Name: ________________________

B1 Cell Biology
35 Questions Class: ________________________

Date: ________________________

Time:

Marks:

Comments:

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 1 of 88

 Figure 1 shows an animal cell.
1
Figure 1

© alex-mit/iStock/Thinkstock

(a) What is structure A?

Tick one box.

Cell membrane

Cell wall

Chromosome

Cytoplasm

(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 2 of 88

(b) What is structure B?

Tick one box.

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Vacuole

(1)

(c) Figure 2 shows a sperm cell.

Figure 2

Describe how a sperm cell is adapted to carry out its function.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(d) Substances can move into and out of cells by three processes.

The diagrams show the concentration of different substances inside and outside a root hair
cell.

How would each substance move into the root hair cell?

Draw one line from each root hair cell to the correct process.

Root hair cell Process

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 4 of 88

 The figure below shows a scale drawing of one type of cell in blood.
2

(a) Use the scale to determine the width of the cell.

Give your answer to the nearest micrometre.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Width of cell = _________________ micrometres

(1)

(b) Complete the table below.

Part of the blood Function

Carries oxygen around the body

Protects the body against infection

Plasma

(3)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 5 of 88

 (c) Platelets are fragments of cells.

Platelets help the blood to clot.

Suggest what might happen if the blood did not clot.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

When an organism grows, new cells are produced by cell division.

3
(a) What type of cell division happens to produce new body cells?

Tick one box.

Differentiation

Meiosis

Mitosis

(1)

(b) Why can cancers grow very large?

Tick one box.

Cancer cells are specialised

Cell division is slow

Cell division is uncontrolled

(1)

(c) Give one factor which increases the risk of getting cancer.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(d) Survival rates for people with cancer have improved a lot.

People who are alive 10 years after diagnosis are usually considered to be cured.

The figure below shows data for people diagnosed with cancer in 1961 and 2001.

78% of people diagnosed with breast cancer in 2001 were alive 10 years later.

Complete the figure above to show this information.

(1)

(e) Which type of cancer diagnosed in 1961 had the highest survival rate?

Tick one box.

Breast

Prostate

Skin

Testicular

(1)
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(f) Which type of cancer shows the biggest improvement in the percentage of people alive after
10 years?

Tick one box.

Breast

Prostate

Skin

Testicular

(1)

(g) Suggest two reasons why the survival rates for all cancers have increased.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 8 of 88

 Pathogens cause infectious diseases in animals and plants.
4
(a) Draw one line from each disease to the type of pathogen that causes the disease.

Disease Type of pathogen

Bacterium

Gonorrhoea

Fungus

Malaria

Protist

Measles

Virus

(3)

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(b) Some parts of the human body have adaptations to reduce the entry of live pathogens.

Look at Figure 1.

Figure 1

Explain how the trachea is adapted to reduce the entry of live pathogens.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

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(c) Malaria is a serious disease that can be fatal.

Malaria is spread to humans by infected mosquitoes.

Scientists investigated the behaviour of mosquitoes to understand how the spread of

malaria could be controlled.

Figure 2 shows the equipment the scientists used.

Figure 2

This is the method used.

1. 30 mosquitoes infected with malaria were placed in Container A.

2. 30 uninfected mosquitoes were placed in Container B.

3. The total number of times the mosquitoes landed on the socks was recorded.

Name the dependent variable and suggest one control variable in this investigation.

Dependent variable ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Control variable ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(d) Infected mosquitoes landed on the socks three times more often than uninfected
mosquitoes.

Explain how this information can be used to reduce the spread of malaria.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 12 of 88

(e) Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) affects many species of plant.

Figure 3 shows a leaf infected with TMV.

Figure 3

© Nigel Cattlin/Getty Images

TMV destroys chloroplasts in the leaf.

Explain how this could affect the growth of the plant.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 13 of 88

 The figure below shows four different types of cell.
5

(a) Which cell is a plant cell?

Give one reason for your answer.

Cell _________

Reason ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Which cell is an animal cell?

Give one reason for your answer.

Cell _________

Reason ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Which cell is a prokaryotic cell?

Give one reason for your answer.

Cell _________

Reason ____________________________________________________________
(2)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 14 of 88

 (d) A scientist observed a cell using an electron microscope.

The size of the image was 25 mm.

The magnification was × 100 000

Calculate the real size of the cell.

Use the equation:

Give your answer in micrometres.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Real size = __________________ micrometres

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Plants need nitrate ions in order to make proteins.

6
A plant is growing in soil flooded with water.

Explain why the plant cannot absorb enough nitrate ions.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 5 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 15 of 88

 (a) Some antibiotics work by destroying the cell membranes of bacteria.
7
Suggest why these antibiotics may have side effects in the animals that are given these
antibiotics.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Each arrow on the figure below shows the date of discovery of each new type of antibiotic.

In which 10 year period were most new types of antibiotic discovered?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The figure above shows 22 new types of antibiotic. These were discovered before 2010.

Determine the percentage of types of antibiotic that have been discovered between 1980
and 2010.

Use information from the figure above.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

____________________ %
(2)

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(d) Bacteria can evolve rapidly.

Many bacteria can develop into new strains which are resistant to antibiotics.

Complete the table below to show if each action is more likely or less likely to help
bacteria to become antibiotic resistant.

Put a tick in each row.

Action More likely Less likely

Take painkillers for headache

Washing with antiseptic hand gel

Adding antibiotics to food for cows

Giving antibiotics for colds and flu

Stopping antibiotics as soon as you feel better

(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 17 of 88

 Starfish can split in half. Each half can then grow new arms to form offspring.
8
This process is shown in the figure below.

(a) What process produces the starfish offspring?

Tick one box.

Asexual reproduction

Fertilisation

Selective breeding

Sexual reproduction

(1)

(b) More cells are produced as the starfish grows more arms.

What process will produce more cells in the starfish as they grow?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) All the offspring produced are genetically identical.

What name is given to genetically identical organisms?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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 (d) Each body cell of the parent starfish contains 44 chromosomes.

How many chromosomes are in each body cell of the offspring?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Students used quadrats to estimate the population of dandelion plants on a field.

9
(a) Describe how quadrats should be used to estimate the number of dandelion plants in a
field.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) The field measured 40 m by 145 m.

The students used 0.25 m2 quadrats.

The students found a mean of 0.42 dandelions per quadrat.

Estimate the population of dandelions on the field.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Estimated population of dandelions = ______________

(2)

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 (c) In one area of the field there is a lot of grass growing in the same area as dandelions.

Suggest why the dandelions may not grow well in this area.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Different antibiotics destroy bacteria in different ways.

10
• Some antibiotics disrupt the bacterial cell membrane.

• Some antibiotics disrupt the bacterial cell wall.

(a) Antibiotics that disrupt the bacterial cell membrane often cause more side effects in
humans compared with antibiotics that disrupt bacterial cell walls.

Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Some antibiotics prevent ribosomes functioning.

Suggest how this damages the bacterium.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 20 of 88

 (c) Drug manufacturers are spending less on research into new antibiotics.

One reason why is because new antibiotics are rarely prescribed.

Some people think that governments should pay drug manufacturers to develop new
antibiotics.

Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Figure 1 shows a cell viewed through a light microscope.

11
Figure 1

The size of the real cell is 0.03 mm.

(a) Calculate the magnification of the microscope.

Use Figure 1 to help you answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Magnification = ________________________
(2)

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(b) A light microscope uses light waves to observe objects.

Light waves can be modelled using water waves.

Figure 2 shows a water wave.

Figure 2

Give one similarity between a light wave and a water wave.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Write down the equation that links frequency, wave speed and wavelength.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) The wave in Figure 2 has a wavelength of 75 cm.

The wave moves at a speed of 1.6 m / s.

Calculate the frequency of the wave.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Frequency = __________________ Hz
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 22 of 88

 (a) In humans there are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
12
The table below gives statements about cell division.

Tick ( ) one box in each row to show if the statement is true for mitosis only, for meiosis
only, or for both mitosis and meiosis.

The first row has been done for you.

Both mitosis
Statement Mitosis only Meiosis only
and meiosis

How cells are replaced

How gametes are made

How a fertilised egg undergoes cell division

How copies of the genetic information are

made

How genetically identical cells are produced

(4)

(b) Stem cells can be taken from human embryos.

In therapeutic cloning, an embryo is produced that has the same genes as the patient.

(i) Name one source of human stem cells, other than human embryos.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Stem cells from embryos can be transplanted into patients for medical
treatment.

Give one advantage of using stem cells from embryos, compared with cells from the
source you named in part (i).
(1)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 23 of 88

 The image below shows an epithelial cell from the lining of the small intestine.
13

(a) (i) In the image above, the part of the cell labelled A contains chromosomes.

What is the name of part A?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) How are most soluble food molecules absorbed into the epithelial cells of the
small intestine?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

diffusion osmosis respiration

(1)

(b) Suggest how the highly folded cell surface helps the epithelial cell to absorb soluble food.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Epithelial cells also carry out active transport.

(i) Name one food molecule absorbed into epithelial cells by active transport.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 24 of 88

 (ii) Why is it necessary to absorb some food molecules by active transport?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest why epithelial cells have many mitochondria.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Some plants also carry out active transport.

Give one substance that plants absorb by active transport.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Human cells and yeast cells have some parts that are the same.
14
(a) The diagram shows a yeast cell.

Parts A and B are found in human cells and in yeast cells. On the diagram, label parts A
and B.
(2)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 25 of 88

(b) Many types of cell can divide to form new cells.

Some cells in human skin can divide to make new skin cells.

Why do human skin cells need to divide?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Human stem cells can develop into many different types of human cell.

(i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

embryos hair nerve cells

Human stem cells may come from

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

cystic fibrosis paralysis polydactyly

Human stem cells can be used to treat

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 26 of 88

 The diagram below shows the parts of the body that digest and absorb food.
15
It also shows some details about the structure of the stomach.

(a) Complete the table to show whether each structure is an organ, an organ system or a
tissue.

For each structure, tick ( ) one box.

Organ
Structure Organ Tissue
system

Stomach

Cells lining the stomach

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver,

pancreas, small and large intestine

(2)

(b) (i) The blood going to the stomach has a high concentration of oxygen.
The cells lining the stomach have a low concentration of oxygen.

Complete the following sentence.

Oxygen moves from the blood to the cells lining the stomach by

the process of ___________________________________ .

(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 27 of 88

 (ii) What other substance must move from the blood to the cells lining the stomach so
that respiration can take place?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

glucose protein starch

(1)

(iii) In which part of a cell does aerobic respiration take place?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

cell membrane mitochondria nucleus

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

The image below shows some muscle cells from the wall of the stomach, as seen through a light
16 microscope.

(a) Describe the function of muscle cells in the wall of the stomach.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 28 of 88

(b) Figure above is highly magnified.

The scale bar in Figure above represents 0.1 mm.

Use a ruler to measure the length of the scale bar and then calculate the magnification of
Figure above.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Magnification = _______________ times

(2)

(c) The muscle cells in Figure above contain many mitochondria.

What is the function of mitochondria?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The muscle cells also contain many ribosomes. The ribosomes cannot be seen in Figure
above.

(i) What is the function of a ribosome?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest why the ribosomes cannot be seen through a light microscope.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 29 of 88

 Our lungs help us to breathe.
17
The image below shows the human breathing system.

(a) (i) Name part A.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Give one function of the ribs.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

active transport diffusion osmosis

Oxygen moves from the air inside the lungs into the blood by the

process of __________________________ .
(1)

(ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

arteries capillaries veins

Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood through the walls

of the __________________________ .
(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 30 of 88

 (iii) Inside the lungs, oxygen is absorbed from the air into the blood.

Give two adaptations of the lungs that help the rapid absorption of oxygen into the
blood.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Plants need different substances to survive.

18
Figure 1 shows the roots of a plant.

(a) (i) Mineral ions are absorbed through the roots.

Name one other substance absorbed through the roots.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 31 of 88

(ii) The plant in Figure 1 has a higher concentration of mineral ions in the cells of its
roots than the concentration of mineral ions in the soil.

Which two statements correctly describe the absorption of mineral ions into the
plant’s roots?

Tick ( ) two boxes.

The mineral ions are absorbed by active transport.

The mineral ions are absorbed by diffusion.

The mineral ions are absorbed down the concentration gradient.

The absorption of mineral ions needs energy.

(2)

(iii) The plant in Figure 1 has roots adapted for absorption.

Figure 2 shows a magnified part of a root from Figure 1.

Describe how the root in Figure 2 is adapted for absorption.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 32 of 88

(b) The leaves of plants have stomata.

What is the function of the stomata?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Figure 3 shows the underside of two leaves, A and B, taken from a plant in a man’s house.

(i) In Figure 3, the cells labelled X control the size of the stomata.

What is the name of the cells labelled X?

Tick ( ) one box.

Guard cells

Phloem cells

Xylem cells

(1)

(ii) Describe how the appearance of the stomata in leaf B is different from the
appearance of the stomata in leaf A.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 33 of 88
 (iii) The man forgets to water the plant.

What might happen to the plant in the next few days if the stomata stay the same as
shown in leaf A in Figure 3?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Gas exchange takes place in the lungs.

19
The diagram shows an alveolus next to a blood capillary in a lung.

The arrows show the movement of two gases, A and B.

(a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

diffusion.
Gases A and B move by osmosis.
respiration.

(1)

(ii) Gas A moves from the blood to the air in the lungs.

Gas A is then breathed out.

Name Gas A.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Which cells in the blood carry Gas B?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

platelets red blood cells white blood cells

(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 34 of 88

 (b) The average number of alveoli in each human lung is 280 million.

The average surface area of 1 million alveoli is 0.25 m2.

Calculate the total surface area of a human lung.

___________________________________________________________________

Answer ___________________________________ m2
(2)

(c) An athlete trains to run a marathon. The surface area of each of the athlete’s lungs has
increased to 80 m2.

Give one way in which this increase will help the athlete.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

The diagram below shows a single-celled alga which lives in fresh water.
20

(a) Which part of the cell labelled above:

(i) traps light for photosynthesis

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) is made of cellulose?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 35 of 88

(b) In the freshwater environment water enters the algal cell.

(i) What is the name of the process by which water moves into cells?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Give the reason why the algal cell does not burst.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) (i) The alga can photosynthesise.

Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.

water + _______________ _______________ + oxygen

(2)

(ii) The flagellum helps the cell to move through water. Scientists think that the flagellum
and the light-sensitive spot work together to increase photosynthesis.

Suggest how this might happen.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Multicellular organisms often have complex structures, such as lungs, for gas exchange.

Explain why single-celled organisms, like algae, do not need complex structures for gas
exchange.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 36 of 88

 The diagram below shows a cross-section of a plant root. The transport tissues are labelled.
21

(a) (i) What is tissue A?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

cuticle epidermis xylem

(1)

(ii) Name two substances transported by tissue A.

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Phloem is involved in a process called translocation.

(i) What is translocation?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain why translocation is important to plants.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 37 of 88

 (c) Plants must use active transport to move some substances from the soil into root hair cells.

(i) Active transport needs energy.

Which part of the cell releases most of this energy?

Tick (✓) one box.

mitochondria

nucleus

ribosome

(1)

(ii) Explain why active transport is necessary in root hair cells.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

Some infections are caused by bacteria.

22
(a) The genetic material is arranged differently in the cells of bacteria compared with animal
and plant cells.

Describe two differences.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 38 of 88

(b) Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by bacteria.

The table below shows the number of cases of TB in different regions of southern England
from 2000–2011.

Number of cases of TB per 100 000 people

Year London South East South West

2000 37 5 3

2001 36 6 4

2002 42 6 6

2003 42 7 4

2004 42 7 5

2005 49 8 5

2006 44 8 3

2007 43 8 5

2008 44 8 5

2009 44 9 6

2010 42 9 5

2011 45 10 5

(i) How does the number of cases of TB for London compare with the rest of southern
England?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Describe the pattern in the data for cases of TB in the South East.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 39 of 88

 (iii) Describe the pattern in the data for cases of TB in the South West.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) (i) On the graph paper below:

• plot the number of cases of TB in London

• label both the axes on the graph

• draw a line of best fit.

(4)

(ii) Suggest why a student thought the value for 2005 in London was anomalous.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 40 of 88

 (d) People can be vaccinated against TB.

Suggest how a vaccination programme would reduce the number of people with TB.

Details of how a vaccine works are not required.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

The lugworm lives in a U-shaped burrow in the sand on the seashore.

23
The diagram below shows a lugworm in its burrow.

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 41 of 88

(a) Some scientists investigated the effect of different salt concentrations on lugworms.

The scientists:

• collected 50 lugworms from the seashore

• separated them into five groups of 10 lugworms

• weighed each group of 10 lugworms

• placed each group into a different concentration of salt solution and left them for 8
hours

• took each lugworm out of the solution and placed it on blotting paper for 30 seconds

• re-weighed each group of 10 lugworms.

(i) Why did the scientists use groups of 10 lugworms and not just 1 lugworm at each
concentration?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Suggest why the scientists placed each lugworm on blotting paper for 30 seconds
before they reweighed the groups of lugworms.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) How might the method of blotting have caused errors in the results?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iv) Suggest one improvement the scientists could make to their investigation.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 42 of 88

(b) The table below shows the scientists’ results.

Concentration of Mass of 10 Mass of 10 Change in Percentage (%)

salt in arbitrary lugworms lugworms mass in change in
units at start in after 8 grams mass
grams hours in
grams

1.0 41.2 61.8 +20.6 +50

2.0 37.5 45.0 +7.5

3.0 55.0 56.1 +1.1 +2

4.0 46.2 22.2 -24.0 -52

5.0 45.3 22.6 -22.7 -50

(i) The scientists calculated the percentage change in mass at each salt concentration.

Why is the percentage change in mass more useful than just the change in mass in
grams?

Use information from the table in your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Calculate the percentage change in mass for the 10 lugworms in the salt solution with
a concentration of 2.0 arbitrary units.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Percentage change in mass = ______________________ %

(2)

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(c) (i) On the graph paper below, draw a graph to show the scientists’ results:

• plot the percentage change in mass

• label the horizontal axis

• draw a line of best fit.

(4)

(ii) The scientists thought one of their results was anomalous.

Draw a ring around the anomalous result on your graph.

(1)

(iii) Suggest what might have happened to cause this anomalous result.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

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 (d) (i) What do you think is the concentration of salts in the lugworm’s natural environment?

Use information from your graph to give the reason for your answer.

Concentration = ______________________ %

Reason _______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) The mass of the lugworms decreased in the salt solution with a concentration of 5.0
arbitrary units.

Explain what caused this.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 19 marks)

The diagram below shows how a nerve impulse passing along a relay neurone causes an
24 impulse to be sent along another type of neurone, neurone X.

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 45 of 88

(a) What type of neurone is neurone X?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Describe how information passes from the relay neurone to neurone X.
Use the diagram to help you.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Scientists investigated the effect of two toxins on the way in which information passes
across synapses. The table below shows the results.

Toxin Effect at the synapse

Decreases the effect of the chemical

Curare
on neurone X

Increases the amount of the chemical

Strychnine
made in the relay neurone

Describe the effect of each of the toxins on the response by muscles.

Curare _____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Strychnine __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 46 of 88

 The image below shows some cells in the lining of the stomach.
25

(a) (i) Use words from the box to name structures A and B.

cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm vacuole

A _____________________________________

B _____________________________________
(2)

(ii) What is the function of the nucleus?

Tick ( ) one box.

To control the activities of the cell

To control movement of substances into and out of the cell

To release energy in respiration

(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 47 of 88

 (b) Draw one line from each part of the human body to its correct scientific name.

Part of human body Scientific name

An organ

Layer of cells lining the stomach

An organism

Stomach

An organ system

Mouth, stomach, intestines,

liver and pancreas

A tissue

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

In sexual reproduction, an egg fuses with a sperm.

26
(a) (i) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

cloning.
An egg and a sperm fuse together in the process of fertilisation.
mitosis.

(1)

(ii) Egg cells and sperm cells each contain the structures given in the box.

chromosome gene nucleus

List these three structures in size order, starting with the smallest.

1 ____________________________________________________ (smallest)

2. ____________________________________________________________

3 _____________________________________________________ (largest)
(2)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 48 of 88

 (iii) The egg and the sperm contain genetic material.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

carbohydrate.
The genetic material is made of DNA.
protein.

(1)

(b) The diagram below shows the inheritance of X and Y chromosomes.

(i) Draw a tick ( ) on the part of the diagram that shows a sperm cell.
(1)

(ii) What is the chance of having a female child?

Give the reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
27 clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Diffusion is an important process in animals and plants.

The movement of many substances into and out of cells occurs by diffusion.

Describe why diffusion is important to animals and plants.

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 49 of 88

In your answer you should refer to:

• animals

• plants

• examples of the diffusion of named substances.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Extra space _____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 50 of 88

 Substances can move into cells and out of cells.
28
(a) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.

active transport.

Water moves into cells and out of cells by osmosis.

reabsorption.

freely permeable

The water moves through a non-permeable membrane.

partially permeable

(2)

(b) Students put plant cells into two different strengths of sugar solutions, A and B.

The diagram below shows what the cells looked like after 1 hour.

Cell in Cell in
sugar solution A sugar solution B
(after 1 hour) (after 1 hour)

(i) Describe two ways in which the cell in sugar solution B is different from the cell in
sugar solution A.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 51 of 88

 (ii) A student put red blood cells into water.

Suggest what would happen to the cells.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) In the human body, glucose is absorbed into the blood from the small intestine.

The small intestine contains many villi.

Which two of the following help the absorption of glucose in the small intestine?

Tick ( ) two boxes.

Villi have a cell wall.

Villi are covered in thick mucus.

Villi give the small intestine a large surface area.

Villi have many blood capillaries.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Plant roots absorb water from the soil by osmosis.

29
(a) What is osmosis?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 52 of 88

(b) The image below shows part of a plant root.

The plant root is adapted for absorbing water from the soil.

Use information from the diagram to explain how this plant root is adapted for absorbing
water.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 53 of 88

 The diagram shows a cell.
30

(a) (i) Use words from the box to name the structures labelled A and B .

cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm nucleus

A ___________________________

B ___________________________
(2)

(ii) The cell in the diagram is an animal cell.

How can you tell it is an animal cell and not a plant cell?

Give two reasons.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Oxygen will diffuse into the cell in the diagram.

Why?

Use information from the diagram.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 54 of 88
 (c) The cell shown in the diagram is usually found with similar cells.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

an organ.

Scientists call a group of similar cells a system.

a tissue.

(1)
(Total 6 marks)

CADASIL is an inherited disorder caused by a dominant allele.

31
CADASIL leads to weakening of blood vessels in the brain.

The diagram shows the inheritance of CADASIL in one family.

(a) CADASIL is caused by a dominant allele.

(i) What is a dominant allele?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) What is the evidence in the diagram that CADASIL is caused by a dominant allele?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 55 of 88

 (iii) Person 7 has CADASIL.

Is person 7 homozygous or heterozygous for the CADASIL allele?

Give evidence for your answer from the diagram.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Persons 7 and 8 are planning to have another baby.

Use a genetic diagram to find the probability that the new baby will develop into a person
with CADASIL.

Use the following symbols to represent alleles.

D = allele for CADASIL

d = allele for not having CADASIL

Probability = ____________________________________
(4)

(c) Scientists are trying to develop a treatment for CADASIL using stem cells.

Specially treated stem cells would be injected into the damaged part of the brain.

(i) Why do the scientists use stem cells?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 56 of 88

 (ii) Embryonic stem cells can be obtained by removing a few cells from a human embryo.
In 2006, scientists in Japan discovered how to change adult skin cells into stem cells.
Suggest one advantage of using stem cells from adult skin cells.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

The diagram shows some of the stages in IVF (in vitro fertilisation).
32

(a) Use words from the box to name structures A, B, C and D.

egg embryo fertilised egg ovary sperm

Structure A ____________________________

Structure B ____________________________

Structure C ____________________________

Structure D ____________________________
(4)

(b) What do doctors do next with structure D?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 57 of 88

(c) The table gives statistics for an IVF clinic.

Age of women treated

Below 35 35 – 37 38 – 39 40 – 42
years years years years

Number of women treated 414 207 106 53

Number of women who

produced one baby 90 43 17 1

Number of women who

produced twins 24 8 4 1

Number of women who

produced triplets 1 0 0 0

(i) About what proportion of the treated women aged 35 – 37 years produced one or
more babies?

Draw a ring around your answer.

one quarter one third half

(1)

(ii) This clinic does not give IVF treatment to women over 42 years of age.

Use data from the table to explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) The committee which regulates IVF treatment now advises that only one embryo is
used in each treatment.

Suggest one reason for this.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 58 of 88

 The diagrams show four types of cell, A, B, C and D.
33 Two of the cells are plant cells and two are animal cells.

(a) (i) Which two of the cells are plant cells?

Tick ( ) one box.

A and B

A and D

C and D

(1)

(ii) Give one reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 59 of 88

 (b) (i) Which cell, A, B, C or D, is adapted for swimming?
(1)

(ii) Which cell, A, B, C or D, can produce glucose by photosynthesis?

(1)

(c) Cells A, B, C and D all use oxygen.

For what process do cells use oxygen?

Draw a ring around one answer.

osmosis photosynthesis respiration

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Substances can move into and out of cells.

34
(a) (i) How does oxygen move into and out of cells?

Draw a ring around one answer.

diffusion digestion photosynthesis

(1)

(ii) Diagram 1 shows the percentage concentration of oxygen in three cells, A, B and C.

Diagram 1

Oxygen can move from cell to cell.

Into which cell, A, B or C, will oxygen move the fastest?

(1)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 60 of 88

(b) (i) How does water move into and out of cells?

Draw a ring around one answer.

breathing osmosis respiration

(1)

(ii) Differences in the concentration of sugars in cells cause water to move into or out of
cells at different rates.

Diagram 2 shows three different cells, P, Q and R.

The information shows the percentage concentration of sugar solution

in cells P, Q and R.

Diagram 2

Water can move from cell to cell.

Into which cell, P, Q or R, will water move the fastest?

(1)
(Total 4 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 61 of 88

 Diagrams A, B and C show cells from different parts of the human body, all drawn to the same
35 scale.

A B C

(a) Which cell, A, B or C, appears to be best adapted to increase diffusion into or

out of the cell?

Give one reason for your choice.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) (i) Cell C is found in the salivary glands.

Name the enzyme produced by the salivary glands.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Use information from the diagram to explain how cell C is adapted for producing this
enzyme.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 62 of 88

Mark schemes
(a) cell membrane
1
extra boxes ticked negates mark
1

(b) nucleus
extra boxes ticked negates mark
1

(c) has a tail so it can swim (to an egg)

accept has many mitochondria to release energy to swim
1

(d)

all three correct for 2 marks

one or two correct for 1 mark
2
[5]

(a) 8 (micrometres)
2 1

(b) red blood cell(s)

1

white blood cell(s)

accept named cell
eg phagocyte / lymphocyte
1

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 63 of 88

 (plasma)
transports proteins / dissolved substances / food (molecules) / urea / hormones / blood
cells
1

(c) any one from:

• you could lose a lot of blood

• bleed internally
allow bleeding would not stop
allow could bleed to death
1
[5]

(a) mitosis
3
extra box ticked negates mark
1

(b) cell division is uncontrolled

extra box ticked negates mark
1

(c) any one from:

• smoking / tar
• alcohol
• carcinogens
allow named chemical
• viruses (living in cells)
• (ionising) radiation
accept UV / X-rays / gamma waves
1

(d) bar plotted at 78%

ignore width of bar
1

(e) testicular
extra box ticked negates mark
1

(f) prostate
extra box ticked negates mark
1

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 64 of 88

 (g) any two from:

• improved treatment / drugs

• earlier diagnosis
• more cancer screening
• improved patient knowledge (of risk factors)
allow improved patient diet / lifestyle
2
[8]

(a)
4

(b) (trachea) has mucus

1

to trap pathogens
1

(trachea) has cilia

1

to move mucus out of trachea

1

(c) dependent variable:

number of times mosquitoes landed on socks
1

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 65 of 88

 control variable:
any one from:

• number of mosquitoes in each container

• length of time socks worn
• dampness of socks
• same type of socks
• size of container
• time
• temperature
• species of mosquito
• age of mosquito
1

(d) use worn socks

or
use chemical from worn socks
1

to attract / trap infected mosquitoes

1
or accept:
wear clean socks / change socks regularly (1)
to reduce the chance of attracting mosquitoes (1)

(e) less chlorophyll present

1

(so) less light absorbed

1

(so) reduced photosynthesis

or
(so) less sugar / food made
1
[14]

(a) D
5 1

any one from:

• has chloroplasts
• has a (large) vacuole
ignore has a (cell) wall
1

(b) B
1

does not have a (cell) wall

allow has only a nucleus, (cell) membrane and cytoplasm
1

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 66 of 88

 (c) C
1

any one from:

• genetic material is not in a nucleus

allow no nucleus
• has a single loop of DNA
1

(d) real size = 25 / 100 000

1

0.00025
1

(conversion to) 0.25 (µm)

allow 0.25 (µm) with no working shown for 3 marks
1
[9]

(nitrate) ions are absorbed by active transport

6 1

(active transport) is the movement of ions against the concentration gradient

allow (active transport) is the movement of ions from a dilute to a
more concentrated solution
1

(active transport) requires energy from respiration

1

(respiration) requires oxygen

1

no / little oxygen / air in water-logged soil

1
[5]

(a) animal cells also have cell membrane

7 1

(b) 1945–1955
allow 1946–1956
or 1947–1957
1

(c)
allow 9.09 (%) or 9 (%) with no working shown for 1 mark
1

9.1 (%)
allow 9.1 (%) with no working shown for 2 marks
1

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 67 of 88

 (d)
More likely Less likely

allow 3 marks for 4 correct

allow 2 marks for 3 correct
allow 1 mark for 2 correct
4
more than one tick in a row negates a mark
[8]

(a) asexual reproduction

8 1

(b) mitosis
1

(c) clones
1

(d) 44
1
[4]

(a) (placed) randomly

9
allow description of placement
1

sufficient number (of quadrats) used

1

count (dandelions) in each quadrat

1

use mean number of dandelions, area of quadrat and area of field to estimate population
accept (area of field / area quadrat) × mean number of dandelions
per quadrat
1

(b) (40 × 145) / 0.25 = 23 200

1

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 68 of 88

 (0.42 × 23 200 =) 9744
allow 9744 with no working shown for 2 marks
allow ecf from correct attempt at the previous step) × 0.42 for 1
mark
1

(c) Level 2 (3–4 marks):

A detailed and coherent explanation is given. Logical links between clearly identified
relevant points are made to explain why dandelion growth may be limited.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Discrete relevant points are made. The logic may be unclear.

0 marks:
No relevant content

Indicative content

factors that may be considered:

competition for resources including:
• light
• water
• space
• mineral ions (allow nutrients / salts / ions from the soil)

reference to why growth may be limited:

• (light) energy for photosynthesis
• water as a raw material for photosynthesis / support
• surface area exposed to light
• sugar / glucose produced in photosynthesis
• (space) to grow bigger
• (space) for growth of root system
• (mineral ions) for growth
• (mineral ions / sugar) for production of larger molecules or named example
4
[10]

(a) human cells have cell membrane

10 or
human cells have no cell wall
1

(b) can no longer synthesise proteins

1

(c) antibiotics are being developed at a slower rate than emergence of new resistant strains
1

resistant strains mean we cannot treat (common) infections

1

reduce (future) cost of antibiotic resistant infections

1
[5]

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 69 of 88

11 (a)

= 29 ÷ 0.03
1

= 967
1
allow 967 with no working shown for 2 marks

(b) they are transverse

1

(c) wave speed = frequency × wavelength

allow v = f λ
1

(d) 75 cm = 0.75 m
1

1.6 = f × 0.75
1

f = 1.6 ÷ 0.75
1

= 2.13 (Hz)
1
allow 2.13 (Hz) with no working shown for 4 marks
[8]

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 70 of 88

 (a)
12
Both
Mitosis Meiosis mitosis
only only and
meiosis

How cells are

replaced

How gametes
are made

How a fertilised
egg undergoes
cell division

How copies of
the genetic
information are
made

How genetically
identical cells
are produced

if more than one tick per row then no mark

ignore first row
1
1
1
1

(b) (i) (adult) bone marrow

accept (umbilical) cord blood, skin, amniotic fluid / membrane
1

(ii) cells will not be rejected by the patient’s body (if they have been produced by
therapeutic cloning)
allow easier to obtain linked to embryo stem cells
or
(embryo stem cells) can develop into many different types of cells
allow doesn’t need an operation linked to bone marrow
or
(embryo stem cells) not yet differentiated / specialised or undifferentiated
accept embryo cells are pluripotent
1
[6]

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 71 of 88

 (a) (i) nucleus
13 1

(ii) diffusion
1

(b) increases / larger surface area (for diffusion)

ignore large surface area to volume ratio
1

(c) (i) sugar / glucose

accept amino acids / other named monosaccharides
1

(ii) against a concentration gradient

or
from low to high concentration
1

(iii) (active transport requires) energy

1

(from) respiration
1

(d) minerals / ions

accept named ion ignore nutrients
do not accept water
1
[8]

(a) A = nucleus
14
allow phonetic spelling
1

B = (cell) membrane
1

(b) for repair / growth or to replace cells

ignore new cells / skin
1

(c) (i) embryos

1

(ii) paralysis
1
[5]

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 72 of 88

 (a)
15
Organ
Structure Organ Tissue
system

Stomach

Cells lining the stomach

Mouth, oesophagus,
stomach, liver,
pancreas, small and
large intestine

all 3 correct = 2 marks

2 correct = 1 mark
1 or 0 correct = 0 marks
2

(b) (i) diffusion

allow phonetic spelling
1

(ii) glucose
1

(iii) mitochondria
1
[5]

(a) contract / shorten

16
ignore relax
do not allow expand
1

to churn / move / mix food

accept peristalsis / mechanical digestion
ignore movement unqualified
1

(b) 400
acceptable range 390-410
allow 1 mark for answer in range of 39 to 41
allow 1 mark for answer in range of 3900 to 4100
2

(c) to transfer energy for use

allow to release / give / supply / provide energy
do not allow to ‘make’ / ‘produce’ / ‘create’ energy
allow to make ATP
ignore to store energy
1

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 73 of 88

 by (aerobic) respiration or from glucose
do not allow anaerobic
energy released for respiration = max 1 mark
1

(d) (i) to make protein / enzyme

ignore ‘antibody’ or other named protein
1

(ii) too small / very small

allow light microscope does not have sufficient magnification /
resolution
allow ribosomes are smaller than mitochondria
ignore not sensitive enough
ignore ribosomes are transparent
1
[8]

(a) (i) alveoli / alveolus

17
allow air sacs
allow phonetic spelling
1

(ii) any one from:

• protection (of lungs / heart)
• help you breathe / inflate lungs.
1

(b) (i) diffusion

1

(ii) capillaries
1

(iii) any two from:

• (have many) alveoli
allow air sacs
• large surface / area
• thin (exchange) surface or short diffusion pathway
accept only one / two cell(s) thick
• good blood supply / many capillaries
allow (kept) ventilated or maintained concentration gradient.
2
[6]

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 74 of 88

 (a) (i) water / H2O
18
accept oxygen
allow H2O
do not allow H2O or H2O
1

(ii) the mineral ions are absorbed by active transport

1

the absorption of mineral ions needs energy

1

(iii) have (many root) hairs

1

(which) give a large surface area (for absorption)

1

(b) carbon dioxide in

or
oxygen out
or
control water loss
accept gas exchange
ignore gases in and out
ignore gain / lose water
1

(c) (i) guard cells

1

(ii) (stomata are) closed

allow there is no gap / space
1

(iii) plant will wilt / droop

ignore die
1
[9]

(a) (i) diffusion

19 1

(ii) carbon dioxide

accept CO2 / CO2
do not accept CO2
1

(iii) red blood cells

1

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 75 of 88

 (b) 70
if no / incorrect answer then
70 000 000
or
280 x 0.25 gains 1 mark
ignore doubling the answer
2

(c) allows more gas / oxygen / CO2

(exchange)
do not accept air
1
[6]

(a) (i) chloroplast

20 1

(ii) cell wall

1

(b) (i) osmosis

accept diffusion
1

(ii) cell wall (prevents bursting)

1

(c) (i) carbon dioxide

allow correct formula
1

glucose
allow sugar / starch
1

(ii) any two from:

• light sensitive spot detects light

• tells flagellum to move towards light
• more light = more photosynthesis
2

(d) (cell has) larger SA:volume ratio

1

short (diffusion) distance

allow correct description
1

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 76 of 88

 (diffusion) via cell membrane is sufficient / good enough

or

flow of water maintains concentration gradient

1
[11]

(a) (i) xylem

21 1

(ii) water
1

minerals / ions / named example(s)

ignore nutrients
1

(b) (i) movement of (dissolved) sugar

allow additional substances, eg amino acids / correct named sugar
(allow sucrose / glucose)
allow nutrients / substances / food molecules if sufficiently qualified
ignore food alone
1

(ii) sugars are made in the leaves

1

so they need to be moved to other parts of the plant for respiration / growth /
storage
1

(c) (i) mitochondria

1

(ii) for movement of minerals / ions

Do not accept ‘water’
1

against their concentration gradient

1
[9]

(a) any two from:

22
• only one ‘chromosome’
allow one strand of DNA
• circular
allow loop
• may have plasmids
• not in a nucleus / no nucleus
2

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 77 of 88

(b) (i) any one from:

• London is much higher

or converse
• more variable / wider range
allow ‘on average it is 5 / 6 times greater’
1

(ii) increases
Included figures must be correct
1

(iii) overall slight increase

accept ‘doesn’t change much’
1

variable / goes up and down

1

(c) (i) both axes correctly labelled

x = Year

y = Number of cases
1

correct points
all correct = 2 marks
1-2 errors = 1 mark
> 2 errors = 0 marks
2

suitable line of best fit

accept straight line or smooth curve
1

(ii) doesn’t fit the pattern / line of best fit

1

(d) provides immunity / protection (to TB)

ignore ‘stops people catching it’
ignore ‘resistance’
1

prevents TB spreading
accept ref to herd immunity
1
[13]

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 78 of 88

 (a) (i) variation in masses / more representative / more typical / more reliable / average /
23 mean / reference to anomalies

or

one worm to light to measure change

do not allow more accurate / more precise
ignore fair test / valid / repeatable / reproducible
1

(ii) remove solution / liquid (on outside of worm)

allow ‘water’
1

(iii) variable amounts removed from each worm

ignore reference to length of timing
1

(iv) equal sizes of worm / more worms (in each group) / wash off all the sand /
repeats / use more accurate balance / use smaller concentration intervals
allow reference to improve blotting technique eg blot before / blot
more thoroughly
1

(b) (i) different (starting) masses / sizes / weights (at different concentrations)
1

allows comparisons / shows pattern / shows trend

1

(ii) (+)20
correct answer = 2 marks, with or without working
or

for 1 mark
2

(c) (i) graph:

points correct
allow ± 1 mm
–1 mark per error
allow ecf from part b(ii)
2

label on x-axis including units – ie Concentration of salt in arbitrary units

1

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 79 of 88

 line of best fit = smooth curve / ruled straight line
anomaly (4.0, –52) either plotted and ignored re. line
or not plotted
do not allow point to point
allow best fit for ecf from 2bii
1

(ii) on graph:

ring drawn around point at (4.0, –52)

allow (5.0, –50) if cand. line indicates this
1

(iii) sensible suggestion – eg used wrong solution / used 5.0% instead of 4.0% /
different length of time in solutions / ref to error in blotting / balance not zeroed /
error in weighing
allow some lugworms died
allow error in calculation
1

(d) (i) 2.9 to 3.0 / correct for candidate’s graph ± 0.1

1

value of no change in mass / worms in equilibrium with soln / described

allow small(est) mass change
1

(ii) water loss

1

by osmosis / diffusion
1

from dilute region in the worm to more concentrated solution outside

allow correct description in terms of high to low water concentration
/ high to low water potential
salt solution is hypertonic
concentration unqualified = salt concentration
1
[19]

(a) motor
24
allow efferent / postsynaptic
allow another relay (neurone)
1

(b) release of chemical (from relay neurone)

allow ecf for ‘motor’ neurone from (a)
allow release of neurotransmitter / named example
1

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 80 of 88

 chemical crosses gap / junction / synapse
allow diffuses across
allow chemical moves to X
1

chemical attaches to X / motor / next neurone (causing impulse)

1

(c) (curare) decrease / no contraction

accept (muscle) relaxes
1

(strychnine) increase / more contraction

if no other mark awarded allow 1 mark for (curare) decrease / no
response and (strychnine) increase / more response
1
[6]

(a) (i) A = (cell) membrane

25 1

B = cytoplasm
do not accept cytoplast
1

(ii) To control the activities of the cell

1

(b)

extra lines cancel

3
[6]

(a) (i) fertilisation

26 1

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 (ii) in sequence:
accept 1 next to gene, 2 next to chromosome and 3 next to nucleus
in box

1 gene
2 chromosome
3 nucleus
allow 1 mark for smallest or largest in correct position
2

(iii) DNA
1

(b) (i) On diagram:

tick drawn next to X and / or Y from Parent 1

tick(s) must be totally outside grid squares
allow ticks around “parent ”
extra ticks elsewhere cancel
1

(ii) 0.5 / ½ / 50% / 1:1 / 50:50 / 1 in 2

allow 2/4 / 2 in 4 / 2 out of 4 / ‘even(s)’ / ‘fifty – fifty’
do not allow 1:2 or ‘50 / 50’ or ‘50 – 50’
1

2 (out of 4) boxes are XX

or

half of the sperm contain an X-chromosome

allow XY is male and 2 (out of 4) boxes are XY
1
[7]

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 82 of 88

 Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written Communication
27 (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also apply a ‘best-fit’
approach to the marking.

0 marks
No relevant content.

Level 1 (1 – 2 marks)
An example is given of a named substance
or
a process
or
there is an idea of why diffusion is important eg definition.

Level 2 (3 – 4 marks)
At least one example of a substance is given
and
correctly linked to a process in either animals or plants.

Level 3 (5 – 6 marks)
There is a description of a process occurring in either animals or plants that is correctly
linked to a substance
and
a process occurring in the other type of organism that is correctly linked to a substance.

examples of points made in the response

Importance of diffusion:

• to take in substances for use in cell processes

• products from cell processes removed

Examples of processes and substances:

• for gas exchange / respiration: O 2 in / CO2 out

• for gas exchange / photosynthesis: CO 2 in / O2 out
• food molecules absorbed: glucose, amino acids, etc
• water absorption in the large intestine
• water lost from leaves / transpiration
• water absorption by roots
• mineral ions absorbed by roots
extra information
Description of processes might include:
• movement of particles / molecules / ions
• through a partially permeable membrane
• (movement of substance) down a concentration gradient
• osmosis: turgor / support / stomatal movements
[6]

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 83 of 88

 (a) osmosis
28 1

partially permeable
1

(b) (i) any two from:

allow correct answers in terms of A

• vacuole is small(er)
• cytoplasm has shrunk
allow cytoplasm is smaller
• gap between cytoplasm and cell wall
• cell wall curves inwards
allow cell B is flaccid or cell A is turgid
• the (cell) membrane has moved away from the wall
2

(ii) any one from:

• water will move / diffuse in

• (cells) will swell
• (cells) will burst
ignore turgid
1

(c) villi give the small intestines a large surface area

1

villi have many blood capillaries

1
[7]

(a) any three from:

29
• (water through a) partially permeable
accept ‘semi permeable’ / selectively permeable
• membrane
• from dilute to (more) concentrated solution
allow ‘from a high concentration of water to a lower concentration
(of water)’
allow ‘from high water potential to low water potential’
allow ‘down a concentration gradient of water’
do not accept ‘along a concentration gradient of water’
• (it‘s a) passive (process)
allow requires no energy
3

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 (b) (there are) many hairs or thin hairs or hairs are one cell thick
1

(which gives) large / increased surface area or short diffusion pathway

1

(so there is) more diffusion / osmosis (of water into the root)
ignore absorption
1
[6]

(a) (i) A = nucleus

30 1

B = (cell) membrane
1

(ii) any two from:

ignore shape

• no (cell) wall

• no (large / permanent) vacuole

• no chloroplasts / chlorophyll
2

(b) because high to low oxygen / concentration or down gradient

allow ‘more / a lot of oxygen molecules outside’
ignore along / across gradient
1

(c) a tissue
1
[6]

(a) (i) allele expressed even when other allele present or expressed if just one copy of
31 allele is present or expressed if heterozygous
if present other allele not expressed
1

(ii) 2 affected parents have unaffected child or 1 and 2 → 5 / 6

or if recessive all of 1 and 2’s children would have CADASIL

1

(iii) heterozygous – has unaffected children or because if homozygous all children

would have CADASIL
1

(b) genetic diagram including:

accept alternative symbols, if defined
1

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 correct gametes:

D and d
and d (and d)
ignore 7 / 8 or male / female
1

derivation of offspring genotypes:

Dd Dd dd dd
allow just Dd dd if ½-diagram
allow ecf if correct for student’s gametes
1

identification of Dd as CADASIL
or dd as unaffected
allow ecf if correct for student’s gametes
1

correct probability: 0.5 / ½ / 1 in 2 / 50% / 1 : 1

1

(c) (i) stem cells can differentiate or are undifferentiated / unspecialised

1

can form blood vessel cells / brain cells

or

stem cells can divide

1

(ii) ethical argument - eg no risk of damage to embryo or adult can give consent for
removal of cells or adult can re-grow skin
more ethical qualified
ignore religion unqualified

or
if from a relative then less chance of rejection or if from self then no chance of
rejection
or
skin cells more accessible
1
[10]

(a) A sperm
32 1

B egg
1

C fertilised egg
1

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 D embryo
1

(b) insert into mother

ignore fertilise / check fertilisation / check viability
1

womb / uterus
1

(c) (i) one quarter

1

(ii) no / little chance of success over 42

1

reference to table of only two women in the age bracket 40-42 years became
pregnant
the statement ‘only 2 out of 53 40-42 year old women became
pregnant / had babies’ gains 2 marks
1

(iii) so fewer twins / multiple births

or
multiple births more dangerous
1
[10]

(a) (i) C and D

33
no mark if more than one box is ticked
1

(ii) any one from:

do not allow if other cell parts are given in a list

• (have) cell wall(s)

• (have) vacuole(s)
1

(b) (i) A
apply list principle
1

(ii) D
apply list principle
1

(c) respiration
apply list principle
1
[5]

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 87 of 88

 (a) (i) diffusion
34
apply list principle
1

(ii) A
apply list principle
1

(b) (i) osmosis

apply list principle
1

(ii) R
apply list principle
1
[4]

(a) B
35
no mark for “B” alone, the mark is for B and the explanation.

large(r) surface / area or large(r) membrane

accept reference to microvilli
ignore villi / hairs / cilia
accept reasonable descriptions of the surface eg folded membrane
/ surface
do not accept wall / cell wall
1

(b) (i) any one from:

• (salivary) amylase

• carbohydrase
1

(ii) many ribosomes

do not mix routes. If both routes given award marks for the greater.
1

ribosomes produce protein

accept amylase / enzyme / carbohydrase is made of protein

or

(allow)

many mitochondria (1)

mitochondria provide energy to build / make protein (1)

accept ATP instead of energy
1
[4]

Brookvale Groby Learning Trust Page 88 of 88