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1-4 How does cellular specialization serve multicellular organisms and how might a high
degree of specialization be detrimental?
1-5 The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical reactions that
result in the production of proteins, each with its own specific order of amino acids.
Choose the correct series of biochemical reactions from the options presented here.
(a) replication, transcription, translation
(b) replication, translation, transcription
(c) translation, transcription, replication
(d) translation, replication, transcription
1-6 Proteins are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helping to
determine its chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the
environment. Remarkably, all of the different proteins in a cell are made from the same
20 __________. By linking them in different sequences, the cell can make protein
molecules with different conformations and surface chemistries, and therefore different
functions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) amino acids.
(d) fatty acids.
1-8 Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring that
are altered in fitness compared with their parents. The process of change and selection
over the course of many generations is the basis of __________.
(a) mutation.
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(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 Select the option that best finishes the following statement: “Evolution is a process
__________.”
(a) that can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection.
(b) that results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years.
(c) by which all present-day cells arose from 4–5 different ancestral cells.
(d) that requires hundreds of thousands of years.
1-10 Select the option that correctly finishes the following statement: “A cell’s genome
_________________.”
(a) is defined as all the genes being used to make protein.
(b) contains all of a cell’s DNA.
(c) constantly changes, depending upon the cell’s environment.
(d) is altered during embryonic development.
1-11 Which statement is NOT true about the events/conclusions from studies during the mid-
1800s surrounding the discovery of cells?
(a) Cells came to be known as the smallest universal building block of living
organisms.
(b) Scientists came to the conclusion that new cells can form spontaneously from the
remnants of ruptured cells.
(c) Light microscopy was essential in demonstrating the commonalities between
plant and animal tissues.
(d) New cells arise from the growth and division of previously existing cells.
1-12 What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical plant or animal cell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 Match the type of microscopy on the left with the corresponding description provided
below. There is one best match for each.
A. confocal
B. transmission electron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanning electron
F. bright-field
Page 3 of 22
____ uses a light microscope with an optical component to take advantage of the different
refractive indices of light passing through different regions of the cell.
____ employs a light microscope and requires that samples be fixed and stained in order
to reveal cellular details.
____ requires the use of two sets of filters. The first filter narrows the wavelength range
that reaches the specimen and the second blocks out all wavelengths that pass
back up to the eyepiece except for those emitted by the dye in the sample.
____ scans the specimen with a focused laser beam to obtain a series of two-dimensional
optical sections, which can be used to reconstruct an image of the specimen in
three dimensions. The laser excites a fluorescent dye molecule, and the emitted
light from each illuminated point is captured through a pinhole and recorded by a
detector.
____ has the ability to resolve cellular components as small as 2 nm.
____ requires coating the sample with a thin layer of a heavy metal to produce three-
dimensional images of the surface of a sample.
1-14 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false,
explain why it is false.
A. The nucleus of an animal cell is round, small, and difficult to distinguish using
light microscopy.
B. The presence of the plasma membrane can be inferred by the well-defined
boundary of the cell.
C. The cytosol is fairly empty, containing a limited number of organelles, which
allows room for rapid movement via diffusion.
1-15 Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both
standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in
the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is
essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of
a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.
(a) absorption
(b) intensity
(c) filtering
(d) wavelength
1-16 What is the smallest distance two points can be separated and still resolved using light
microscopy?
(a) 20 nm
(b) 0.2 μm
(c) 2 μm
(d) 200 μm
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(b) replication machinery.
(c) ribosomes.
(d) membrane bilayers.
1-18 Although there are many distinct prokaryotic species, most have a small range of shapes,
sizes, and growth rates. Which of the following characteristics are not observed in
prokaryotes?
(a) a highly structured cytoplasm
(b) endoplasmic reticulum
(c) the ability to divide rapidly
(d) a cell wall
1-19 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false,
explain why it is false.
A. The terms “prokaryote” and “bacterium” are synonyms.
B. Prokaryotes can adopt several different basic shapes, including spherical, rod-
shaped, and spiral.
C. Some prokaryotes have cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane.
1-20 Prokaryotic cells are able to evolve very fast, which helps them to rapidly adapt to new
food sources and develop resistance to antibiotics. Which of the options below lists the
three main characteristics that support the rapid evolution of prokaryotic populations?
(a) microscopic, motile, anaerobic
(b) aerobic, motile, rapid growth
(c) no organelles, cell wall, can exchange DNA
(d) large population, rapid growth, can exchange DNA
1-21 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false,
explain why it is false.
A. Oxygen is toxic to certain prokaryotic organisms.
B. Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from anaerobic bacteria.
C. Photosynthetic bacteria contain chloroplasts.
1-22 Some prokaryotes can live by utilizing entirely inorganic materials. Which of the
following inorganic molecules would you predict to be the predominant building block
for fats, sugars, and proteins?
(a) O2
(b) N2
(c) CO2
(d) H2
1-23 Use the list of structures below to label the schematic drawing of an animal cell in Figure
Q1-23.
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of American
politics (non-partisan) from the beginning to
date
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Language: English
AND
HECTOR T. FENTON, Esq.,
Of the Philadelphia Bar.
PHILADELPHIA:
FIRESIDE PUBLISHING COMPANY.
1892.
Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1892, by the
FIRESIDE PUBLISHING COMPANY,
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.
Respectfully Dedicated
TO THE
PROPOSITION
THAT ALL AMERICAN CITIZENS SHOULD TAKE AN INTEREST
IN PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
PREFACE.
THOS. V. COOPER.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOOK I.—HISTORY OF THE POLITICAL PARTIES.
PAGE.
Colonial Parties—Whig and Tory 3
Particularists and Strong Government Whigs 5
Federals and Anti-Federals 6
Republicans and Federals 8
Downfall of the Federals 12
Democrats and Federals 17
Jefferson Democrats 19
Hartford Convention 20
Treaty of Ghent 20
Congressional Caucus 21
Protective Tariff 21
Monroe Doctrine 23
Missouri Compromise 24
Tariff—American System 25
Tenure of Office—Eligibility 27
Nullification—Democrats and Federals 29
United States Bank 31
Jackson’s Special Message on the United States Bank 33
Conception of Slavery Question 35
Democrats and Whigs 37
The Hour Rule 39
National Bank Bill—First 41
„ „ „ Second 43
Oregon Treaty of 1846 47
Treaty of Peace with Mexico 49
Clay’s Compromise Resolutions 51
Abolition Party—Rise and Progress of 53
Kansas-Nebraska Bill 55
Ritual of the American Party 57
Kansas Struggle 71
Lincoln and Douglas Debate 73
Charleston Convention—Democratic, 1860 81
Douglas Convention, 1860, Baltimore 86
Breckinridge Convention, 1860, Baltimore 86
Chicago Republican Convention, 1860 86
American Convention, 1860 87
Secession—Preparing for 87
Secession—Virginia Convention, 1861 91
„ Inter-State Commissioners 96
„ Southern Congress, Proceedings of 97
„ Confederate Constitution 97
„ Confederate States 98
Buchanan’s Views 99
Crittenden Compromise 104
Peace Convention 106
Actual Secession 109
„ „ Transferring Arms to the South 109
Fernando Wood’s Secession Message 112
Congress on the Eve of the Rebellion 113
Lincoln’s Views 115
Judge Black’s Views 115
Alexander H. Stephens’ Speech on Secession 116
Lincoln’s First Administration 120
Confederate Military Legislation 128
Guerrillas 129
Twenty-Negro Exemption Law 130
Douglas on the rebellion 130
Political Legislation Incident to the War 130
Thirty-Seventh Congress 131
Compensated Emancipation 135
Lincoln’s Appeal to the Border States 137
Reply of the Border States 138
Border State Slaves 139
Emancipation 141
„ Preliminary Proclamation of 141
„ Proclamation of 143
Loyal Governors, the Address of 144
Fugitive Slave Law, Repeal of 145
Financial Legislation 149
Seward as Secretary of State 149
Internal Taxes 151
Confederate Debt 152
Confederate Taxes 153
West Virginia—Admission of 158
Color in War Politics 159
Thirteenth Amendment—Passage of 167
Louisiana—Admission of Representatives 168
Reconstruction 169
Arkansas—Admission of 170
Reconstruction Measures—Text of 171
Fourteenth Amendment 174
McClellan’s Political Letters 175
Lincoln’s Second Administration 177
Andrew Johnson and his Policy 178
„ „ —Impeachment Trial 179
Grant 191
Enforcement Acts 193
Readmission of Rebellious States 193
Legal Tender Decision 194
Greenback Party 194
Prohibitory Party 196
San Domingo—Annexation of 196
Alabama Claims 197
Force Bill 197
Civil Service—Order of President Hayes 198
Amnesty 199
Liberal Republicans 199
Reform in the Civil Service 200
Credit Mobilier 200
Salary Grab 214
Returning Boards 217
Grangers 218
„ —Illinois Railroad Act of 1873 218
Civil Rights Bill—Supplementary 221
Morton Amendment 222
Whisky Ring 222
Belknap Impeached 223
White League 223
Wheeler Compromise—Text of 226
Election of Hayes and Wheeler 228
Electoral Count 229
Title of President Hayes 233
Cipher Despatches 234
The Hayes Administration 239
Negro Exodus 240
Campaign of 1880 242
Three Per Cent. Funding Bill 244
History of the National Loans 245
Garfield and Arthur—Inauguration of 253
Republican Factions 253
The Caucus 256
Assassination of Garfield 260
Arthur, President 261
Boss Rule 261
Readjusters 263
Mormonism—Suppression of 264
„ Text of the Bill 265
South American Question 269
Star Route Scandal 277
The Coming States 278
Chinese Question 281
„ „ —Speech of Senator Miller on 281
„ „ —Reply of Senator Hoar 285
Merchant Marine 296
Current Politics 298
Political Changes in 1882, 1883, 1884 304–
318
Cleveland’s Administration 321
Contests of 1885, 1886, 1887 321
The Campaigns of 1884, 1886, 1887, 1888 318–
335
The National Conventions of 1888 336
The Presidential Election of 1888 337
President Harrison’s Message on the Chilean Troubles 339
The National Conventions of 1892 347
BOOK II.—POLITICAL PLATFORMS.
Virginia Resolutions, 1798 2003
Virginia Resolutions, 1798—Answers of the State Legislatures 2006
Resolutions of 1798 and 1799 2010
Washington’s Farewell Address 2014
All National Platforms from 1800 to 1892 2021–
2079
Comparison of Platform Planks on Great Questions 2079–
2104