ABEN 4510 LABORATORY

FOOD PROCESSING

Laboratory Exercise No. 3

FLUID FLOWS IN
AB MATERIALS
ALIAGA, DARREN
BAUTISTA, RYAN JACOB
DURAN, LEMUEL
EUGENIO, ANGELO
GARCIA, ALEJANDRO
PAREL, MICHER ALYSSA
BSABE 4-3
Start Slide
 ABEN 4510 : FOOD PROCESSING

Introduction
Fluid flow plays a pivotal role in a myriad of industrial processes, especially those integral to heat
transfer mechanisms. The use of various fluids is commonplace when the objective is to efficiently
dissipate heat from its origin. Notable examples encompass the circulation of cooling water in
internal combustion engines, the air currents enveloping the windings of an electric motor, and the
controlled flow of water through the core of a nuclear reactor. Fluid flow systems are equally
prevalent in applications related to lubrication.

Navigating the dynamics of fluid flow within nuclear contexts can be intricate, often defying
straightforward mathematical analyses. Unlike solid materials, fluid particles traverse pipelines and
components at diverse velocities, frequently subject to disparate accelerations.

At the heart of comprehending fluid flow are three fundamental principles. The first revolves around
the principle of momentum, yielding equations that define fluid forces. The second hinges on the
conservation of energy, culminating in the formulation of the First Law of Thermodynamics. The third
principle underscores the conservation of mass, leading to the establishment of the continuity
equation. Together, these principles provide a foundational understanding of the intricate dance of
fluids within industrial and thermal processes.
OBJECTIVES
After performing the exercise, the students should be able to:

• Define the terms mass flow rate and volumetric flow rate.
• Calculate the mass flow rate or volumetric flow rate for a fluid system.
• Calculate the fluid velocity or flow rate in a specified fluid system using the
continuity equation.
 1. Defined the following:

a. Mass flow rate

METHODOLOGY b. Volumetric flow rate

c. Reynolds number.

2. Differentiated laminar,
transition, and turbulent
flow.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mass flow rate
It is mass of a liquid substance passing per unit time. In other
words, the mass flow rate is defined as the rate of movement
of liquid pass through a unit area. The mass flow is directly
dependent on the density, velocity of the liquid, and area of
cross-section. It is the movement of mass per unit time. The
mass flow is denoted by 𝑚̇ and the units in kg/s.
Mass flow rate: FORMULA
Mass flow rate: Sample problem
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE
The volumetric flow rate (𝑉) of a system is a measure of the volume of
fluid passing a point in the system per unit time. The volumetric flow
rate can be calculated as the product of the cross-sectional area (A) for
flow and the average flow velocity (v). It is generally denoted by the
symbol ”Q” (occasionally ” 𝑉”). It is much different from the concept of
“mass flow rate”. It does not consider mass as an influencing factor. In
most scenarios, consideration of fluid flow rate typically points to
volume flow rate. The SI unit of volume flow rate is cubic meters per
second.
VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE: Sample problem
REYNOLDS NUMBER
It is a dimensionless quantity that is used to determine the type of
flow pattern as laminar or turbulent while flowing through a pipe.
Reynolds number is defined by the ratio of inertial forces to that of
viscous forces.
REYNOLDS NUMBER
It is used to predict if flow will be laminar or turbulent
REYNOLDS NUMBER
If the Reynolds number calculated is high (greater than 2000), then the
flow through the pipe is said to be turbulent. If Reynolds number is low
(less than 2000), the flow is said to be laminar. Numerically, these are
acceptable values, although in general the laminar and turbulent flows
are classified according to a range. Laminar flow falls below Reynolds
number of 1100 and turbulent falls in a range greater than 2200.
LAMINAR FLOW
Laminar flow is also referred to as streamline or viscous flow. These
terms are descriptive of the flow because, in laminar flow, (1) layers of
water flowing over one another at different speeds with virtually no
mixing between layers, (2) fluid particles move in definite and
observable paths or streamlines, and (3) the flow is characteristic
of viscous (thick) fluid or is one in which viscosity of the fluid plays a
significant part.
DIFFERENTIATE LAMINAR, TRANSITIONAL
AND TURBULENT FLOW
TRANSITIONAL FLOW
Transitional flow is an intermediate state between laminar flow and
turbulent flow in fluid dynamics. It occurs as the flow conditions
change, typically as the Reynold’s number, a dimensionless parameter,
increases. The flow becomes more chaotic, and turbulence starts to
develop.
TURBULENT FLOW
Turbulent flow is characterized by the irregular movement of particles
of the fluid. There is no definite frequency as there is in wave motion.
The particles travel in irregular paths with no observable pattern and no
definite layers.
Flow of blood through vessels
Flow of air behind a car travelling at high speed
Smoke in chimneys
 ABEN 4510 : FOOD PROCESSING

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of mass flow rate, volumetric flow rate, and the
application of the continuity equation is indispensable for effectively analyzing and optimizing fluid
systems. Mass flow rate, which quantifies the mass of fluid passing through a given area over time,
and volumetric flow rate, which characterizes the volume of fluid passing through a specified area
within a given timeframe, provide essential metrics for assessing the performance and efficiency of
fluid systems. Equipping engineers and scientists with the ability to calculate these flow rates is
pivotal in designing systems and ensuring they meet desired specifications.

Moreover, the application of the continuity equation, grounded in the conservation of mass, allows for
the calculation of fluid velocity or flow rate in a system. This principle is particularly valuable for
predicting and understanding fluid behavior in diverse applications, from optimizing cooling systems
in industrial processes to designing efficient pipelines or ensuring the proper functioning of
biomedical devices. In essence, a solid grasp of these concepts empowers professionals to make
informed decisions, troubleshoot issues, and drive advancements in fluid dynamics across various
industries.
 Thank You
f o r y o u r a t t e n t i o n