You are on page 1of 4

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Cognitive and Language Sciences


Vol:10, No:8, 2016

$JHDQG6HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLWLRQ$&DVH
6WXG\IURP0DOGLYHV
$DLGKD+DPPDG

1
FRQYHQWLRQDO QRWLRQ LQ VXFK VRFLHWLHV HVSHFLDOO\ LQ WKH
Abstract—7KHDJHDFKLOGWREHH[SRVHGWRDVHFRQGODQJXDJHLV 0DOGLYHV WKDW WR EH HGXFDWHG RU LQWHOOLJHQW RQH KDV WR EH
D FRQWURYHUVLDO LVVXH LQ FRPPXQLWLHV VXFK DV WKH 0DOGLYHV ZKHUH IOXHQW LQ (QJOLVK VLQFH LW LV UHJDUGHG DV WKH OLQJXD IUDQFD RI
(QJOLVK LV WDXJKW DV D VHFRQG ODQJXDJH ,W KDV EHHQ REVHUYHG WKDW WKHJOREDOLVHGZRUOG>@
GLIIHUHQW VWDNHKROGHUV KDYH GLIIHUHQW YLHZSRLQWV WRZDUGV WKH LVVXH
6RPH EHOLHYH WKDW WKH HDUOLHU FKLOGUHQ DUH H[SRVHG WR D VHFRQG
$V 0DOGLYLDQ VWXGHQWV HYHQWXDOO\ SUHSDUH WR XQGHUWDNH WKH
ODQJXDJHWKHEHWWHUWKH\OHDUQZKLOHRWKHUVGLVDJUHHZLWKWKHQRWLRQ &DPEULGJH *&( H[DPLQDWLRQV LQ VHFRQGDU\ DQG KLJKHU
+HQFH WKLV FDVH VWXG\ LQYHVWLJDWHV ZKHWKHU FKLOGUHQ OHDUQ D VHFRQG VHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQPDQ\SDUHQWVEHOLHYHWKDW(QJOLVKVKRXOG
ODQJXDJH EHWWHUZKHQ WKH\DUH H[SRVHG DW DQHDUOLHU DJH RU QRW7KH EH WDXJKW DW WKH YHU\ EHJLQQLQJ RI SULPDU\ HGXFDWLRQ >@ ,Q
VSRNHQDQGZULWWHQGDWDFROOHFWHGFRQILUPWKDWHDUOLHUH[SRVXUHKHOSV
Open Science Index, Cognitive and Language Sciences Vol:10, No:8, 2016 publications.waset.org/10005199/pdf

DGGLWLRQ LW ZDV DUJXHG WKDW LI WKH (QJOLVK ODQJXDJH LV WDXJKW
LQ PDVWHULQJ WKH VRXQG SDWWHUQ DQG VSHDNLQJ IOXHQF\ ZLWK PRUH DQG XVHG IURP DQ HDUO\ DJH LW ZRXOG UHVXOW LQ EHWWHU IOXHQF\
QDWLYHOLNH DFFHQW ZKLOH D ODWHU DJH LV EHWWHU IRU OHDUQLQJ PRUH
DEVWUDFWDQGFRQFUHWHDVSHFWVVXFKDVJUDPPDUDQGV\QWDFWLFUXOHV
DQG ZRXOG KHOS WR EXLOG VWXGHQWV¶ FRQILGHQFH LQ XVLQJ WKH
 ODQJXDJH>@
Keywords²$JH GHYHORSPHQW RI ODQJXDJH VNLOOV IOXHQF\ $ SDUDOOHO QRWLRQ WKH HDUOLHU WKH EHWWHU IRU IOXHQF\
VHFRQGODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ SDUWLFXODUO\ ZLWK UHJDUG WR DFFHQW DQG SURQXQFLDWLRQ LV
VXSSRUWHGE\PDQ\RWKHUUHVHDUFKHUV>@>@7KH\EHOLHYHWKDW
, %$&.*5281'$1'6,*1,),&$1&(2)7+(678'< WKH HDUOLHU WKH FKLOGUHQ VWDUW OHDUQLQJ D VHFRQG ODQJXDJH WKH
EHWWHU WKH SURQXQFLDWLRQ WKH\ DFKLHYH ZLWK D PRUH DXWKHQWLF
, 7KDVEHHQQRWLFHGWKDWPDQ\SHRSOHEHOLHYHWKDWHDUOLHUWKH
FKLOGUHQDUHH[SRVHGWRWKHVHFRQGODQJXDJHWKHEHWWHUWKH\
OHDUQWKHODQJXDJH,WLVEHOLHYHGWKDWWKLVLVTXLWHDFRPPRQO\
QDWLYHOLNH DFFHQW 7KH\ FODLP WKDW \RXQJHU VHFRQG ODQJXDJH
OHDUQHUV GR EHWWHU DQG WKDW DIWHU SXEHUW\ OHDUQHUV ZRXOG
DFFHSWHGEHOLHILQPDQ\FRPPXQLWLHV,QFRXQWULHVVXFKDVWKH LQHYLWDEO\ IDFH GLIILFXOWLHV LQ DFKLHYLQJ QDWLYHOLNH
0DOGLYHV ZKHUH (QJOLVK LV WDXJKW DV D VHFRQG ODQJXDJH DQG FRPSHWHQF\ RI WKH VSRNHQ ODQJXDJH LQFOXGLQJ DFFHQW ZRUG
XVHG DV D PHGLXP RI LQVWUXFWLRQ LQ WKH VFKRROV LW VHHPV WKDW FKRLFHDQGSURQXQFLDWLRQ>@>@,WFRXOGEHDUJXHGWKDWWKLV
PDQ\ RI WKH SDUHQWV ZDQW WKHLU FKLOGUHQ WR EH H[SRVHG WR WKH LGHD LV DOVR VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH &ULWLFDO $JH +\SRWKHVLV &3+ 
(QJOLVKODQJXDJHDQGWRVWDUWOHDUQLQJLWDVHDUO\DVSRVVLEOH DQG8QLYHUVDO*UDPPDU 8* 
$VWXG\FDUULHGRXWLQWKH0DOGLYHVUHJDUGLQJWKHODQJXDJH /DQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ LV HDVLHU LQ D SDUWLFXODU SHULRG RI WLPH
RILQVWUXFWLRQVKRZVWKDWPRVWRIWKHSDUHQWVZKRWRRNSDUWLQ FKLOGUHQKDYHWKHLQQDWHFDSDFLW\WRDFTXLUHDODQJXDJHGXULQJ
WKH VWXG\ SUHVHQWHG DUJXPHQWV LQ VXSSRUW RI LQWURGXFLQJ DQG D VHQVLWLYH SHULRG LQ WKHLU GHYHORSPHQW DQG LW ZRUNV
XVLQJ (QJOLVK DV WKH ODQJXDJH RI LQVWUXFWLRQ IURP DQ HDUO\ VXFFHVVIXOO\ ZKHQ LW LV VWLPXODWHG DW WKH ULJKW WLPH EHIRUH
VWDJH SULPDU\ HGXFDWLRQ  RI IRUPDO HGXFDWLRQ ZKLOH PDQ\ SXEHUW\ DV EUDLQ ODWHUDOLVDWLRQ FRPSOHWHV E\ SXEHUW\ >@
RWKHUVWDNHKROGHUVVXFKDVWHDFKHUVDQGHGXFDWRUVFRQWUDGLFW %HVLGHVROGHUOHDUQHUVILQGLWGLIILFXOWWRPDVWHUDQDWLYHOLNH
WKHPZLWKWKHLGHDWKDWHDUOLHULVQRWDOZD\VEHWWHU>@ DFFHQW DV WKH SODVWLFLW\ RI WKH VSHHFK RUJDQV UHGXFH DQG
6LQFH WKH DJHLVVXH LV FRQWURYHUVLDO LW LVEHOLHYHG WKDW LW LV SKRQRORJLFDO SDUDPHWHUV DUH DOUHDG\ VHW E\ WKHQ >@ $V D
LPSRUWDQWWRDGGUHVVWKHLVVXHQRWRQO\DWWKHVXUIDFHOHYHOMXVW UHVXOW WKH\ WHQG WR KDYH D IRUHLJQ DFFHQW EXW ZLWK IOXHQW
E\ORRNLQJDWWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHVWDNHKROGHUVEXWLWLVDOVR FRQWUROLQPRVWFDVHV
LPSRUWDQWWRIXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWHZKDWUHDOO\LVKDSSHQLQJZLWK $SDUW IURP WKH PDVWHU\ RI DFFHQW DIWHU FRQGXFWLQJ WKHLU
VHFRQGODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVDQGZKDWLVEHLQJSUDFWLFHG+HQFH VWXGLHV VRPH UHVHDUFKHUV K\SRWKHVLVHG WKDW WKH HDUOLHU WKH
WKLVFDVHVWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHZKHWKHUFKLOGUHQ VHFRQG ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ LV EHJXQ WKH EHWWHU WKH OHDUQHUV
OHDUQ D VHFRQG ODQJXDJH EHWWHU ZKHQ WKH\ DUH H[SRVHG WR WKH DFKLHYH VRPH RWKHU OLQJXLVWLF IHDWXUHV VXFK DV PRUSKRORJ\
WDUJHWODQJXDJHDWDQHDUOLHUDJH DQGV\QWD[DQGKDYHIXOOQDWLYHOLNHODQJXDJHDELOLWLHV>@
B. The Later the Better
,, /,7(5$785(5(9,(: (YHQWKRXJKLWLVEHOLHYHGWKDWHDUOLHULVEHWWHUIRUOHDUQLQJD
A. The Earlier the Better VHFRQG ODQJXDJH HVSHFLDOO\ IRU OHDUQLQJ SURQXQFLDWLRQ LW
,W VHHPV WKDW PDQ\ SHRSOH LQ WKH 0DOGLYHV HVSHFLDOO\ VHHPVWKHUHDUHPDQ\RWKHUVZKRFRQWUDGLFWWKHQRWLRQWKDWWKH
SDUHQWVEHOLHYHWKDWWKHHDUOLHUWKHFKLOGUHQDUHH[SRVHGWRWKH HDUOLHU LV DOZD\V EHWWHU 6RPH UHVHDUFKHUV DUJXH WKDW FHUWDLQ
VHFRQG ODQJXDJH WKH EHWWHU WKH\ OHDUQ WKH ODQJXDJH ,W LV D DVSHFWVRIWKHODQJXDJHDUHOHDUQHGEHWWHUE\ROGHUOHDUQHUV>@
>@ 7KH\ FODLP WKDW DGXOW OHDUQHUV DUH EHWWHU DW OHDUQLQJ

$DLGKD +DPPDG LV ZLWK 7KH 0DOGLYHV 1DWLRQDO 8QLYHUVLW\ 0DOGLYHV H GLIIHUHQW DVSHFWV VXFK DV ZULWLQJ YRFDEXODU\ V\QWD[
PDLODDLGKDKDPPDG#PQXHGXPY  GLVFRXUVHDQGSUDJPDWLFV7KH\H[SODLQWKDWDGXOWOHDUQHUVDUH

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(8) 2016 2796 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Cognitive and Language Sciences
Vol:10, No:8, 2016

EHQHILWWHGE\WKHLUILUVWODQJXDJHDVWKH\KDYHIXOOPDVWHU\RI ODQJXDJHIURPDYHU\\RXQJDJHDWDURXQGWZR\HDUVRIDJH
WKH ILUVW ODQJXDJH 7KH\ EHOLHYH WKDW WKH OHDUQHUV¶ ILUVW ,Q WKH YLGHR VKH H[SODLQV DQG GHPRQVWUDWHV WKH SURFHGXUH RI
ODQJXDJH KDV VRPH SRVLWLYH LQIOXHQFHV RQ WKH OHDUQLQJ RI D KRZWRPDNHEXEEOHVXVLQJGLIIHUHQWWRROV6KHH[SODLQVLWLQ
VHFRQGODQJXDJHDVWKHNQRZOHGJHRIWKHILUVWODQJXDJHKHOSV KHUVHFRQGODQJXDJH(QJOLVK+HUHLVWKHWUDQVFULSWLRQRIWKH
WROHDUQVLPLODUDVSHFWVRIWKHVHFRQGODQJXDJH>@,QDGGLWLRQ YLGHR 7KH OLQHV DUH QXPEHUHG LQ RUGHU WR PDNH LW HDV\ WR
LW LV EHOLHYHG WKDW DGXOW OHDUQHUV DUH DOVR DGYDQWDJHG LQ IROORZZKLOHUHDGLQJWKHILQGLQJVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ
OHDUQLQJ WKH VHFRQG ODQJXDJH E\ WKHLU FRJQLWLYH PDWXULW\ ,W (1) “Good morning… err… my name is Anan …and this is a
FRXOGEHEHOLHYHGWKDW-HDQ3LDJHW¶VLQWHOOHFWXDOGHYHORSPHQWDO tool… my father made me…
VWDJHV VXSSRUW WKLV QRWLRQ $FFRUGLQJ WR 3LDJHW¶V VWDJHV RI (2) he cut this end and I blow through this end… so I take my
FRJQLWLYH GHYHORSPHQW DW WKH DJH RI  D SHUVRQ EHFRPHV bucket here and I err…aa…
FDSDEOH RI DEVWUDFWLRQ RI IRUPDO WKLQNLQJ ZKLFK WUDQVFHQGV (3) add this… in my pail.. then I take it out again then I blew
FRQFUHWH H[SHULHQFH DQG GLUHFW SHUFHSWLRQ >@ 7KHUHIRUH LW the bubble out.. then I dip it
FRXOGEH EHOLHYHG WKDW DGXOWV PD\ EHQHILWIURP WKLV FRJQLWLYH (4) back again… a little bit of this… then I take it a little bit
PDWXULW\ LQ OHDUQLQJ FHUWDLQ JUDPPDWLFDO H[SODQDWLRQV DQG out… then it shown two
GHGXFWLYH WKLQNLQJ ZKLOH WKH\ OHDUQ D VHFRQG ODQJXDJH (5) bubbles came out..(she pauses)… then I take my next
ZKHUHDV FKLOGUHQ ODFN WKH EHQHILWV RI WKLV FRJQLWLYH PDWXULW\ one… called a fan wheel…
SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ OHDUQLQJ FRQFUHWH DVSHFWV RI WKH VHFRQG (6) actually it has that… but here a bit… so I take it and mix
Open Science Index, Cognitive and Language Sciences Vol:10, No:8, 2016 publications.waset.org/10005199/pdf

ODQJXDJH 0RUHRYHU PDWXULW\ RI WKH OHIW KHPLVSKHUH ZRXOG it little bit again… then it
KHOSDGXOWVLQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIPRUHFRQVFLRXVDQGHIILFLHQW (7) taking then let go and then the bubbles come out… and
OHDUQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV ZKLOH WKH\ OHDUQ D VHFRQG ODQJXDJH take again…then the bubbles
ZKHUHDV FKLOGUHQ DUH JHQHUDOO\ QRW DZDUH RI WKHVH VWUDWHJLHV (8) come out.. (she pauses).. and then I take another bottle
>@ %HVLGHV WKH\ EHOLHYH WKDW VRPHWLPHV ILUVW ODQJXDJH like this one… it has a cut at the
LQIOXHQFH LV IDFLOLWDWLYH DV WKH KDELWV IRUPHG LQ WKH ILUVW (9) end.. my father made it for me… then I dip it in soap that
ODQJXDJH ZRXOG KDYH SRVLWLYH LQIOXHQFHV RQ WKH VWXGHQWV¶ my mom made… then I take
VHFRQG ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ LQ WHUPV RI ODQJXDJH WUDQVIHU (10) it back… you see that end the bubble…then I blow it..
+RZHYHULWDOVRFRXOGEHDQLQWHUIHULQJEDUULHUDQGFRXOGOHDG (sheblowsandmakesabigbubble)…
WR WKH IRVVLOL]DWLRQ RI VHFRQG ODQJXDJH HUURUV >@ 7KHUHIRUH (11) then it’s done… thank you for watching Anaan’s video…”
EDVHG RQ WKH WZR LGHDV ZKDW FRXOG EH XQGHUVWRRG LV WKDW WKH
HDUOLHULVEHWWHUIRUDWWDLQLQJVRPHDVSHFWVRIODQJXDJHVXFKDV 9 ),1',1*6$1'',6&866,21
VSHDNLQJ VNLOOV SDUWLFXODUO\ D QDWLYHOLNH DFFHQW DQG :KHQKHUSURQXQFLDWLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGLWFRXOGEHVDLGWKDW
SURQXQFLDWLRQZKHUHDVODWHULVEHWWHULQPDQ\RIWKHFDVHVIRU VKH KDV D QDWLYHOLNH SURQXQFLDWLRQ DQG KHU DFFHQW WR D JUHDW
OHDUQLQJ YDULRXV RWKHU DVSHFWV DQG PRUH FRQFUHWH NQRZOHGJH H[WHQW VRXQGV OLNH D QDWLYH VSHDNHU HVSHFLDOO\ D QDWLYH
RIWKHODQJXDJHVXFKDVVSHOOLQJZULWLQJYRFDEXODU\V\QWD[ VSHDNHU RI $PHULFDQ (QJOLVK DV VKH KDV D UKRWLF DFFHQW )RU
GLVFRXUVHDQGSUDJPDWLFV7KXVWKLVLGHDFDQEHVXSSRUWHGDV H[DPSOH VKH SURQRXQFHV WKH ZRUGV morning, father, DQG
LW LV HYLGHQW IURP WKH GLIIHUHQW DIRUHPHQWLRQHG UHVHDUFK anotherDV‫ޖ‬P‫ ޝܧ‬U Qܼƾ‫ޖ‬I‫ޝܤ‬èԥ U DQGԥ‫ޖ‬Q‫ݞ‬èԥ U ZLWKDUKRWLF
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHHPSLULFDOGDWDFROOHFWHGIRUWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\ DFFHQW ZLWK U %HVLGHV VKH SURQRXQFHV WKH ZRUGV little DQG
DQG VRPH LQFLGHQFHV WKDW WKH UHVHDUFKHU KDV SHUVRQDOO\ bottle, ZLWKDGLQVWHDGRIDWDV‫ޖ‬OܼGԥODQG‫ޖ‬E‫ܥ‬GԥOZKLFK
H[SHULHQFHG DOVR VXSSRUW DQG VKRZ VRPH HYLGHQFH IRU WKH VRXQGVOLNHDQDWLYHVSHDNHURI$PHULFDQ(QJOLVK,QDGGLWLRQ
DERYH PHQWLRQHG QRWLRQ WKDW HDUOLHU LV EHWWHU IRU RUDO IOXHQF\ WR WKDW VKH SURQRXQFHV WKH ZRUGV then DQG through DV èHQ
DQG ODWHU LV EHWWHU IRU WKH OHDUQLQJ RI DEVWUDFW DVSHFWV RI WKH DQGșUX‫ޝ‬ZLWKWKHFRQVRQDQWVèDQGșZKLFKLVVLPLODUWR
VHFRQGODQJXDJH QDWLYHVSHDNHUV¶SURQXQFLDWLRQ
,W KDV EHHQ QRWLFHG WKDW ZKHQ PRVW 0DOGLYLDQV HVSHFLDOO\
,,,0(7+2'2/2*< DGXOWV VSHDN LQ (QJOLVK WKH\ ILQG LWGLIILFXOW WR DUWLFXODWHRU
7KH UHVHDUFK LV FRQGXFWHG XVLQJ D TXDOLWDWLYH PHWKRG ,Q FDQQRW DUWLFXODWH WKRVH WZR VRXQGV è DQG ș  DV D QDWLYH
WKLV UHJDUG D FDVH VWXG\ LV FDUULHG RXW 6RPH VSRNHQ DQG (QJOLVK VSHDNHU ,QVWHDG RI WKH YRLFHOHVV IULFDWLYH ș WKH\
ZULWWHQ GDWD RI DQ HLJKW \HDUROG 0DOGLYLDQ JLUO $QDQ  ZDV WHQG WR XVH D YRLFHOHVV GHQWDO VWRS >Wࡧ @ DQG LQVWHDG RI WKH
FROOHFWHG IRU DQDO\VLV %RWK VSRNHQ DQG ZULWWHQ GDWD ZHUH YRLFHGIULFDWLYHèWKH\WHQGWRXVHWKHYRLFHGGHQWDOVWRS>Gࡧ@
DQDO\VHG DQG FRPSDUHG WR VHH WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI KHU ERWK RI ZKLFK H[LVW LQ WKH 'KLYHKL ODQJXDJH ,W FRXOG EH
ODQJXDJHVNLOOVVXFKDVVSHDNLQJDQGZULWLQJ EHOLHYHG WKDW WKH UHDVRQ IRU WKLV FRXOG EH WKH QHJDWLYH
LQIOXHQFH RI WKH ILUVW ODQJXDJH EHFDXVH WKH 'KLYHKL ODQJXDJH
,9$1$/<6(62)7+('$7$ GRHV QRW KDYH è DQG ș DQG PRVW SHRSOH HVSHFLDOO\ WKRVH
7KH FROOHFWHG GDWD LQFOXGHV D YLGHR RI DQ HLJKW\HDUROG ZKR VWDUWHG OHDUQLQJ (QJOLVK DW D ODWHU DJH RU DIWHU PDVWHULQJ
*UDGH 7ZR 0DOGLYLDQ JLUO VWXG\LQJ DW DQ (QJOLVKPHGLXP WKHIXOOVRXQGV\VWHPRIWKHLUQDWLYHODQJXDJHILQGLWGLIILFXOW
SULPDU\VFKRROZKHUHVKHOHDUQV(QJOLVKDVDVHFRQGODQJXDJH WR PDVWHU D QDWLYHOLNH DFFHQW ,W FRXOG EH EHOLHYHG WKDW WKLV
+HUILUVWODQJXDJHLV'KLYHKLZKLFKLVWKHQDWLYHODQJXDJHRI KDSSHQV DV D UHVXOW RI WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI WKH SODVWLFLW\ RI WKH
0DOGLYHV +RZHYHU VKH KDV EHHQ H[SRVHG WR WKH (QJOLVK VSHHFK RUJDQV DOUHDG\ HVWDEOLVKHG SKRQRORJLFDO SDUDPHWHUV

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(8) 2016 2797 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Cognitive and Language Sciences
Vol:10, No:8, 2016

DQG IRVVLOL]DWLRQ DV /LJKWERZQ  6SDGD H[SODLQ >@ 7KXV IRUOHDUQLQJDVHFRQGODQJXDJHHVSHFLDOO\WKHDEVWUDFWDVSHFWV


WKH\ UHSODFH WKHVH VRXQGV ZLWK WKH FORVHVW VRXQGV IURP WKHLU RIWKHODQJXDJH,WVKRZVWKDWFRJQLWLYHPDWXULW\LVLPSRUWDQW
YHUQDFXODU LQRUGHUWROHDUQFHUWDLQDVSHFWVRIDODQJXDJH
'HWHUGLQJDQG6DOEULQDDUJXHWKDWWKHQDWLYHODQJXDJHKDVD $SDUW IURP WKH VSRNHQ GDWD VRPH ZULWWHQ GDWD ZHUH DOVR
VWURQJLQIOXHQFHRQWKHSURQXQFLDWLRQRIWKHVHFRQGODQJXDJH FROOHFWHGLQRUGHUWRFRPSDUHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIKHUVSHDNLQJ
UDWKHU WKDQ VRPH H[WHUQDO LQIOXHQFHV >@ 7KLV FRXOG EH DQGZULWLQJ VNLOOV )LJ  VKRZVSLFWXUHVRI KHUZULWWHQ ZRUN
EHOLHYHGUDWKHUWUXHDVWKHUHVHDUFKHUKHUVHOIH[SHULHQFHGWKH )LJLVWKHZULWWHQYHUVLRQRIWKHVDPHSURFHGXUHRIKRZWR
VDPH WKLQJ DV D VHFRQG ODQJXDJH VWXGHQW RI WKH (QJOLVK PDNHEXEEOHVXVLQJGLIIHUHQWWRROVZKLFKVKHH[SODLQVLQWKH
ODQJXDJH8QOLNH$QDQWKHUHVHDUFKHUVWDUWHGOHDUQLQJ(QJOLVK YLGHR
DWDODWHUDJHDIWHUPDVWHULQJWKHIXOOVRXQGV\VWHPRIKHUILUVW 
ODQJXDJH 'KLYHKL $V D UHVXOW KHU SURQXQFLDWLRQ RI (QJOLVK
DQG WKH DFFHQW LV KLJKO\ LQIOXHQFHG E\ KHU QDWLYH ODQJXDJH
6KH FDQQRW DUWLFXODWH VRPH RI WKH VRXQGV LQ (QJOLVK DV D
QDWLYH VSHDNHU ZRXOG SURQRXQFH SDUWLFXODUO\ WKRVH VRXQGV
WKDW GR QRW H[LVW LQ 'KLYHKL ,W FRXOG EH EHOLHYHG WKDW WKH
VLWXDWLRQ ZRXOG EH TXLWH VLPLODU ZLWK PDQ\ RWKHU 0DOGLYLDQV
ZKR VWDUWHG OHDUQLQJ (QJOLVK DW D ODWHU DJH +RZHYHU LW KDV
Open Science Index, Cognitive and Language Sciences Vol:10, No:8, 2016 publications.waset.org/10005199/pdf

EHHQQRWLFHGWKDWQRZDGD\VWKH\RXQJHUJHQHUDWLRQDQGPDQ\
RI0DOGLYLDQFKLOGUHQZKRKDYHEHHQOHDUQLQJ(QJOLVKIURPD
YHU\\RXQJDJHWHQGWRKDYHDFORVHUSURQXQFLDWLRQDQGQDWLYH
OLNH DFFHQW ZKHQ WKH\ VSHDN (QJOLVK 2Q WKH EDVLV RI WKLV LW
FRXOG EH DVVXPHG WKDW $QDQ¶V SURQXQFLDWLRQ LV PRUH QDWLYH
OLNHEHFDXVHVKHKDVVWDUWHGOHDUQLQJ(QJOLVKDWDYHU\\RXQJ
DJHDQGDVDUHVXOWKHUSURQXQFLDWLRQLVQRWDVLQIOXHQFHGE\
KHUILUVWODQJXDJHDVLWLVIRUPDQ\DGXOWOHDUQHUV7KHUHIRUH
EDVHGRQWKHGDWDWKHUHVHDUFKHU¶VSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHDQGWKH
UHVHDUFKILQGLQJVPHQWLRQHGSUHYLRXVO\LWFRXOGEHFRQFOXGHG
WKDWIRUWKHOHDUQLQJRIRUDOIOXHQF\QDWLYHOLNHSURQXQFLDWLRQ
DQG DFFHQW LW LV EHWWHU WR LQWURGXFH WKH VHFRQG ODQJXDJH DV
HDUO\DVSRVVLEOH
:KHQ $QDQ¶V OHDUQLQJ RI RWKHU DVSHFWV RI WKH VHFRQG
ODQJXDJHVXFKDVJUDPPDUDQGZULWLQJVNLOOVDUHFRQVLGHUHGLW
FDQQRW EH VDLG WKDW VKH SHUIRUPV DV ZHOO DV VKH SHUIRUPV LQ
VSHDNLQJ DQG SURQXQFLDWLRQ )RU H[DPSOH ZKHQ WKH GDWD LV
DQDO\VHG LW LV HYLGHQW WKDW WKHUH DUH VRPH SUREOHPV ZLWK
YDULRXVDVSHFWVRI(QJOLVKJUDPPDUVLQFHVKHKDVQRWPDVWHUHG
WKRVHIHDWXUHVDVHIIHFWLYHO\DVVKHKDVWKHSURQXQFLDWLRQ)RU 
H[DPSOH LQ OLQH  ³…and this is a tool… my father made )LJ6DPSOHRI$QDQ¶VZULWLQJ
me«´LQOLQHVDQG “… then it taking then let go and then 
the bubbles come out…”, DQGLQOLQH, “..then I dip it in soap )LJ  VKRZV WZR GUDZLQJV PDGH RQ D FRPSXWHU E\ $QDQ
that my mom made«´ $QDQ FRXOG QRW XVH WKH SDVVLYH IRUP DQGKHUEURWKHU+RZHYHUWKHWH[WZDVZULWWHQE\$QDQ:KHQ
“this is a tool made for me by my father”, “..then it is taken KHU ZULWLQJ LV DQDO\VHG LW FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW VSHOOLQJ LV RQH RI
and then let go..” , “..then I dip it in soap which is made by KHU PDMRU SUREOHPV 0DQ\ RI WKH ZRUGV DUH PLVVSHOW DQG
my mom..” LQRUGHUWRVD\LWLQDJUDPPDWLFDOO\FRUUHFWZD\ LQYHQWLYHVSHOOLQJVKDYHEHHQXVHGEDVHGRQKHUNQRZOHGJHRI
6RPHPRUHH[DPSOHVDUHLQOLQHVDQG “«then it shown SKRQRORJ\ ZKLFK LV YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ ,Q DGGLWLRQ ERWK
two bubbles came out” +HUH VKH FRXOG QRW XVH WKH FRUUHFW H[DPSOHVRIZULWLQJKDYHYDULRXVGLIILFXOWLHVZLWKSXQFWXDWLRQ
IRUP RI WKH SUHVHQW SHUIHFW DQG WKH JHUXQG FODXVH DV D GLUHFW VXFKDVXVLQJIXOOVWRSVDQGFDSLWDOOHWWHUV:KHQKHUVSHDNLQJ
REMHFW ³«WKHQLWKDVVKRZQWZREXEEOHVFRPLQJRXW´ 7KLV DQG ZULWLQJ VNLOOV DUH FRPSDUHG LW FRXOG EH VDLG WKDW KHU
VKRZVWKDWHYHQWKRXJKVKHLVFDSDEOHRIOHDUQLQJWKHFRUUHFW VSHDNLQJ VNLOOV VXFK DV IOXHQF\ DQG SURQXQFLDWLRQ DUH IDU
QDWLYHOLNH SURQXQFLDWLRQ DQG RUDO IOXHQF\ VKH KDV QRW EHHQ EHWWHU WKDQ KHU ZULWLQJ VNLOOV DQG JUDPPDU 7KLV VKRZV WKDW
DEOHWROHDUQFHUWDLQJUDPPDWLFDODVSHFWVHVSHFLDOO\WKHPRUH HDUOLHULVEHWWHUHVSHFLDOO\IRUDFTXLULQJVSRNHQODQJXDJHEXW
GLIILFXOW DQG DEVWUDFW IHDWXUHV RI SDVVLYH IRUP SHUIHFW WHQVH QRWDOZD\VEHWWHUIRUOHDUQLQJYDULRXVDVSHFWVRIZULWLQJDQGD
DQG WKH XVH RI WKH JHUXQG DV D QRXQ +HQFH WKLV SURYLGHV VRXQGJUDPPDUIRXQGDWLRQ
HYLGHQFHDQGVXSSRUWVWKHLGHDWKDWHDUOLHULVQRWDOZD\VEHWWHU 

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(8) 2016 2798 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Cognitive and Language Sciences
Vol:10, No:8, 2016
Open Science Index, Cognitive and Language Sciences Vol:10, No:8, 2016 publications.waset.org/10005199/pdf


)LJ6DPSOHWZRRI$QDQ¶VZULWLQJ

9,&21&/86,21 >@ /LJKWERZQ30 6SDGD1  How languages are learned (3rd
Ed.).2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
7RFRQFOXGHLWFRXOGEHVDLGWKDWQHLWKHUHDUOLHUQRUODWHULV >@ )URPNLQ 9 5RGPDQ 5  +\DPV 1   An introduction to
EHWWHU LQ LWVHOI LQ OHDUQLQJ D VHFRQG ODQJXDJH KRZHYHU RWKHU language (7th Ed.). %RVWRQ7KRPSVRQ:DGVZRUWK
>@ %HUN/(  Child Development%RVWRQ$OO\QDQG%DFRQ
IDFWRUVVXFKDVDWWLWXGHDSWLWXGHPRWLYDWLRQDQGDJHPDWWHULQ >@ 'HWHUGLQJ' 6DOEULQD6 2013) Brunei English: A new variety in a
OHDUQLQJGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVRIDVHFRQGODQJXDJH%DVHGRQWKH multilingual society. 1HZ<RUN6SULQJHU
UHVHDUFKWKHGDWDSUHVHQWHGDQGWKHUHVHDUFKHU¶VRZQSHUVRQDO
H[SHULHQFH LW FDQ EH EHOLHYHG WKDW HDUOLHU H[SRVXUH KHOSV LQ
PDVWHULQJWKHVRXQGSDWWHUQVZLWKJUHDWHUHDVHDQGDFKLHYLQJD
PRUH QDWLYHOLNH DFFHQW +RZHYHU OHDUQLQJ DEVWUDFW DVSHFWV
VXFK DV JUDPPDU YRFDEXODU\ LWHPV V\QWDFWLF UXOHV VW\OLVWLF
YDULDWLRQV GLVFRXUVH DQG SUDJPDWLFV LV HDVLHU DQG PRUH
HIIHFWLYH LI OHDUQHG ODWHU DV FRJQLWLYH PDWXULW\ DQG PDVWHULQJ
RI WKH IXOO FRPSHWHQF\ RI D ILUVW ODQJXDJH IDFLOLWDWHV WKH
OHDUQLQJRIDVHFRQGODQJXDJH

5()(5(1&(6
>@ 6KLXQD 0  6RGLT $   Improving education in the Maldives:
Stakeholder perspectives on the Maldives Education Sector. 5HWULHYHG
IURP KWWSPDOGLYHVUHVHDUFKRUJZSFRQWHQWXSORDGV
(GXFDWLRQB)RUXPB5HSRUWB)LQDOB9B0DUFKBB0DOGLYHV5HVHDUFKS
GI
>@ /DUVHQ)UHHPDQ '  /RQJ 0 +   An Introduction to second
language Acquisition: Applied linguistic and language study /RQGRQ
/RQJPDQ
>@ (OOLV5  The Study of Second Language Acquisition1HZ<RUN
2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
>@ &KRPVN\ 1   Language and Mind UG (G  &DPEULGJH
&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(8) 2016 2799 ISNI:0000000091950263

You might also like