Atomic Theory

and the
Basic Laws of Matter
Outline

Dalton’s
01 Atomic Theory

Basic Laws of
02 Matter
 01
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
John Dalton
In 1808, he formulated a precise
definition of the indivisible building
blocks of matter that we call atoms.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
According to Dalton’s atomic theory, the hypotheses about the nature of matter
can be summarized as follows:

1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.

2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass, and chemical
properties. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (continuation)
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. For any given
compound, the atoms present are always in the same ratio.

4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or rearrangement

of atoms; it does not result in the creation or destruction of atoms.
 02
Basic Laws of Matter
Law of DEFINITE PROPORTION
This idea is an extension of a law published in 1799 by Joseph Proust.

Different samples of the same compound always contain its constituent elements in
the same proportion by mass. 3.65
 Law of DEFINITE PROPORTION
Oxygen:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂 16 𝑔 𝑂
1 g 𝐶𝑂2 x x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂2
x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂
= 0.727 g O
44 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2

Carbon:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶 12 𝑔 𝐶
1 g 𝐶𝑂2 x x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂2
x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶
= 0.273 g C
Carbon: 12 g/mol 44 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2

Oxygen: 16 g/mol
Oxygen: Carbon:
Carbon dioxide: 44 g/mol
0.727 g 0.273 g
x 100 = x 100 =
Find: grams of Oxygen and Carbon 1g 1g
percent of Oxygen and Carbon
72.7% 27.3%
 Law of DEFINITE PROPORTION
Oxygen:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂 16 𝑔 𝑂
16 g 𝐶𝑂2 x x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂2
x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂
= 11.636 g O
44 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2

Carbon:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶 12 𝑔 𝐶
16 g 𝐶𝑂2 x x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑂2
x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶
= 4.363 g C
Carbon: 12 g/mol 44 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2

Oxygen: 16 g/mol
Oxygen: Carbon:
Carbon dioxide: 44 g/mol
11.636 g 4.363 g
x 100 = x 100 =
Find: grams of Oxygen and Carbon 16 g 16 g
percent of Oxygen and Carbon
72.7% 27.3%
 IMPORTANCE

1. It gives the detail about the proportion of elements in a

compound by weight irrespective of its source.
 Law of MULTIPLE PROPORTION
If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one
element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in ratios of small
whole numbers.
𝐶𝑂 𝐶𝑂2
(Carbon monoxide) (Carbon dioxide)

𝑂 16 𝑔 𝑂 32 𝑔
= = 1.33 = = 2.67
𝐶 12 𝑔 𝐶 12 𝑔

𝑂 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑂2 2.67
= = 2
𝑂 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑂 1.33
Carbon = 12 g/ mol
Oxygen = 16 g/mol Oxygen in 𝐶𝑂2 is TWICE compared to 𝐶𝑂
Law of MULTIPLE PROPORTION
The masses of oxygen combined with a fixed mass of carbon in
CO2 and CO are 32 and 16. , therefore these masses of oxygen
shows a simple ratio of 32:16 or 2:1

CO2 CO
C = 1mole x 12g = 12g/mole = 12g/mole
O = 2moles x 16g = 32g/mole = 16g/mole

32/12 = 2.67 16/12 = 1.33

CO2/CO = 2.67/1.33 = 2.01 or 2

 IMPORTANCE

1. It shows that there are constituents that combine in a

definite proportion. These constituents may be ATOMs.
Thus, this law shows the existence of atoms that
combine to form molecules.
Law of CONSERVATION OF MASS
States that matter can be neither created nor destroyed.

A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or rearrangement

of atoms; it does not result in the creation or destruction of atoms
Law of CONSERVATION OF MASS
In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor
destroyed.
In other words, the number and type of atoms
going INTO a reaction must be the same as the number
and type of atoms coming OUT.
If an equation obeys the Law of Conservation, it is
balanced.
IMPORTANCE
It helped the scientists understand that
substances did not disappear as result of a
reaction. Rather, they transform into another
substance of equal mass.
What is a chemical equation?
● Chemical equation - Describes a chemical change.
● Parts of an equation:

Reactant Product

2Ag + H2S Ag2S + H2

Reaction symbol
Reactants and Products

● Reactant - The chemical(s) you start with

before the reaction.
○ Written on left side of equation.
● Product - The new chemical(s) formed by the
reaction.
○ Right side of equation.
Subscripts and Coefficients

● Subscript - shows how many atoms of an element are in a molecule.

○ EX: H2O
■ 2 atoms of hydrogen (H)
■ 1 atom of oxygen (O)
● Coefficient - shows how many molecules there are of a particular
chemical.
○ EX: 3 H2O
■ Means there are 3 water molecules.
A Chemical Reaction

● 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
An Unbalanced Equation

● CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Reactant Side Product Side

1 carbon atom 1 carbon atom

4 hydrogen atoms 2 hydrogen atoms
2 oxygen atoms 3 oxygen atoms
 A Balanced Equation
⚫ CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

Reactant Side Product Side

1 carbon atom 1 carbon atom

4 hydrogen atoms 4 hydrogen atoms
4 oxygen atoms 4 oxygen atoms
Rules:
1. Subscripts cannot be added, removed, or changed.
2. You can only change coefficients.
3. Coefficients can only go in front of chem. formulas...NEVER in the middle
of a formula.
few extra tips:
Try balancing big formulas first; save free elements for last.
If the same polyatomic ion appears on both sides of the equation, it’s
usually okay to treat it as one unit.
There is no one particular way to balance equations. Some equations
are harder to balance than others and might require some creativity to
solve.
Balancing Equations

 Balance the following equation by adjusting coefficients.

N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3

reactants products

N 2 21
H 6
2 63
Balancing Equations

● Balance the following equation by adjusting coefficients.

2 KClO3 → 2 KCl + 3 O2
reactants products

K 1
2 12
Cl 1
2 1
2
O 3
6 2
6
THANK YOU and
GOD BLESS! ☺