Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Dr. Huỳnh công Hoài - HCMUT

I. OBJECTIVES OF SUBJECT
Fluid mechanics refers to the study of behavior of fluids, either at rest or in motion.
Fluid can be either liquid (water, oil, gasoline. . .) or gases (air, oxygen, nitrogen ..) or
any material can flow
- Scope of application :
- Fluid transport : home and city water supply system, oil or gas piping, chemical plan
piping, drainage system …

Drainage system

- Hydraulic structures: Sluice gate, dam , hydroelectric plan, open channel

Hydroelectric plan

Open Channel

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- Energy generation, hydraulic equipment: steam turbine, hydroelectric plan,
wind mill, pump

Wind mill

Pump

- Environmental control: Building heating system, automobile engine cooling

system, pollutant control, bank erosion due to flow, hurricane forecast

Air pollution

Hurricane forecast

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- Transportation : automobile design, ship design, airplane design

The stable of ship

Study of air flow passing the car

Lift force on the plan

II. FLUID PROPERTIES

1.Mass and weight
Mass is the property of a body of fluid that is a measure of its inertia or resistance to a
change in motion. It is also a measure of the quantity of fluid.
Unit of mass : kg
Weight is amount that body weighs, that is the force with which a body is attracted
toward the earth by gravitation
W=mg ( Newton )
Unit of weight : N , kgf 1 kgf = 9.81 N
g : gravity acceleration
Moon: g= 1,6 m/s2 , Earth: g = 9,81 m/s2, Jupiter g = 26,9 m/s2

The weight varies according to the local value of gravity

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 2. Density () : mass per unit volume ( kg/m3)

m
= m : mass , V : Volume
V

ρwater= 1000 kg/m3 ρair= 1,228 kg/m3

3. Specific weight () : the weight of the fluid per unit volume (N/m3)
W
= and  = g (N/m3 )
V
γwater= 9810 N/m3 γair= 12,07 N/m3

4. Specific gravity (S) : the ratio of the

density of the fluid to the density of water

S = /water

Swater = 1 Smercury = 13,6

Note: Density, specific weight, and specific gravity are all interrelated, and from a
knowledge of any one of the three the others can be calculated.

5. Viscosity of fluid
y Uo Velocity
distribution is
y Moving plate
linear ( u = uoy/t )
u
Uo
u uo
t ( small )
o
Stationary surface
For the laminar flow: (small velocity)
Shear stress in fluid (Newton)  =  du/dy (N/m2)
Ns kg
 : dynamic viscosity ( , ,Pa.s ) Or 1 poise = 0,1 Pa.s
m 2 ms
/ =  : kinematic viscosity (m2/s) 1 stoke = 1cm2 /s = 10-4 m2/s

When small t, velocity distribution is linear, u=uoy/t, hence du/dy = uo/t :

 =  uo/t
Viscosity can change :
Liquid : Viscosity reduces
Temperature rises
Gas : Viscosity rises
Liquid : Viscosity rises
Pressure rises
Gas : Viscosity is not changing
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Example1.
t = 0,5mm, Uo
 = 0,1 Pa.s oil
A = 4m2 . Uo= 1m/s.
y Uo
Find friction force and power of machine Uo
u 
to pull the container t
o
Solution
Uo
u= y
t
du U
 = = o
dy t
Uo
F = A =  A
t
Friction force
1
F = 0.1 4 = 800 N
0.0005

Power of machine

P = F .U 0 = 800.1 = 800 watt

Example 2

Bài giải
u= (1 − )

= = (1 − )
2
=−

Ứng suất ma sát tại thành ống: r = =− =−

R 2
= =− .2 . =− 4 .

Thay số vào: F = -0,565 N

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 Example 3

Example 4.

V = Rω t

F = .A , T = FR = .A.R

w=2000 vòng/phút

Sleeve Oil (ν = 0,005 m2/s, δ=0,9)

t
250 mm

w = 2000
rpm
Prob. 1.81

70 mm

70,2 mm

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Example 5
The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a viscometer constructed of two L=40-cm-long
concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the inner cylinder is = 12 cm, and the gap between
the two cylinders is t=0.15 cm. The inner cylinder is rotated at w = 300 rpm, and the torque is
measured to be M=1.8 N m. Determine the viscosity of the fluid.
w=300 rpm
Oil

t L=40 cm

w = 300 rpm

12cm

Solution: The velocity profile is linear only when the curvature effects are negligible,
and the profile can be approximated as being linear in this case since t/R . From the
formula of shear stress, viscosity of the fluid is determined to be

= =
4

6. Compressibility of fluid
a) Bulk Modulus of elasticity : A property is used to characterize compressibility of fluid
dp
Bulk modulus is defined as Ev = 
dV / V
dp : differential change in pressure needed to create a different change in volume dV
V: initial volume
Since : Mass m = V and m = const.  dm = vdρ + ρdV = 0  dV/V =-dρ/ ρ
dp
then Ev =
d / 
c) Compression and expansion of gases
Constant
Ideal gas law: p=RT temperature p/ = RT=Const.
Where: p : absolute pressure condition
 : density ( isothermal process)
p
= Const
T : absolute temperature m /V
R: gas constant

Since : Mass m = const. Then pV = Const

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 Example 6:
A small gas bottle has V1= 0,4 m3 and absolute pressure p1 =
800000 N/m2, and a big one with V2= 2 m3, absolute pressure
p2 = 120000 N/m2..
Which bottle contains more gas (Assuming the ideal gas)

Solution:

p1V’2 = p2.V2
V’2 = p2.V2 / p1
V’2 = 120000 . 2 / 800000
V’2 = 120000.2 / 800000
V’2 = 0,3 m3 < V1 = 0,4 m3

The small bottle contains the gas more than the big one

Example 7

air

oil

Water

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7. Vapor pressure and cavitation

If the container is closed with a small left above the surface, and this space
evacuated to form a vacuum, a pressure will develop in the space as result of vapor
that is formed by the escaping molecules. When an equilibrium condition is reached
the number of molecules leaving the surface is equal to the number entering, the
vapor is said to be saturated and the pressure that the vapor exert on the liquid
surface is termed the vapor pressure
The vapor pressure changes depending on the temperature. The vapor pressure is
high when the temperature is high.

For example:
The vapor pressure of water 1at (atmospheric pressure) t = 100oC
0,048 at t = 32,2oC

In some cases, when the pressure is lower than the vapor pressure, the cavitation
occurs.
-- Homework : What is cavitation ?, Give some examples about the cavitation

8.Surface tension : A liquid forms an interface with a second liquid or gas. The liquid
energy per unit of area of interface is known as surface tension or coefficient of surface
tension . For clean surface at 20oC

 = 0,073 N/m for air –water interface

 = 0,480 N/m for air –mercury interface

9. Capillarity: Liquids have both cohesion and adhesion, which are forms of molecular
attraction. Capillarity, the rise (or fall) of liquid in small – diameter tubes is due to this
attraction.

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 SIGNIFICANT LEARNING OUTCOMES

Conceptual Knowledge
• Define density, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure, and bulk
modulus of elasticity.
• Describe the differences between absolute viscosity and kinematic viscosity.
• Describe how shear stress, viscosity, and the velocity distribution are related.
• Describe how viscosity, and vapor pressure vary with temperature and or pressure.

Procedural Knowledge
• Look up fluid property values from figures, tables; know when and how to
interpolate.
• Calculate gas density using the ideal gas law.

CASE STUDY Introduction

Students are given a simple device called a rotational
cylindrical viscometer, as shown in the figure, and
asked to determine the viscosity of an unknown liquid.
The outer cylinder is fixed while the inner cylinder is
rotating at a constant angular speed of w by applying
a torque T.

Rotational Cylindrical Viscometer
Questions
Derive an equation for the viscosity in terms of angular
velocity, w, torque, T, submerged inner cylinder height, L,
inner cylinder

radius, Ri, and outer cylinder radius, Ro.
Calculate the viscosity value when w = 55 rev/min,
T = 0.9 Nm, L = 0.3 m, Ri = 0.12 m and Ro = 0.13 m.

Approach
Assume the gap between the cylinders is small and
the velocity profile is linear.
Neglect the end effects of the cylinders.
Assume the force (F) is perpendicular to its moment
arm (r), hence the torque is given by
T = Fr.

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HOME WORKS ::
1.1 The velocity distribution in a viscous flow over a plate is given by
U = 4y – y2 for y  2 m
When u : velocity in m at a point distant y from the plate. If the coefficient dynamic viscosity
is 1,5 Pa.S determine the shear stress at y = 0 and at y = 2m. (Ans: 6 Pa, 0 )

1.2 A sleeve 10 cm long encases a vertical metal rod 3 cm in diameter with radial clearance
of 0,02mm. If when immersed in an oil of viscosity of 6 poise , the effective weight of the
sleeve is 7,5 N, will the sleeve slide down the rod and if so at what velocity. (Ans: 2,66 cm/s)

1.3 Two coaxial cylinders 10 cm in diameter and 2,5 cm high have both their ends open and
have a viscous liquid filled in between. A torque of 1,2 N.m is produced on the inner cylinder
when the outer one rotates at 90 RPM (revolutions per minute) . Determine the coefficient of
viscosity of the liquid. (Ans: 8,106 Pa.s)

w Problems: (From page 22)

liquid liquid
1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 1.11 , 1.12, 1.25, 1.26
In “Theory and applications of Fluid
2,5 cm Mechanics- K.Subramanya “

9,75 cm Clearance h
10 cm
Dr. Huynh cong Hoai – Fluid Mechanics Department

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