Republic of the Philippines

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Sciences

Chem 3/L – Analytical Chemistry

Chapter 2 Problem Set: Review of Stoichiometry

Name: Dacillo, Mark Gil R. Date: October 11, 2022

Section: BSES 2-3 Score:

Answer the following problems. Show your solution.

1. Calculate the following quantities:
a. mass, in grams, of 0.105 mol benzene C6H6
molar mass C6H6 = 6 C × 12.011 g/mol = 72.066 g
+ 6 H × 1.001 g/mol = 6.006 g
78.072 g/mol C6H6

78.072 g C6 H6
mass C6 H6 = 0.105 mol C6 H6 ×
1 mol C6 H6
mass C6 H6 = 8.198 g C6 H6
b. moles of Zn(NO3)2 in 220 g of this substance
molar mass Zn(NO3)2 = 1 Zn × 65.38 g/mol = 65.38 g
2 N × 14.001 g/mol = 28.002 g
+ 6 O × 15.999 g/mol = 95.994 g
= 189.376 g/mol Zn(NO3)2
1 mol Zn(NO3)2
moles of Zn(NO3)2 = 220 g Zn(NO3)2 ×
189.376 g Zn(NO3)2
moles of Zn(NO3)2 =1.162 mol Zn(NO3)2
c. number of N atoms in 0.21 g NH3
molar mass NH3 = 1 N × 14.001 g/mol = 14.001 g
3 H × 1.001 g/mol = 3.003 g
17.004 g/mol NH3

1 mol NH3 1 mol N 6.022 ×1023 atoms N

atoms of N = 0.21 g NH3 × × ×
17.004 g NH3 1 mol NH3 1 mol N

atoms of N = 7.431 × 1021 atoms of N

 2. In the early 20th century, the compound tetraethyl lead (TEL) was used as an
additive to gasoline to reduce knock and improve engine performance. Leaded
gasoline was popular until the 2000s when TEL was banned because of
concerns over air and soil lead levels and the accumulative neurotoxicity of lead.
The following diagram represents the structure of TEL. What is the molar mass of
TEL? What is the percentage by mass of lead?

Molecular Formula of TEL : C8H20Pb

8 mol C 12.011 g 20 mol H 1.001 g
Molar mass TEL = ( × ) + ( × )
1 mol C8 H20 Pb 1 mol C 1 mol C8 H20 Pb 1 mol H
1 mol Pb 207.2 g
+( × )
1 mol C8 H20 Pb 1 mol Pb

Molar mass TEL = 323.308 g/mol C8 H20 Pb

1 mol C8 H20 Pb 1 mol Pb 207.2 g

% mass Pb = × × × 100
323.308 g 1 mol C8 H20 Pb 1 mol Pb
% mass Pb = 64.087 %
 3. One of the steps in the commercial process for converting ammonia to nitric acid
is the conversion of NH3 to NO:

NH3 + O2 → NO + H2O (unbalanced)

4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O (balanced)

In a certain experiment, 2.00 g of NH3 reacts with 2.50 g of O2.

a. Which is the limiting reactant? O2

Convert all grams to moles:
Molar mass NH3 Molar mass of O2
1 N × 14.001 g/mol = 14.001 g 2 O × 15.999 g/mol = 31.998 g/mol O2
+ 3 H × 1.001 g/mol = 3.003 g
17.004 g/mol NH3
1 mol NH3 1 mol O2
mol NH3 = 2.00 g NH3 × mol O2 = 2.50 g O2 ×
17.004 g NH3 31.998 g O2
mol NH3 = 0.118 mol NH3 mol O2 = 0.078 mol O2

Use O2:
4 mol NH3
mol NH3 = 0.078 mol O2 ×
5 mol O2
mol NH3 = 0.0625 mol NH3
Since, 0.118 mol NH3 > 0.0625 mol NH3, O2 is the limiting reactant.
b. How many grams of NO forms?
Molar mass NO : 1 N × 14.001 g/mol = 14.001 g
+ 1 O × 15.999 g/mol = 15.999 g
30.000 g/mol NO
4 mol NO 30 g NO
grams NO = 0.078 mol O2 × ×
5 mol O2 1 mol NO
grams NO = 1.875 g NO
c. How many grams of H2O form?
Molar mass H2O: 2 H × 1.001 g/mol = 2.002 g
+ 1 O × 15.999 g/mol = 15.999 g
18.001 g/mol H2O
6 mol H2 O 18.001 g H2 O
grams H2 O = 0.078 mol O2 × ×
5 mol O2 1 mol H2 O
grams H2 O = 1.688 grams H2 O
 d. How many grams of the excess reactant remain after the limiting reactant
is completely consumed?
4 mol NH3 17.004 g NH3
grams NH3 = 0.078 mol H2 O × ×
5 mol H2 O 1 mol NH3
grams NH3 = 1.063 gram NH3
The mass of excess reactant is 2.00 g NH3. All of O2 was used up during the
reaction. Meanwhile, only 1.063 grams of NH3 was used in the reaction.
Initial mass: 2.000 g NH3
Used during reaction: - 1.063 g NH3
0.937 g NH3
There is an excess of 0.937 grams of NH3 after the reaction.

4. Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is a renewable fuel that can be made from various plant
materials, collectively known as “biomass.” Ethanol is an alcohol used as a
blending agent with gasoline to increase octane and cut down carbon monoxide
and other smog-causing emissions. Pure ethanol has a density of 0.789 g/mL at
25oC. What is its molarity?
Molar mass Ethanol: 2 C × 12.011 g/mol = 24.022 g
6 H × 1.001 g/mol = 6.006 g
+ 1 O × 15.999 g/mol = 15.999 g
46.027 g/mol CH3CH2OH

Convert density to g/L:

0.789 g 1000 mL
× = 789 g/L
1 mL 1L

Multiply the molar mass of ethanol:

789 g 1 mol CH3 CH2 OH

M= ×
1L 46.027 g
M = 17.142 M CH3 CH2 OH
5. Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"), which are largely made up of calcium
and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates, and sulfates. There are no serious adverse health problems associated
with drinking hard water. However, hard water may impose difficulty in foam formation when soap is agitated in water.
Hard water is also the primary cause of the formation of limescale in kettles and water heaters.
According to the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW) of 2017, the total hardness of drinking
water must be kept equal or below 300 mg/L expressed as equivalent of CaCO3. Meanwhile, the total permanent
water hardness can be calculated with the following formula:

Now assume that a tap water sample taken from a drinking fountain is 50 mg/L in CaCO3 and 40 mg/L in MgCO3.
a. What are the equilibrium concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and CO32- in the water sample, expressed in molarity
and in mg/L? What is the p-values of each of these ions?
Convert concentrations to g/L and multiply molar mass to get molarity:

50 mg CaCO3 1g 40 mg MgCO3 1g
× = 0.05 g/L CaCO3 × = 0.04 g/L MgCO3
1L 1000 mg 1L 1000 mg
Molar mass CaCO3: Molar mass MgCO3:
1 Ca × 40.078 g/mol = 40.078 g 1 Mg × 24.305 g/mol = 24.305 g
1 C × 12.011 g/mol = 12.011 g 1 C × 12.011 g/mol = 12.011 g
+ 3 O × 15.999 g/mol = 47.997 g + 3 O × 15.999 g/mol = 47.997 g
100.086 g/mol 84.313 g/mol
0.05 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3 0.04 g MgCO3 1 mol MgCO3
M= × M= ×
1L 100.086 g CaCO3 1L 84.313 g MgCO3
M = 4.996 × 10-4 M CaCO3 M = 4.744 × 10-4 M MgCO3
Since CaCO3 and MgCO3 are salts, the ionization is 100%.
2+ 2- 2-
CaCO3 → Ca + CO3 MgCO3 → Mg2+ + CO3

Since all have 1 as coefficient: Since all have 1 as coefficient:

2-
M [CaCO3 ] [Ca ]
2+
[CO3 ]
2-
M [MgCO3 ] [Mg2+ ] [CO3 ]

Before 4.996 × 10-4 0 0 Before 4.774 × 10-4 0 0

After 0 4.996 × 10-4 4.996 × 10-4 After 0 4.774 × 10-4 4.774 × 10-4

2+ 2-
With the data above, we can say that the molar equilibrium concentrations of [Ca ], [Mg2+ ], and [CO3 ] are as follows:
2+ 2-
[Ca ] [Mg2+ ] [CO3 ]

-4 -4
4.996 × 10-4 + 4.774 × 10-4
M 4.996 × 10 M 4.774 × 10 M -4
9.740 × 10 M

Convert molar concentration to mg/L by multiplying the molar mass and converting g/L to mg/L
Molar mass Ca2+: Molar mass Mg2+: Molar mass CO32-:
1 Ca × 40.078 g/mol = 40.078 g/mol 1 Mg × 24.305 g/mol = 24.305 g/mol 1 C × 12.011 g/mol = 12.011 g
+ 3 O × 15.999 g/mol = 47.997 g
60.008 g/mol
-4
4.996 × 10-4 mol Ca 40.078 g Ca
-4
4.774 × 10 mol Mg 24.305 g Mg 9.740 × 10 mol CO3 60.008 g CO3
= × = × = ×
L 1 mol Ca L 1 mol Mg L 1 mol CO3

2.002 × 10-2 g Ca 1000 mg 1.153 × 10-2 g Mg 1000 mg 5.844 × 10-2 g CO3 1000 mg
= × = × = ×
L 1g L 1g L 1g
Ca = 20.022 mg/L Mg = 11.531 mg/L CO3 = 58.447 mg/L
The p function values of the ions are as follows:
2+
pCa = -log[Ca ] pMg = -log[Mg2+ ] pCO3 = -log[CO3 ]
2+

pCa = -log[4.774 × 10-4 ] pMg = -log[4.774 × 10-4 ] pCO3 = -log[9.740 × 10-4 ]

pCa = 3.301 pMg = 3.324 pCO3 = 3.011

b. What is the total permanent hardness of the water sample? Does it fall within the drinking standards?

[CaCO3 ] = 2,5 ∙ [Ca2+ ] + 4,1 ∙ [Mg2+ ]

[CaCO3 ] = 2,5 ∙ [4.996 × 10-4 ] + 4,1 ∙ [4.774 × 10-4 ]

[CaCO3 ] = [1.249 × 10-3 ] + [1.945 × 10-3 ]

[CaCO3 ] = [3.194 × 10-3 ]

Convert the molar concentration of CaCO3 to g/L:

Multiply with molar mass and conversion factor of g/L to mg/L:

3.194 × 10-3 mol CaCO3 100.086 g CaCO3 1000 mg

mg/L CaCO3 = × ×
1L 1 mol CaCO3 1g
mg/L CaCO3 = 319.680 mg/L CaCO3

Since the value of CaCO3 is higher than 300 mg/L it DOES NOT FALL UNDER DRINKING WATER STANDARDS.
6. The concentration of lead in an industrial waste stream is 0.55 ppm. What is its
molar concentration? (atomic mass Pb = 207.2 g/mol)

0.55 ppm Pb = 0.55 mg Pb/L

0.55 mg Pb 1g 1 mol Pb
M= × ×
1L 1000 mg 207.2 g Pb

M = 2.654 × 10-6 M Pb

7. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is one of the persistent organic pollutants

(POPs) targeted by the Stockholm Convention to eliminate or restrict the
production. Originally developed as an insecticide, DDT became infamous for its
environmental impacts such as thinning of eggshells and breeding failure among
bald eagles. Suppose a 400 mL waster sample contains 17.2 µg DDT. What is the
DDT’s concentration in parts per billion?

1 µg/L = 1 ppb; 400 mL = 0.4 L

17.2 µg DDT
ppb DDT =
0.4 L

ppb DDT = 4.3 ppb

8. You have 400 mL of 0.56 M H2SO4 solution, and you want to dilute it to exactly
0.250 M. How much water should you add? Assume volumes are additive.

C1 V1 = C2 V2
(0.56 M H2 SO4 )(400 mL) = (0.250 M H2 SO4 )(V2 )
(0.56 M H2 SO4 )(400 mL)
V2 =
0.250 M H2 SO4
V2 = 896 mL

VH2O = V2 - V1

VH2O = 896 mL - 400 mL

VH2O = 496 mL

The total volume needed to dilute the 0.56 M H2SO4 to 0.250 M is 896 mL. To
achieve this volume, we need to add 496 mL of water.