Professional Documents
Culture Documents
International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016
6WXG\RI3UH+DQGZULWLQJ)DFWRUV1HFHVVDU\IRU
6XFFHVVIXO+DQGZULWLQJLQ&KLOGUHQ
/DOLWFKDQGUD-6KDK.DWDU]\QD%LDOHN0HOLQGD/&ODUNH-HVVLFD/-DQVVRQ
SHUIRUPDQFH7KHFRQQHFWLRQRIWKHRFFXSDWLRQDOWKHUDSLVWDQG
Abstract²+DQGZULWLQJ LV HVVHQWLDO WR DFDGHPLF VXFFHVV KDQGZULWLQJ LQ WKH VFKRRO VHWWLQJ LV RQH RI PDQ\ IDFHWV
KRZHYHUWKHFXUUHQWOLWHUDWXUHLVOLPLWHGLQWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRISUH 7KHUDSLVWV WUDGLWLRQDOO\ XVH D GLUHFW DSSURDFK LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ
KDQGZULWLQJVNLOOV7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRLGHQWLI\WKHSUH WKH QHHGV RI D VSHFLILF FOLHQW FRXSOHG ZLWK LQWHUYHQWLRQ
KDQGZULWLQJ VNLOOV ZKLFK RFFXSDWLRQDO WKHUDS\ SUDFWLWLRQHUV GHHP
VHVVLRQV RXWVLGH RI WKH UHJXODU FODVVURRP >@ 7KHUDSLVWV LQ D
LPSRUWDQW WR KDQGZULWLQJ VXFFHVV DV ZHOO DV WKRVH ZKLFK DLG LQ
LQWHUYHQWLRQ SODQQLQJ 7KH RQOLQH VXUYH\ LQVWUXPHQW FRQVLVWHG RI VFKRROEDVHGVHWWLQJZRUNZLWKDYDULHW\RIGLVFLSOLQHVDVZHOO
DV ZLWK WKH FOLHQW DQG WKHLU IDPLOLHV LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH
International Science Index, Educational and Pedagogical Sciences Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003772
TXHVWLRQV WKDW DVVHVVHG YDULRXV VNLOOV UHODWHG WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI
KDQGZULWLQJ DV ZHOO DV FDSWXUHG GHPRJUDSKLF LQIRUPDWLRQ %RWK SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQGDLO\RFFXSDWLRQV
RFFXSDWLRQDO WKHUDSLVWV DQG RFFXSDWLRQDO WKHUDS\ DVVLVWDQWV ZHUH 6FKRRO DJH FKLOGUHQ DUH HOLJLEOH WR UHFHLYH RFFXSDWLRQDO
LQFOXGHGLQWKHVXUYH\VWXG\7KHVXUYH\IRXQGWKDWWKHUHVSRQGHQWV WKHUDS\ VHUYLFHV ZKHQ FHUWDLQ FLUFXPVWDQFHV RU GLIILFXOWLHV
ZHUHLQDJUHHPHQWWKDWSXUSRVHIXOVFULEEOLQJWKHDELOLW\RIDFKLOGWR
DULVH >@ VXFK DV LI WKH FKLOG ZHUH WR H[SHULHQFH GLIILFXOWLHV
FRS\ YHUWLFDOKRUL]RQWDO OLQHV FLUFOH VTXDUHV DQG WULDQJOHV
LPLWDWLQJ DQ REOLTXH FURVV FRJQLWLYH VNLOOV DWWHQWLRQ SUD[LV VHOI ZLWK KDQGZULWLQJ +DQGZULWLQJ LV DQ LPSRUWDQW VNLOO WR OHDUQ
UHJXODWLRQ VHTXHQFLQJ JUDVS SDWWHUQV KDQG GRPLQDQFH LQ KDQG QRW RQO\ IRU WKH RFFXSDWLRQ RI HGXFDWLRQ EXW DOVR IRU PDQ\
PDQLSXODWLRQ VNLOOV VKLIW WUDQVODWLRQ URWDWLRQ ELODWHUDO LQWHJUDWLRQ RWKHU DUHDV RI RFFXSDWLRQ VXFK DV SOD\ OHLVXUH DQG VRFLDO
VWDELOL]DWLRQ RI SDSHU FURVVLQJ PLGOLQH DQG YLVXDO SHUFHSWLRQ ZHUH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ)RUPRVWFKLOGUHQOHDUQLQJWRUHDGDQGZULWHFDQ
LPSRUWDQW LQGLFDWRUV RI KDQGZULWLQJ UHDGLQHVV 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH EHFRQVLGHUHGD³ULWHRISDVVDJH´WKDWSURPRWHVLQGHSHQGHQFH
VXUYH\VXSSRUWH[LVWLQJUHVHDUFKUHJDUGLQJWKHVNLOOVQHFHVVDU\IRUWKH
,W HQFRPSDVVHV D YDULHW\ RI VNLOOV LQFOXGLQJ PRWRU IXQFWLRQ
VXFFHVVIXOGHYHORSPHQWRIKDQGZULWLQJLQFKLOGUHQ
FRJQLWLRQ DQG YLVXDO SHUFHSWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR EH FDUULHG RXW
Keywords²'HYHORSPHQW KDQGZULWLQJ RFFXSDWLRQDO WKHUDS\ <HW KDQGZULWLQJ LV DQ DFWLYLW\ WKDW IRU VRPH LV GLIILFXOW WR
YLVXDOSHUFHSWXDOVNLOOV PDVWHU :KLOH WHDFKHUV DUH WKH SULPDU\ LQVWUXFWRUV IRU
KDQGZULWLQJ RFFXSDWLRQDO WKHUDSLVWV HYDOXDWH FKLOGUHQ WR
, ,1752'8&7,21 GHWHUPLQHXQGHUO\LQJSUHKDQGZULWLQJVNLOOGHILFLWVWKDWFRXOG
SRVVLEO\ LQWHUIHUH ZLWK WKH VXFFHVVIXO GHYHORSPHQW RI
2 &&83$7,21$/WKHUDS\SUDFWLWLRQHUVKDYHDQLPSRUWDQW
UROHZKLOHSUDFWLFLQJLQDVFKRROEDVHGVHWWLQJ$FFRUGLQJ
WR WKH $PHULFDQ 2FFXSDWLRQDO 7KHUDS\ $VVRFLDWLRQ $27$
KDQGZULWLQJ>@
,,/,7(5$785(5(9,(:
>@ WKHUDSLVWV DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU VXSSRUWLQJ DFDGHPLF
RXWFRPHV VXFK DV UHDGLQJ DQG ZULWLQJ DV ZHOO DV QRQ &KLOGUHQ EHJLQ WR DWWHPSW ZULWLQJ E\ VFULEEOLQJ ZKLFK
DFDGHPLF RXWFRPHV VXFK DV VHOIKHOS VNLOOV 7KHUDSLVWV DUH RFFXUVE\WKHDJHRIWZR>@:KLOHHDUO\VFULEEOLQJPD\ODFN
FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHDFWLYHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIWKHLUFOLHQWVDFURVVD IHDWXUHV RI WUDGLWLRQDO ZULWLQJ OLWHUDWXUH VXJJHVWV WKDW
YDULHW\RIVHWWLQJVQRWRQO\LQVFKRROEXWDWKRPHDQGGXULQJ VFULEEOLQJ WKDW LV SXUSRVHIXO DFWXDOO\ FRQWDLQV FRPPRQ
H[WUDFXUULFXODU DFWLYLWLHV >@ $Q LPSRUWDQW IXQFWLRQ RI HOHPHQWV QHFHVVDU\ IRU WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI OHWWHUV VXFK DV
RFFXSDWLRQDO WKHUDSLVWV PHQWLRQHG DERYH LV WR UHPHGLDWH GLUHFWLRQDOLW\ >@$W WKH DJHRI WZR FKLOGUHQEHJLQ LPLWDWLQJ
DFDGHPLF GLIILFXOWLHV VXFK DV KDQGZULWLQJ 7KLV SRVHV WKH YHUWLFDOOLQHVVL[PRQWKVODWHUWKH\SURFHHGWRKRUL]RQWDOOLQHV
TXHVWLRQ³:KDWW\SHVRISUHKDQGZULWLQJVNLOOVDUHQHFHVVDU\ DQG ILQDOO\ PRYLQJ WR FLUFOHV DW DJH WKUHH >@ 7U\LQJ WR
IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI VXFFHVVIXO KDQGZULWLQJ LQ FKLOGUHQ"´ UHSURGXFH RU LPLWDWH D SHUSHQGLFXODU OLQH RU FURVV W\SLFDOO\
$OVR ³:KDW VNLOOV GR RFFXSDWLRQDO WKHUDSLVWV SHUFHLYH DV WKH HPHUJHV DW DJH IRXU IROORZHG E\ D VTXDUH DW ILYH \HDUV DQG
PRVWHVVHQWLDOWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVXFFHVVIXOKDQGZULWLQJ"´ ILQDOO\ D WULDQJOH VL[ PRQWKV ODWHU >@ 7KH DELOLW\ WR ILUVW
&XUUHQW UHVHDUFK H[SODLQV WKDW WR RI D VWXGHQW¶V LPLWDWH DQG WKHQ FRS\ VXFK JHRPHWULF VKDSHV DV ZHOO DV WKH
DFDGHPLF GD\ LQ HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO LV VSHQW RQ ILQH PRWRU DELOLW\ WR FURVV PLGOLQH VHHQ ZKHQ PDNLQJ D FURVV DUH
WDVNV VXFK DV KDQGZULWLQJ >@ 7KXV WKH DFTXLVLWLRQ RI LPSRUWDQW LQGLFDWRUV RI SUHSDUHGQHVV IRU ZULWLQJ >@
KDQGZULWLQJ VNLOOV LV YLWDO WR D FKLOG¶V VXFFHVVIXO HGXFDWLRQDO $SSURSULDWH SUHUHTXLVLWH VNLOOV DUH QHFHVVDU\ WR SUHYHQW
GLVFRXUDJHPHQW DQG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI SRRU KDQGZULWLQJ
KDELWVWKDWFDQEHGLIILFXOWWRHOLPLQDWH>@
/ - 6KDK (G ' 275/ LV D SURIHVVRU ZLWK WKH 2FFXSDWLRQDO 7KHUDS\ 7KHDELOLW\RIWKHFKLOGWRFRS\WKHILUVWQLQHIRUPVYHUWLFDO
'HSDUWPHQW 0LVHULFRUGLD 8QLYHUVLW\ 'DOODV 3$ 86$ SKRQH
OLQH KRUL]RQWDO OLQH FLUFOH FURVV ULJKW REOLTXH OLQH VTXDUH
ID[HPDLOOVKDK#PLVHULFRUGLDHGX
. %LDOHN 0 / &ODUNH DQG - / -DQVVRQ DUH VWXGHQWV ZLWK WKH OHIW REOLTXH OLQH REOLTXH FURVV DQG WULDQJOH RQ WKH
2FFXSDWLRQDO 7KHUDS\ 'HSDUWPHQW 0LVHULFRUGLD 8QLYHUVLW\ 'DOODV 3$ 'HYHORSPHQWDO 7HVW RI 9LVXDO0RWRU ,QWHJUDWLRQ 90, LV D
86$ HPDLO ELDOHNN#PLVHULFRUGLDHGX RUNZLVP#PLVHULFRUGLDHGX JUHDWLQGLFDWRUDQGSUHGLFWRURIDFKLOG¶VDELOLW\WRFRS\PRUH
MDQVVRQM#PLVHULFRUGLDHGX
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 707 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10003772
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016
OHWWHUV >@ 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV RI DSSURSULDWH LQVWUXFWLRQ VWDWH PRUH GLYHUVH WKH ZULWLQJ WDVN WKH PRUH YDULDEOH WKH PXVFOH
WKDWWKHFKLOGVKRXOGQRWUHFHLYHKDQGZULWLQJUHPHGLDWLRQXQWLO DFWLYLW\ EHFDPH LQ ERWK WKH VKRXOGHU DQG WKXPE UHJLRQ >@
WKHREOLTXHFURVVLVPDVWHUHG>@1DLGRRHWDO>@IXUWKHU $OWKRXJKSUR[LPDOPXVFOHVGLVSOD\HGOHVVYDULDELOLW\WKDQWKH
UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH 90, LV D KHOSIXO WRRO LQ HYDOXDWLQJ GLVWDO PXVFOHV QR VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW UHODWLRQVKLSV ZHUH
KDQGZULWLQJ UHDGLQHVV DQG UHSRUWHG D VLJQLILFDQW FRUUHODWLRQ IRXQG ZLWK TXDOLW\ RI ZULWLQJ DQG PXVFOH DFWLYLW\ >@
EHWZHHQ90,VFRUHVDQGOHWWHUIRUPDWLRQ +DQGZULWLQJ QHFHVVLWDWHV WKH DELOLW\ WR SHUIRUP DV\PPHWULFDO
)LQHPRWRUVNLOOVDUHRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWVD PRYHPHQWV LQ RUGHU IRU WKH FKLOG WR VWDELOL]H WKH ZULWLQJ
FKLOG QHHGV WR KDYH IRU VXFFHVVIXO KDQGZULWLQJ 7KH PDWXULW\ PDWHULDO ZLWK WKHLU QRQGRPLQDQW KDQG WKHUHIRUH ELODWHUDO
RI JUDVS SDWWHUQV FRQWULEXWHV WR FRPSHWHQFH LQ WKH XVH RI D LQWHJUDWLRQ LV D VNLOO HVVHQWLDO WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI
ZULWLQJXWHQVLO>@<RXQJHUFKLOGUHQWHQGWRKDYHLPPDWXUH KDQGZULWLQJ>@%LODWHUDOLQWHJUDWLRQLVGHILQHGDVWKHDELOLW\
JUDVSSDWWHUQVEHFDXVHRIWKHGLIILFXOW\LQILQJHULVRODWLRQDQG ³WR SHUIRUP V\PPHWULFDO RU DV\PPHWULFDO PRYHPHQWV RI WKH
JUDGLQJ PRYHPHQWV RI WKH KDQG >@ 7KHVH GLIILFXOWLHV ERG\GXULQJDQDFWLYLW\´>S@
HQFRXUDJH FRPSHQVDWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV LQ RUGHU WR VWDELOL]H WKHLU +DQGSUHIHUHQFHRUKDQGGRPLQDQFHLVDQHVVHQWLDODVSHFWLQ
ZULWLQJ XWHQVLO XOWLPDWHO\ OHDGLQJ WR DQ LQFRUUHFW JUDVS WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIILQHPRWRUVNLOOVDQGFDQODWHULPSDFWDUHDV
SDWWHUQ )RXU JUDVS SDWWHUQV DUH GHVFULEHG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH DV RI HGXFDWLRQ VXFK DV KDQGZULWLQJ >@ $ FKLOG¶V LQDELOLW\ WR
International Science Index, Educational and Pedagogical Sciences Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003772
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 708 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10003772
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016
3HUFHSWXDOPRWRU SURFHVVHV DQG FRJQLWLYH VNLOOV DUH VNLOOV RI SODQQLQJ VHTXHQFLQJ DQG H[HFXWLQJ WKH UHTXLUHG
IRXQGDWLRQDO FRPSRQHQWV RI KDQGZULWLQJ >@ 3HUFHSWXDO PRYHPHQWV QHFHVVDU\ WR ZULWH OHWWHUV ZKLFK LV SUHFHGHG E\
PRWRU VNLOOV LQ KDQGZULWLQJ LQFOXGH WKH DELOLW\ WR SHUFHLYH ZULWLQJZRUGV 6HTXHQFLQJVNLOOV DUHQHFHVVDU\ IRU VXFFHVVIXO
YLVXDO RU DXGLWRU\ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG LQWHJUDWH ILQH PRWRU DQG KDQGZULWLQJ)RUDFKLOGWREHVXFFHVVIXOLQKDQGZULWLQJKHRU
YLVXDOPRWRULQSXW&RJQLWLYHVNLOOVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGLQFOXGH VKHQHHGVWRNQRZKLVRUKHUELUWKGDWHGD\VRIWKHZHHNDQG
SODQQLQJDQGPHPRU\7KHDELOLW\WRNQRZDQGUHFDOODOHWWHU RWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW UHTXLUHV VHTXHQWLDO PHPRU\ VLQFH
VXFKDVUHPHPEHULQJWKHVKDSHQDPHDQGVRXQGRIWKHOHWWHU ZULWLQJ OHWWHUVLV XOWLPDWHO\ D VHTXHQFHRIPRYHPHQW SDWWHUQV
DUH LPSRUWDQW VNLOOV WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI KDQGZULWLQJ >@ >@ ,Q WKH EHJLQQLQJ VWDJHV RI ZULWLQJ VHTXHQFLQJ LV
$EVHQFH RU LPSDLUPHQW RI SHUFHSWXDOPRWRU SURFHVVHV DQG HVSHFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW EHFDXVH WKH FKLOG LV UHTXLUHG WR NQRZ
FRJQLWLYH VNLOOV UHVXOWV LQ SRRU TXDOLW\ VORZ VSHHG DQG PHPRUL]H DQG H[HFXWH HDFK VPDOOHU PRYHPHQW WR ZULWH D
LOOHJLELOLW\RIKDQGZULWLQJ>@ OHWWHU>@
7KHDELOLW\WRLQWHJUDWHWKHYLVXDOLPDJHRIOHWWHUVRUVKDSHV ,Q WKH RFFXSDWLRQV RI FKLOGUHQ KDQGZULWLQJ LV RQH RI WKH
DORQJ ZLWK WKH DSSURSULDWH PRWRU UHVSRQVH LV D FRQVWUXFW ZH PRVW LPSRUWDQW +DQGZULWLQJ SOD\V D YLWDO UROH LQ HIIHFWLYH
VHH LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI KDQGZULWLQJ >@ &KLOGUHQ ZLWK SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG VXFFHVVIXO DFDGHPLF
VORZ DQG QRUPDO KDQGZULWLQJ UHDFWHG WR KDQGZULWLQJ QHHGV DFKLHYHPHQW +DYLQJ WKH DELOLW\ WR ZULWH LV D VRXUFH RI VHOI
International Science Index, Educational and Pedagogical Sciences Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003772
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 709 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10003772
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016
2QFHREWDLQHGWKLVFRQWDFWLQIRUPDWLRQZDVXVHGWRGLVWULEXWH DOVR FRPSOHWHG D FRQWHQW DQDO\VLV RI UHVSRQVHV WR WKH FORVHG
WKHVXUYH\OLQNLQKRSHVWKDWUHVSRQGHQWVZRXOGSDUWLFLSDWHLQ HQGHGTXHVWLRQVDVNHGLQWKHRQOLQHVXUYH\
WKHVXUYH\
95(68/76
B. Instrument
7KH VXUYH\ ZDV RSHQHG RQ $XJXVW WK DQG ZDV
7KHVWXG\XWLOL]HGDQLQWHUQHWEDVHGVXUYH\WKDWZDVSRVWHG
DQWLFLSDWHGWREHRSHQIRUDSHULRGRIWZRPRQWKV7KHVXUYH\
RQWKH:HEXVLQJ6XUYH\0RQNH\7KHVXUYH\ZDVGHYHORSHG
WLPHOLQH ZDV H[WHQGHG E\ WZR ZHHNV LQ DQWLFLSDWLRQ RI
LQ VHYHUDO VWDJHV $Q LQLWLDO GUDIW RI WKH VXUYH\ ZDV FUHDWHG
UHDFKLQJPRUHUHVSRQGHQWV7KHVXUYH\ZDVFORVHGRQ2FWREHU
EDVHG RQ LQIRUPDWLRQ REWDLQHG IURP SUHYLRXV VWXGLHV WKDW
WK7KHWRWDOQXPEHURISUDFWLWLRQHUVZKRUHVSRQGHGWR
LQYHVWLJDWHG GLIIHUHQW VNLOOV QHHGHG IRU SUHKDQGZULWLQJ
WKHVXUYH\ZDV7KUHHUHVSRQVHVZHUHQRWLQFOXGHGLQWKH
VXFFHVV$GUDIWRIWKHVXUYH\ZDVVHQWWRDSLORWJURXSZKLFK
UHVXOWV EULQJLQJ WKH WRWDO WR 7KH VSHFLILF JHRJUDSKLF
UHYLHZHG WKH VXUYH\ DQG SURYLGHG YDOLGDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV
ORFDWLRQV RI WKH VXUYH\ UHVSRQGHQWV KDYH EHHQ RXWOLQHG LQ
FRPPHQWVDQGVXJJHVWLRQVWREHWWHULPSOHPHQWWKLVWRSLF7KH
7DEOH,ORFDWHGLQWKH$SSHQGL[
VXUYH\ LQFOXGHG GHPRJUDSKLF LQIRUPDWLRQ TXHVWLRQV DQG
7KHUHVXOWVRIRXUVXUYH\VWXG\IRXQGWKDWDQRYHUZKHOPLQJ
TXHVWLRQVSHUWDLQLQJWRWKHWRSLFLQYHVWLJDWHG
PDMRULW\RIUHVSRQGHQWVIHOWWKDWWKHDELOLW\RIDFKLOGWR
International Science Index, Educational and Pedagogical Sciences Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003772
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 710 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10003772
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016
SUHGRPLQDQWO\ WKH YLVXRPRWRU SURFHVV PXVW EH PDVWHUHG VKLIW ZDV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DVSHFW RI LQ KDQG PDQLSXODWLRQ
EHIRUHVXFFHVVIXOKDQGZULWLQJFDQEHDWWDLQHG>@2YHUWKUHH KRZHYHULWLVWKHODVWWRHPHUJHDWWR\HDUVRIDJH>@
TXDUWHUV RI VXUYH\ UHVSRQGHQWV DJUHHG WKDW YLVXDO 2YHUWKUHHTXDUWHUVRIVXUYH\UHVSRQGHQWVDJUHHGWKDW
SHUFHSWXDO VNLOOV ZHUH YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI VWDELOL]LQJ WKH SDSHU ZLWK RQH KDQG ZKLOH ZULWLQJ ZLWK WKH
SUHKDQGZULWLQJ VNLOOV 7KH UHVSRQGHQWV LGHQWLILHG YLVXDO RWKHULVQHFHVVDU\IRUVXFFHVVIXOKDQGZULWLQJ$OWKRXJKRQO\
PRWRULQWHJUDWLRQDVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWYLVXDOSHUFHSWXDODUHD KDOIRIVXUYH\UHVSRQGHQWVEHOLHYHELODWHUDOLQWHJUDWLRQ
LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI KDQGZULWLQJ VNLOOV 1HDUO\ KDOI RI WKH RI WKH ERG\ LV LPSRUWDQW WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI KDQGZULWLQJ
VXUYH\ UHVSRQGHQWV LQGLFDWHG WKDW NLQHVWKHVLD DQG WKLV VNLOO LV QHFHVVDU\ ZKHQ VWDELOL]LQJ WKH SDSHU GXULQJ
SURSULRFHSWLRQ DUHYHU\ LPSRUWDQW LQ WKHGHYHORSPHQW RISUH ZULWLQJ2YHUWKUHHTXDUWHUVRIUHVSRQGHQWVDJUHHGWKDW
KDQGZULWLQJVNLOOV WKHDELOLW\WRFURVVPLGOLQHZDVQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHGHYHORSPHQW
3RRUERG\SDUWDZDUHQHVVZDVLGHQWLILHGDVDIDFWRUWKDWFDQ RI VXFFHVVIXO KDQGZULWLQJ )LQDOO\ WKH PDMRULW\ RI VXUYH\
GHOD\ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI KDQGZULWLQJ VNLOOV E\ RYHU KDOI RI UHVSRQGHQWV LGHQWLILHG FHQWUDO SRVWXUDO FRQWURO DV WKH LQLWLDO
WKH VXUYH\ UHVSRQGHQWV $GGLWLRQDOO\ RYHU WKUHH TXDUWHUV RI DUHD RI FRQFHUQ ZKHQ FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU DUHDV VXFK DV
UHVSRQGHQWV DJUHHG WKDW SRRU ERG\ VFKHPH PLJKW GHOD\ WKH SUR[LPDOMRLQWVWDELOLW\LQWULQVLFKDQGVWUHQJWKDQGWKHDUFKHV
GHYHORSPHQWRIKDQGZULWLQJVNLOOV7KLVUHVXOWLQSDUWLFXODULQ RIWKHKDQG
International Science Index, Educational and Pedagogical Sciences Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003772
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 711 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10003772
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016
$33(1',;
International Science Index, Educational and Pedagogical Sciences Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003772
)LJD5HVSRQGHQWVE\SUDFWLFHDUHD
)LJE5HVSRQGHQWVE\HGXFDWLRQOHYHO
)LJF5HVSRQGHQWVE\ERDUGFHUWLILFDWLRQ
7$%/(,
*(2*5$3+,&/2&$7,2162)5(6321'(176
5HJLRQV 6WDWHV RI5HVSRQGHQWV RI5HVSRQGHQWV
0LGZHVW(DVW1RUWK&HQWUDO ,/,10,2+:,
6RXWK6RXWK$WODQWLF '()/*$0'1&6&9$:9:DVKLQJWRQ'&
1RUWKHDVW0LG$WODQWLF 1-1<3$
:HVW0RXQWDLQ $=&2,'07191087:<
1RUWKHDVW1HZ(QJODQG &70(0$1+5,97
6RXWK:HVW6RXWK&HQWUDO $5/$2.7;
:HVW3DFLILF $.&$+,25:$
6RXWK(DVW6RXWK&HQWUDO $/.<0671
0LGZHVW:HVW1RUWK&HQWUDO ,$.601021(1'6'
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 712 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10003772
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016
7$%/(,,
6859(<'$7$
4XHVWLRQV /HYHORI,PSRUWDQFH <HV1R RI5HVSRQGHQWV RI5HVSRQGHQWV
+RZLPSRUWDQWLVSXUSRVHIXOVFULEEOLQJWROHWWHUIRUPDWLRQ" 9HU\,PSRUWDQW
,Q\RXURSLQLRQGRHVSXUSRVHIXOVFULEEOLQJIRVWHUOHWWHUGLUHFWLRQDOLW\" <HV
'R\RXWKLQNWKHDELOLW\WRFRS\YHUWLFDOOLQHVKRUL]RQWDOOLQHVFLUFOHVVTXDUHV <HV
DQGWULDQJOHVDUHDJRRGSUHGLFWRURIKDQGZULWLQJUHDGLQHVV"
'R\RXWKLQNWKHDELOLW\WRVXFFHVVIXOO\LPLWDWHDQREOLTXHFURVVLVDSUHFXUVRUWR <HV
KDQGZULWLQJUHDGLQHVV"
'R\RXWKLQNWKHDELOLW\WRVXFFHVVIXOO\FRS\DQREOLTXHFURVVLVDSUHFXUVRUWR <HV
KDQGZULWLQJUHDGLQHVV"
+RZLPSRUWDQWDUHFRJQLWLYHVNLOOVLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRISUHKDQGZULWLQJVNLOOV" 9HU\,PSRUWDQW
:KDWFRJQLWLYHSURFHVVHVGR\RXWKLQNDUHWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWLQWKH $WWHQWLRQ
GHYHORSPHQWRIVXFFHVVIXOKDQGZULWLQJ"3OHDVHUDQNWKHIROORZLQJFRJQLWLYH 3UD[LV
SURFHVVHVLQRUGHURILPSRUWDQFHZKHUHLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDQGLVWKHOHDVW
6HOIUHJXODWLRQ
LPSRUWDQW
0RWRU/HDUQLQJ
0HPRU\
International Science Index, Educational and Pedagogical Sciences Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003772
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 713 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10003772
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:3, 2016
$&.12:/('*0(176 >@ 0 9ROPDQ % YDQ 6FKHQGHO DQG 0 -RQJPDQV ³+DQGZULWLQJ
GLIILFXOWLHV LQ SULPDU\ VFKRRO FKLOGUHQ D VHDUFK IRU XQGHUO\LQJ
7KH VWXGHQW DXWKRUV FRPSOHWHG WKLV UHVHDUFK LQ SDUWLDO PHFKDQLVPV´ Am. J. of Occup. Ther.,YROQRSS-XO
FRPSOHWLRQ RI WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU D 0DVWHU¶V GHJUHH DW $XJ
>@ - 7D\ORU ³7KH VHTXHQFH DQG VWUXFWXUH RI KDQGZULWLQJ FRPSHWHQFH
0LVHULFRUGLD8QLYHUVLW\'DOODV3HQQV\OYDQLD8QLWHG6WDWHV :KHUHDUHWKHEUHDNGRZQSRLQWVLQWKHPDVWHU\RIKDQGZULWLQJ"British
J. of Occup. Ther., YROQRSS-XO
5()(5(1&(6 >@ - &DVH6PLWK / :HDYHU DQG 7 +ROODQG ³(IIHFWV RI D FODVVURRP
HPEHGGHGRFFXSDWLRQDOWKHUDSLVW±WHDFKHUKDQGZULWLQJSURJUDPIRUILUVW
>@ $PHULFDQ 2FFXSDWLRQDO 7KHUDS\ $VVRFLDWLRQ Occupational JUDGH VWXGHQWV´ Am. J. of Occup. Ther. YRO QR SS
therapy in school settings. 2QOLQH$YDLODEOHZZZDRWDRUJ 1RY'HF
>@ 5 +XPSKU\ . -HZHOO DQG 5 5RVHQEHUJHU 5 ³'HYHORSPHQW RI LQ >@ 0+7VHQJDQG6.&KRZ³3HUFHSWXDO±PRWRUIXQFWLRQRIVFKRRODJH
KDQG PDQLSXODWLRQ DQG UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK DFWLYLWLHV´ Am. J. of Occup. FKLOGUHQZLWKVORZKDQGZULWLQJVSHHG´Am. J. of Occup. Ther.,YRO
Ther., YROQRSS6HS QRSS-DQ)HE
>@ & %D\RQD - 0F'RXJDOO 0 7XFNHU 0 1LFKROV DQG $ 0DQGLFK >@ &.,YH\6-/DQHDQG7$0D\%HQVRQ7$³7HVWRI,GHDWLRQDO
³6FKRROEDVHG RFFXSDWLRQDO WKHUDS\ IRU FKLOGUHQ ZLWK ILQH PRWRU 3UD[LV 7,3 3UHOLPLQDU\ ILQGLQJV DQG LQWHUUDWHU DQG WHVW±UHWHVW
GLIILFXOWLHV (YDOXDWLQJ IXQFWLRQ RXWFRPHV DQG ILGHOLW\ RI VHUYLFHV´ UHOLDELOLW\ZLWKSUHVFKRROHUV´Am. J. of Occup. Ther.,YROQRSS
Phys. and Occup. Ther. in Pediatr., YROQRSS-XO ±6HS2FW
>@ * )UROHN&ODUN - 3ROLFKLQR DQG / -DFNVRQ ³2FFXSDWLRQDO WKHUDS\ >@ + &RUQKLOO DQG - &DVH6PLWK ³)DFWRUV WKDW UHODWH WR JRRG DQG SRRU
VHUYLFHV LQ HDUO\ LQWHUYHQWLRQ DQG VFKRROEDVHG SURJUDPV´ Am. J. of KDQGZULWLQJ´ Am. J. of Occup. Ther., YROQRSS2FW
International Science Index, Educational and Pedagogical Sciences Vol:10, No:3, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10003772
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(3) 2016 714 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10003772