Senior High School Department

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2: QUANTITATIVE

WRITTEN WORK #2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE MATRIX

__________________________________________
Title of Proposed Study

Leader: Barcelon, Sophia Nicole T.

Members:
1. Adoyo, Sophia Eunise M.
2. Bancud, Genah Lynne P.
3. Ratunil, Jett Nigelh R.
4. Sanchez, Casandra R.
5. Sta. Ana, Denise Jean B.
6.
7.
Date of Submission: November 17, 2023
Instructor’s Name and Signature: Ms. Daniela Kate A. Jamig

RUBRIC
4 3 2 1
Criteria weight Score

Subject matter/content of chosen literatures

Topic and content of chosen literatures are x2
directly relevant to the proposed study.

Quality of Information presented

Details lifted from the chosen literature are x3
appropriate, accurate, factual, and consistent.

Organization
Good organization; points are logically ordered; x3
Closely adheres to the standard conventions.

Mechanics
x1
No errors
Citation Style
x1
Correct use of APA citation style

Research Journal Article #1:
Sekar, A., & Kandasamy, G., (2018). Optimization of Coconut Fiber in Coconut Shell Concrete and Its
Mechanical and Bond Properties, 11 (9), pp.1726. Retrieved from URL https://www.mdpi.com/1996-
1944/11/9/1726
Topic/Thesis Statement
Objectives/Research
Questions
Methodology
Summary/ Highlights of the
Findings/Recommendations
for further studies
Accomplished by: Adoyo, Sophia Eunise M.
Senior High School Department
Optimization of Coconut Fiber in Coconut Shell Concrete and Its
Mechanical and Bond Properties
This research wants to determine the mechanical properties such as
compressive, flexural, splitting tensile strengths, and impact
resistance after the addition of coconut fiber.
Participants/Sampling Procedure
For both CC and coconut shell concrete (CSC), a compressive
strength of 25 N/mm2 at 28 days was targeted. Mix ratio used for CC
was 1:2.22:3.66:0.55 with a cement content of 320 kg/m3, and for
CSC, it was 1:1.47:0.65:0.42 with a cement content of 510 kg/m3
[11,12]. These mix proportions were used as controlled mixes without
the addition of coconut fibers. Then, coconut fibers were added at
different aspect ratios of 16.67, 33.33, 50, 66.67, 83.33, and 100 and
volume fractions of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6% to find the optimum
mix that produced the maximum compressive strength. Cubes of size
of 100 × 100 × 100 mm were tested according to IS 516: 1959 [21] to
determine the compressive strength of concrete.
Data Gathering Procedure
The flexural strength was calculated as 𝑃𝐿𝑏𝑑2/, where P is maximum
load applied in N, L is supported length of specimen in mm, b is the
width of specimen in mm, and d is the depth of specimen in mm.
During the impact test, the number of blows was counted till the first
crack appeared (initial crack) on each specimen and counting
continued till the specimen was broken (final crack) into a number of
pieces. Lastly a pull-out test was conducted as per IS 2770 (Part-I
1987), and the bond strength was calculated. The size of the
specimen used was 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm height. Both
plain and deformed bars having diameters of 8, 10, 12, and 16 mm
were used in CC and CSC mixes and tested for bond strength with
and without addition of coconut fibers.
Data Analysis Procedure
The maximum compressive strength was attained at an aspect ratio
of 83.33 and volume fraction of 3% for conventional concrete, and
aspect ratio 66.67 and volume fraction 3% for coconut shell concrete.
Flexural strength increased by 30.63% (conventional concrete) and
53.66% (coconut shell concrete) on the addition of coconut fibers.
Similarly, the split tensile strength increased by 19.44% and 30%,
respectively. The number of blows needed for failure of specimens in
the impact resistance test was more for concrete mixed with fibers.
The experimental bond stresses were higher than the theoretical
values recommended by IS 456: 2000 (Indian Standard) and BS
8110 (British Standard).
The researchers compared conventional concrete (CC) and coconut
shell concrete (CSC) mixtures with and without coconut fiber in the
study. Workability and density decreased in both blends as the fiber
portion increased. Optimal coconut fiber improved compressive
strength in CC (aspect ratio 83.33, volume fraction 3%) and CSC
(aspect ratio 66.67, volume fraction 3%). Flexural strengths
increased dramatically in coconut fiber mixtures, which were
modulated by aspect ratio. Split tensile strengths improved with
coconut fibers, and CSC is more impact resistant. The use of coconut
fiber increased bond strength beyond industry standards. While this
study shows that coconut fibers have a good impact on CC and CSC
properties, additional studies on durability, temperature resistance,
and structural behavior is needed.

Research Journal Article #2:
Amoako, et al. (2018). Some Mechanical Properties of Coconut Fiber Reinforced Polyethylene Composite
to Control Environmental Waste in Ghana, Vol. 8. pp.1. Retrieved from URL
https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/eer/article/view/72841
Topic/Thesis Statement
Objectives/Research
Questions
Methodology
Summary/ Highlights of the
Findings/Recommendations
for further studies
Accomplished by: Adoyo, Sophia Eunise M.
Senior High School Department
Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Coconut Fiber Reinforced
Polyethylene Composite for Environmental Waste Control in Ghana
This study wants to explore the means of recycling sachet-water
bags and coconut husk in order to yield useful products and be put
to use in applications like the production of ceilings, partition
boards, automobile interiors and the likes.
Participants/Sampling Procedure
For this work, we considered the test composite to be structured as 30
wt% coconut fiber and 70 wt % polyethylene. Table 1 gives the densities
of the components used in making the composite. We prepared a mold
box made of wood with dimensions 30 cm × 20 cm × 2.5 cm. With these
dimensions, the volume of the mold Vmb is given in equation (1).
Petroleum jelly was used as a release agent to prevent the composite
from sticking on the walls of the wooden mold. Figure 2 is a composite
figure in which Figure 2a shows the mold box, and Figure 2b shows how
the release agent was applied (by hand) to the interior and cover of the
mold.
Data Gathering Procedure
The preparation of the composite, which involved the mixing of the
fibers with the melted polyethylene, was challenging as it was
flaming during the process. To overcome this, we employed a
completely random orientation by weaving a fine mesh of uniform
mesh count so as to add the fibers in an entirely random orientation.
Data Analysis Procedure
The absorption rate of the composite increased with increasing
composition of fiber, meaning that the porosity of the material was
influenced by the amount of fiber. Increasing the fiber content
increased the load needed to compress the sample, indicating an
increase in the strength of the composite. The load-bearing capacity
increased by 120 % when 450.5 g of fiber was added to the control
sample, and further increased to 800 % when the fiber mass was
increased to 804.4 g. With an amount of 100 g of fiber added to the
polyethylene, the flexure increased by about 5.73 % and by about
31.46 % when 450 g of fiber was added.
The study looks at how non-biodegradable polymer items, notably
used water-sachet bags, are disposed of in Ghana. A composite
material was created by reusing these bags and integrating coconut
husk as a natural fiber waste. The rate of water absorption
increased with increasing fiber composition, changing material
porosity. The inclusion of fiber increased compressive strength by
120% when 450.5 g of fiber was added and by 800% when 804.4 g
of fiber was added. Flexural characteristics improved as well,
increasing by 5.73% with 100 g of fiber and 31.46% with 450 g.
According to the study, this composite material has better
mechanical qualities, making it appropriate for applications such as
ceilings, partition boards, and automotive interiors.