU
DQG KHPS KXUGV DV ZDVWH RI KHPS VWHP SURFHVVLQJ  LWV
PRUSKRORJLF VWUXFWXUH DQG YDULRXV SRUWLRQV   DQG
PL[WXUHZHUHDQDO\]HG
&HOOXORVLFDQGOLJQRFHOOXORVLFVDPSOHVFRPLQJIURPYDULRXV
VRXUFHV VKRZHG GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKHLU PRUSKRORJ\ VXUIDFHV
LPSXULWLHV VWUXFWXUHDQGFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQ3K\VLFDODQG
PHFKDQLFDO SDUDPHWHUV RI ELREDVHG FHPHQW PRUWDU
FRPSRVLWHV GHQVLW\ FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK DQG ZDWHU
DEVRUEDELOLW\  DIWHU  GD\V RI KDUGHQLQJ ZHUH WHVWHG 7KH
PHDVXUHPHQWV GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW SK\VLFDO DQG PHFKDQLFDO
SURSHUWLHVGHSHQGRQWKHILEHUQDWXUHVXUIDFHPRUSKRORJ\DQG
VWUXFWXUH VKDSH DQG DPRXQW RI XVHG RUJDQLF PDWHULDO LQWR
FHPHQW EDVHG PRUWDU PL[WXUHV 7KH GHQVLW\ GHFUHDVH RI ELR
EDVHG FHPHQWPRUWDU VDPSOHV LV PDLQO\ DWWULEXWHG WR WKH IDFW
WKDWXVHGRUJDQLFFRPSRVLWHVUHLQIRUFHPHQWUHF\FOHGILEHUVDV
ZHOO DV KHPS KXUGV DUH OLJKW LQ ZHLJKW GXH WR WKHLU SRURXV
VWUXFWXUH RI WKH PDWHULDO OHDGV WR LQFUHDVHV RI ZDWHU
DEVRUEDELOLW\ 7KH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK
3HUIRUPDQFHLVSRVLWLYHLQWHUPVRIIXWXUHXVHRIFHOOXORVLF
ILEHUV DQG OLJQRFHOOXORVLF DJJUHJDWHV LQWR FHPHQWEDVHG
PRUWDUV 7KH FRPSRVLWHV RQ WKH UHF\FOHG DQG UHQHZDEOH
PDWHULDO VRXUFH DUH SRWHQWLDOO\ FRQWULEXWLQJ WR VXVWDLQDEOH
GHYHORSPHQWGXHWRWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWDOEHQHILWV
$&.12:/('*0(17
IRUILQDQFLDOVXSSRUWRIWKHSURMHFW9(*$

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016 749 ISNI:0000000091950263
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Vol:10, No:6, 2016

5()(5(1&(6
>@ 1 6WHUQ ³6WHUQ UHYLHZ RQ HFRQRPLFV RI FOLPDWH FKDQJH´ &DPEULGJH
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
>@ $%HQWXUDQG'0LWFKHOO³0DWHULDOSHUIRUPDQFHOHVVRQV´Cement and
Concrete ResearchYROSS±
>@ 67NDF³7KHSRZHURIPLFURXUEDQVWUXFWXUHVWKHRU\RI((3*&±WKH
PLFURXUEDQHQHUJ\GLVWULEXWLRQPRGHODVDSODQQLQJWRROIRUVXVWDLQDEOH
FLW\ GHYHORSPHQW´ SSP – Journal of Civil Engineering YRO  
SS
>@ 2 )DUXN $. %OHG]NL +3 )LQN DQG 0 6DLQ ³%LRFRPSRVLWHV
UHLQIRUFHG ZLWK QDWXUDO ILEUHV  ± ´ Progress in Polymer
ScienceYROSS
>@ $. %OHG]NL DQG - *DVVDQ ³&Rmposites reinforced with cellulose
based fibres,”3URJUHVVLQ3RO\PHU6FLHQFHYROSS±
>@ ,3UHLNVV-6NXMDQV$$GDPRYLFVDQG8,OMLQV³(YDOXDWLRQRIKHPS
&DQQDELV 6DWLYD /  TXDOLW\ SDUDPHWHUV IRU EXLOGLQJ PDWHULDOV IURP
IRDP J\SVXP SURGXFWV´ Chemical Engineering Transactions YRO 
SS±
>@ 0 -RKQ DQG 6 7KRPDV ³%LRILEUHV DQG ELRFRPSRVLWHV´Carbohydrate
PolymersYROSS±
>@ .* 6DW\DQDUD\DQD **& $UL]DJD DQG ) :\S\FK ³%LRGHJUDGDEOH
FRPSRVLWHV EDVHG RQ OLJQRFHOOXORVLF ILEHUV²DQ RYHUYLHZ´ Progress in
Open Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:10, No:6, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004634

Polymere ScienceYROSS±
>@ 3 :DPEXD - ,YHQV DQG , 9HUSRHVW ³1DWXUDO ILEUHV FDQ WKH\UHSODFH
JODVVLQILEUHUHLQIRUFHGSODVWLFV"´Composites Science and TechnolRJ\
YROSS±
>@ /&5RPD/60DUWHOORDQG+6DYDVWDQR³(YDOXDWLRQRIPHFKDQLFDO
SK\VLFDODQGWKHUPDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIFHPHQWEDVHGWLOHVUHLQIRUFHGZLWK
YHJHWDEOH ILEHUV´ Construction and Building Materials YRO  
SS±
>@ -%LDJLRWWL'3XJOLDDQG-0.HQQ\³$UHYLHZRQQDWXUDOILEUHEDVHG
FRPSRVLWHV  SDUW , VWUXFWXUH SURFHVVLQJ DQG SURSHUWLHV RI YHJHWDEOH
ILEUHV´Journal of Natural FibersYROSS±
>@ -+0RUWRQ7&RRNHDQG66$NHUV³3HUIRUPDQFHRIVODVKSLQHILEHUV
LQILEHUFHPHQWSURGXFWV´Construction and Building MaterialsYRO
SS±
>@ 5' 7ROrGR)LOKR . *KDYDPL */ (QJODQG DQG . 6FULYHQHU
'HYHORSPHQW RI YHJHWDEOH ILEUHPRUWDU FRPSRVLWHV RI LPSURYHG
GXUDELOLW\´ Cement and Concrete Composites YRO   SS ±

>@ 5' 7ROrGR)LOKR . *KDYDPL 0 6DQMXiQ DQG */ (QJODQG ³)UHH
UHVWUDLQHGDQGGU\LQJVKULQNDJHRIFHPHQWPRUWDUFRPSRVLWHVUHLQIRUFHG
ZLWKYHJHWDEOHILEUHV´Cement and Concrete CompoVLWHVYRO
SS±
>@ 0 %HQWFKLNRX $ *XLGRXP . 6FULYHQHU . 6LOKDGL DQG 6 +DQLQL
(IIHFW RI UHF\FOHG FHOOXORVH ILEUHV RQ WKH SURSHUWLHV RI OLJKWZHLJKW
FHPHQW FRPSRVLWH PDWUL[´ Construction and Building MatHULDOV YRO
SS±
>@ 11HLWKDODWK-:HLVVDQG-2OHN³$FRXVWLFSHUIRUPDQFHDQGGDPSLQJ
EHKDYLRU RI FHOOXORVH±FHPHQW FRPSRVLWHV´ Cement and Concrete
CompositesYROSS±
>@ /.LGDORYD16WHYXORYD(7HUSDNRYDDQG$6LFDNRYD³8WLOL]DWLRQ
RI DOWHUQDWLYH PDWHULDOV LQ OLJKWZHLJKW FRPSRVLWHV´ Journal of Cleaner
ProductionYROSS

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(6) 2016 750 ISNI:0000000091950263