EUCHARISTIC HEART COLLEGE OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ORBA ,NSUKKA

DISPENSING PRACTICAL MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY TECHNICAN

By

Osemenam Henry Ifeanyi (B.Pharm,MPharm)

 Acknowledgement
All thanks be given to the Almighty God who made this Publication Possible. All Glory and
Honor be given to Him for all He has done in the Pharmacy Technician Department and all He’s
yet to do.

I acknowledge the School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, New Zealand, who has served
as a great resource in this book Publication .

Pharm.Osemenam Henry
(H.O.D Pharmacy Technican Department)
 Chapter One

1. 0.Health and Safety Information

 Food and drink are forbidden in the Laboratory.
 Cell phones are forbidden and will be confiscated if found.
 Please leave bags in the lockers outside the lab and only take essential equipment into
the Laboratory.
 Students are expected to wear a Clean and Neat Long sleeve Lab. coats ,in there
cooperate wears. Ladies are expected to cover there hairs with a net cap before entering
the laboratory
This dress code incorporates aspects of both safety and professionalism
and students may not be admitted if they do not adhere to the dress code.
 Closed shoes must always be worn.
 Gloves and safety glasses must be worn if instructed by the Tutors.
 Please dispose of used gloves in the yellow bins, not the general rubbish bins.
 Please check with the Tutors and Technicians for advice on disposal of chemicals and
medicines.
 If the fire alarm sounds please follow the instructions of the Laboratory Tutors and
Technicians.
 Students should Try to Leave the Laboratory in an orderly manner in terms of Accidents
and emergency. Do not stop to collect belongings.
 Lateness to Praticals are not expected and students who come late would loose certain
marks with the discretion of the pharmacist involved.
.
1.1. ORGANISATION OF THE DISPENSING PRACTICAL CLASSES
The Classes would be divided into groups with each group having a representative.
The classes will concentrate on the development of skills in the legal, ethical and professional
dispensing of prescriptions, the acquiring of information, the provision of advice to patients and
their careers.
The ability of Pharmacy Technicians to dispense and advise patients effectively is one of the
cornerstones of pharmacy practice ;all pharmacy Technicians must maintain the ability to
dispense a range of products to the highest standard of quality and accuracy.
During this course you will continue to develop a philosophy of quality in dispensing practice
and you should refer also to your dispensing theory and introduction to basic lab. Techniques.
You will learn about compliance with legal, ethical requirements and the
effective dissemination of information to patients will be developed. Skills such as searching
reference texts, searching web-based databases and developing patient information leaflets are
also an integral part of this
course.
In conclusion, each dispensing practical is meant to be reported immediately after the practical and
submitted for grading, unless instructed otherwise.
1.2. DISPENSARY PROCEDURES
The work of a pharmacy Technicians in a dispensary, requires care and attention to detail; This
can be achieved working in a tidy and organized fashion. Sloppy, unhygienic and untidy work
will not be tolerated in the
dispensary or in professional practice. Preparations should be dispensed with the following
considerations; as they are to be used by patients.
As students you will be working in a professional environment, the dispensing lab; you should
start to think of yourselves as professionals and dress appropriately. This will mean adhering to
an accepted dress code which accommodates aspects of safety and professionalism.
2. Plan your work area. Your work area must be kept clean, tidy and uncluttered whilst working.
Bags, coats and other items not required for dispensing are not to be brought in to the
dispensing area, please use the lockers provided. Keep your other belongings off the bench.
3. Use appropriate standards of hygiene during all stages of dispensing. Do not lick labels, suck
pencils etc.
Do not sit on the benches. It is forbidden to eat, drink, smoke, chew gum etc. in the dispensing
area.
4. Report all spillages, breakages and accidents to the Tutor-in-Charge immediately.
5. For the much of the class discussions about the patient, giving advice and other related
matters are encouraged. However, you must dispense all products on your own. A
pharmacy Tecnican assumes total
responsibility for what he/she dispenses. It is essential you develop confidence in your own
ability.In many pharmacies you may find yourself making the initial prescription check for
appropriateness,
legality etc, but another trained and accredited person may actually dispense it. Your
responsibility will be to check the final product and ensure it is correctly dispensed and provide
advice to the patient.
1.3.Steps involved in the dispensing process during labs
1. Assess the prescription form /dispensing instructions; gather any missing information or seek
clarification where required so you can accurately interpret the prescription form/formulate
appropriately.. The tutors in the laboratory would be of great assistance in this aspect.
2.Enter the patient details into the Patient Medication Record (computer) before you start
dispensing the product. In terms of a preparation, you are expected to copy down the master
formula and perform the necessary reduction/enlargement. You should also prepare a label
before dispensing, this products. This should include using the appropriate pen to indicate the
direction for use and precautions. Do not leave unlabelled products in the dispensing area at
any time. A tutor will confiscate unlabelled products. However, the group name should be
attached to each preparation with regards to preparations made.
3. Dispensed products should be left with the prescription in the tray provided, and batch
numbers and expiry date for the product must be entered into the space provided on your
worksheet next to the copy label.
4. Counting triangles and trays must be kept clean. Benches, spatulas, etc., must be cleaned
immediately after each product is completed, do not wait until the end of the session before
cleaning equipment.
5. Replace the lids on containers after use and ensure they are firmly closed. Make sure the
outsides of containers are clean.
6. Return all containers, reference books etc. to their proper places immediately after use.
7. Materials or equipment that appear to be in short supply, please check with a tutor or
laboratory technician.
8. At the end of each dispensing session. Ensure that:
 Your equipment, bench, cupboard, shelves are clean and tidy.
 All medicines, equipment, books etc. are in their correct places.
 Lost property is taken to the tutor-in-charge.
9. Under no circumstances are students permitted to remove from the Dispensary any Student
Preparations, chemicals, medications, equipment, containers etc., unless you have the
permission of the tutor-in charge.
You are reminded that Student Preparations sometimes contain placebo or expired
materials, and are certainly not fit for human or animal use.

1.4..IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITION

DOSE AND DOSAGE

1. Dose
The amount of medicine to be taken taken, or given, at one time. The sum of doses may be the dosage or
the total dose.
2. Dosage
The amount of medicine to be taken, or given, in a period of time.
Notes on dose and dosage
Calculation of the dose is dependent on many factors, e.g. age of the patient, severity of the
disease, route of administration, concomitant drug therapy, and any underlying disease states.

The pharmacopoeias (B.P,U.S.P)are the main source of dose information and generally give
the dose ranges within which agents are generally therapeutically useful for the average patient.
The dose may have to be modified according to the factors mentioned above. In the General
Notices of the British Pharmacopoeia (1980), the section entitled “Doses” states;
“The statements given under “Usual dose range” in the Monographs of the Pharmacopoeia are
primarily
intended for the pharmacist; they are not authoritatively enjoined as binding upon prescribers.
They are
intended for general guidance and represent, unless otherwise stated, the usual range of
quantities which
are usually regarded as suitable for adults when administered by mouth on one occasion. For
some
substances a period is stated over which the whole dose is given, e.g. “daily in divided doses”,
the division
being left to the prescriber. If it is usual to administer a drug by a method other than by mouth,
the dose
suitable for that method of administration is stated.
It must not be assumed that the dose indicates the greatest amount of drugs that may be given.
The
medical practitioner will exercise their own judgment and act on their own responsibility in
respect of the
amount of any therapeutic agent they may prescribe or administer, or the frequency of its
administration.
When, however, an unusually large dose appears to have been prescribed, it is the
responsibility of the
pharmacist to satisfy himself that the prescriber’s intention has been correctly interpreted.
Following the statements of doses of preparations of some of the more active drugs, notes have
been
placed to show the approximate quantities of active ingredients contained in the doses stated.
These are
included for the guidance of the prescriber and are not to be regarded as statements of
standard.”
For large numbers of drugs and preparations the BP provides at the end of the monograph a
statement of
“Actions and Uses” and (if applicable) “Usual Dose”.
A typical example is:
Aspirin
Actions and uses - Analgesic antipyretic
Usual Dose Range - 0.3 g to 1g; up to 4g daily, in divided doses. In the treatment of acute
rheumatism 4g
to 8g daily, in divided doses.
The Pharmacopoeia attitude to dose is very formal. A better appreciation of practical dosage
schedules can often be obtained from APF, BNF, Martindale or the Pharmaceutical Codex.
Manufacturers’ literature and compendia such as the New Ethicals Compendium provide also
useful sources of information about dosage.

3. Minimum dose
The lowest dose exerting the desired therapeutic effect in the average patient.The response of
the patient will indicate whether in continuing treatment this dose should be maintained or
increased.
4. Maximum dose
The highest dose usually tolerated without undesirable effects in the average patient. This dose
is not the greatest amount that can be administered, as in certain specific treatments the official
maximum dose may be exceeded.
5. Toxic dose
The dose capable of producing marked functional derangement in the body.
6. Lethal dose
The smallest dose known to have produced a human death.
7. Prophylactic dose
The dose necessary to prevent the onset of a disease.
8. Therapeutic dose
The dose necessary to treat an established disease.
9. Loading dose
A dose higher than the maintenance, given on the initiation of therapy to give rapid drug plasma
levels equivalent to that reached after multiple dosing. This higher dosage is used for a short
period of time only; often it only involves a single dose.
10. Maintenance dose
A dose given to maintain the therapeutic level of a drug in the body.

1.5. LABELLING REQUIREMENTS

No patient should leave the pharmacy without knowing HOW to use the medicine, how
MUCH and how OFTEN. At all times the written instructions should be primarily regarded
as back-up to the pharmacist’s/pharmacy Technicians oral counseling.
When producing a label, you should ensure that the information on the label is:
1. In a language appropriate to the patient’s needs. (KEEP IT SIMPLE)
2. Indelible and legible. (KEEP IT CLEAR)
3. The size and type of lettering appropriate to the patient’s needs.
4. of a uniform color contrasting strongly with a uniform background. Directions such as “Not to
be taken “and “For External Use Only” may be in red lettering.
5. Not in the address panel or any other place where it could obstruct or be hidden by other
information.
6. Placed on the label in lines parallel to the base of the container.
7. Placed on the primary container – this is the container that the patient will be using not the
box that they will throw away.
8. Free of errors and overtypes. (KEEP IT CLEAN)
9. Free of unnecessary decoration and embellishment. (KEEP IT PLAIN)
1.6.Record quantity dispensed on label
This is a requirement for:
1. All solid dose preparations.
2. All liquid preparations when the quantity specified does not fill the bottle.
It is however, strongly recommended that the quantity be stated on each preparation.
1.7.The name or description of the nature of the contents
This is legally required and should give the name or the official abbreviation of the name of the
medicine as stated in the prescription, unless:
1. The contents are extemporaneously prepared and contain more than a single active
ingredient. In this
case the batch number and expiry date should also be on the container.
2. The medical practitioner has stated;
a. NNP or Not NP (non nomen proprium)
b. He/she wants some other designation.
Note:
1. If a preparation comes in more than one strength, the label should give the strength supplied
(it is preferred that the strength is always stated on the label).
2. Extemporaneously compounded preparations containing more than one active ingredient do
not need to be labeled with a precise name. If the prescription calls for an official preparation
e.g. BNF, BPC, BP, APF – use their short title on the label to identify them – e.g. Potassium
Citrate Mixture APF.
1.8.Directions for use
It is legally required to give:
1. Dose, and frequency of dose (Internal preparations)
Please note that you need to word the directions according to the formulation of the product.
For example: ‘Take one tablet’
‘Dissolve the contents of one sachet in water and
‘Insert the contents of on applicatorful..’
2. Method and frequency of use/application (external preparations)
3. Special individual directions as per the prescription form.
Please note that the directions on the label should exactly reflect the prescription.

There is no need for additional information (e.g. take for pain relief) unless it is specified
in references such as C& A labels from the Dispensing Guide.
Some useful things to note when preparing labels for medicines:
1. A prescription with non-specific directions, such as “use as directed” (mdu) or when required
(prn), the pharmacists must ensure the patient understands the directions clearly and correctly,
and where necessary provides written guidance. The pharmacist may have to find out from the
prescriber the exact medication instructions. It is advisable to know the normal dosing
regimen before contacting the prescriber.
2. The nature of the contents may be such that ancillary labeling is required. Think of what the
additional label is saying and position it to do its job – e.g. if the preparation is to be shaken
before pouring the dose,put “Shake the bottle” above the main label. If ancillary labels need to
be attached, place them horizontally, and avoid placing them on the main label or obscuring any
writing on the label. If you choose to put some of these on the medicine label using the
computer, make sure that the font is large enough to be read clearly by the patient.
3. Once the practitioner does not wish a CAL to be attached, he/she must endorse the
prescription “NCL”. The use of CALs is not a legal requirement. Use your professional judgment
in their application.
4. Keep the wording simple and specific:
Tell the patient what to do with the medicine (e.g. Take two tablets), how often (e.g. four
times a day) and then additional information (e.g. after food).
Example:
“Take” rather than “to be taken”
“Do not swallow” rather than “Not to be taken”
“Spread thinly” rather than “Use sparingly”
“Put TWO drops into” rather than “Instil TWO drops”
“Place a patch”…….. (transdermal patches)
“Inhale TWO puffs TWICE a day” (inhalers)
Try to avoid having the number to be taken and the times of taking adjacent:
Example:
“Take TWO tablets FOUR times a day” rather than “Take TWO 4 times a day”
“Take TWO tablets TWICE a day” rather than “Take TWO TWICE a day”
Fractions should be expressed in words rather than in figures.
Example:
TWO AND A HALF ML rather than 2.5 mL
or both words and figures i.e. TWO and a HALF ml (2.5ml)
Distinguish between different drug delivery forms:
Example:
“Swallow whole” Sustained release preparations
“Dissolve under the tongue” Sublingual tablets
“Chew” Chewable tablets
5. “Give” is preferred when the dose is prescribed for a young child or an animal
Example:
“Give ONE 5mL spoonful THREE times a day.”

1.9. Measures: Only metric measures may be used, imperial must not be used.
(a). Weights: g is the official abbreviation for gram
mg is the official abbreviation for milligram
mcg is preferred to ug microgram
It is recommended that to avoid confusion, micrograms are written out in full.
(B). Volume: ml or mL preferred abbreviation for millilitre
L preferred abbreviation for litre
7. Remember to provide with the medicine, where appropriate, a measuring device for the
patient for example a 5mL medicine spoon or an oral syringe.
6. Where appropriate, reference should be made to appropriate patient information leaflet for
instructions on how the product should be used.
1.9.1.Reference Number
The prescription reference number generated by the computer is a legal requirement. In
dispensing labs, unique identifier will be used for each product dispensed.
1.9.2..Date of dispensing
The date of dispensing is a legal requirement and that the format is 21 Feb 01 rather than
21/02/01, to avoid confusion with reference numbers.

1.9.3.Patient’s Name
This is a legal requirement. It is preferred that the title, initial(s) or first name and surname be
shown. On an animal’s medication, the owner’s name must appear on the label. The statement
“Not for Human Use” or “For Animal Treatment Only” must appear on the label.
1.9.4..Name and Address of the Pharmacy
These are legal requirements. The name of the proprietor or the registered trade name of the
company and the address of the pharmacy (not a P.O. Box number) must appear on the label.
The telephone number is an ethical requirement.
1.9.5.Prescriber’s Name or Reference
Optional, but advisable, and preferred
Place the label so that it is:
1. Easy to read, with no blemishes.
2. Firmly fixed to the container (which is clean).
3. Straight and visually balanced.
4. Not likely to be damaged, defaced or removed when the container is opened.
5. Not obscured by another label, folder, pamphlet etc.
6. On both the inner and outer container if both are being supplied (always label the primary
container).
Please note – there is a new Labelling policy for dispensing labs and this should be
followed closely. You
will find this in Appendix A at the end of this manual

1.9.7.EXPIRY DATES
There is no collaboration between established formularies and textbooks concerning expiry
dates assigned to extemporaneous preparations. Stability data is unavailable on many
formulations. In many cases you must make a professional judgment on the most appropriate
expiry date for a product.

For the purposes of Dispensing classes the following guidelines should be observed:
1. Freshly prepared
As a guide to good pharmaceutical practice it is suggested that mixtures or other medicines
recommended to be
“freshly prepared” should be prepared not more than 24hrs before issue to a patient.
2. Recently prepared
Mixtures recommended to be “recently prepared” should be stored in full, air tight, unopened
bottles in the pharmacy for not more than 3 months.
Stock mixtures in use, in opened containers in the pharmacy, should be used within 2 weeks of
first opening.
1.9.8..Recommended Expiry Dates for Dispensing classes
Unless otherwise stated in the formula the following guidelines should be observed.
Internal Preparations without a preservative 7 days
Internal Preparations with a preservative 14 days
1.9.9External Preparations

Diluted from a pre-formulated product 14 days

Extemporaneously compounded 1 month (with a preservative)

1.2.0 CONTAINERS FOR DISPENSED MEDICATIONS

The aim should be to make a clear distinction between preparations that may be taken internally
and those intended for external use.
The container should also be selected which will best protect the life of the preparation.
A. Internal medicines
i.Preparation Container
A..Mixtures
Plain, amber, glass or plastic, medicine bottle.
B.Emulsions (Internal)
Plain, amber, glass or plastic medicine bottle with wide neck if available.
C.Elixirs Plain, amber, glass or plastic medicine bottle
D.Linctuses
Plain, amber, glass or plastic medicine bottle
E.Tablets and capsules
Plain, amber glass or plastic tablet bottle,
F.Powders Individually wrapped in powder papers and
dispensed in a cardboard box.

B.Substances for topical application

i.Preparation Container
A.Eye drops, ear drops, nasal drops- Dropper bottle
B.Mouthwashes and gargles- Clear ribbed bottle, glass or plastic, or,amber if contents sensitive
to light
C.Enemas -Ribbed poison bottle, amber, glass or plastic,
D.Lotions, liniments and antiseptics Ribbed poison bottle, amber or clear, glass
or plastic
E.Creams, ointments, pastes and gels Ointment jars or tubes
F.Suppositories and pessaries Individually wrapped in foil or plastic and
dispensed in a cardboard box.
1.8. Child Resistant Closures
A number of oral preparations are required to have child resistant closures and pharmacists are
reimbursed for the extra cost of these. They are listed in the Pharmac schedule. In the
Pharmacy Handbook is a list of those products which should have such closures, it includes
those medicines in the Pharmac list as well as some others.

However, pharmacists may feel that there are a number of other drugs and preparations which
should have such
closures, and may consider adding a small charge to the patient. For example, all external fluids
should have CRCs, if approved by the patient, or forfeit the extra charge; if it is the policy of that
pharmacy to supply such closures.

1.2.1.Abbreviations Used in Prescription writing abbreviation Meaning

 ac before meals / before food
alt die alternate days / every other day
bid or bd TWICE a day
BE BOTH eyes
cc Close control
die daily
EE EACH eye
Gutt / guttae drop
nocte or on at night
mane in the morning
mitte send/supply
o each
d or die daily
od Once daily
on at night
po by mouth
pc after meals / after food
prn as needed / when necessary / if required / when required
q3h/q4h every THREE hours/every FOUR hours
qqh every FOUR hours (or “ up to every FOUR hours”)
qid or qds or qd FOUR times a day
qs quantity sufficient
tid or tds THREE times a day
cc with meals / with food
sos when necessary / if necessary
mdu as instructed / as directed
caps capsules
tabs tablets
mixt mixture
linct linctus
ung ointment
gutt drops
sig follow these instructions
Stat or st immediately (often implies a single dose, though not always)
hss At bedtime (literally at the hour of bedtime)
“

Fractions” are sometimes used to express frequency or duration of treatment.

Example:
1/52 one week
1/7 one day
1/12 one month
Clarification with the prescriber is required if ambiguous.
1.2.2.Note 1.
Close control is a Pharmac Schedule policy that means dispensing of a prescription in quantities
of less than 90days. It is required to be written and signed in the Doctor’s handwriting with a
period of supply attached (e.g. cc 1/12).
1.2.3.Note 2.
The abbreviation q.h. is also understood by some to stand for “quaque hora” or every hour.
Care is required in the interpretation of this abbreviation. Always check with prescriber.
1.2.4.Note 3.
In the USA and some other countries q.d. is usually interpreted as meaning “once daily” rather
than “four times daily”. This is obviously a source of potential confusion.
1.2.5.Note 4.
The word ‘Stat’ can also be used to refer to Pharmac policy with regard to the period of supply
of a medicine in‘one lot’.
1.2.6.Note 5.
Roman numerals are still commonly used in prescribing e.g. IV for 4, iii for 3

1.2. 7.SOME USEFUL DEFINITIONS

Familiarise your self with interpretations and definitions in Section A; General rules of the
Pharmaceutical Schedule

1.2.8. PHARMACY SOFTWARE ABBREVIATIONS FOR LABELING

TONIQ
Sig Expansion

/1 May cause sleepiness: Limit alcohol

/10 Take with a large glass of water
/11 Avoid grapefruit and its juice
/2 Do not drink alcohol
/3 Take each dose on an empty stomach
/4 Don't take with antacids, iron or calcium
/5 Avoid some food & medicines - see card
/5a Avoid some medicines - ask pharmacist
/6 Keep in fridge - do not freeze
/7 Do not use after ….|….|….
/7a Do not use ….. days after opening. (Date opened …..|…..|…..)
/8 Protect yourself from too much sunlight
/9 Do not stop taking this medicine
/a swallow whole, do not crush or chew
/ac half an hour before food
/b with food
/d until finished
1 ONE
10 TEN
1c Take ONE capsule
1dr Put ONE drop into
1p Inhale ONE puff
1t Take ONE tablet
2 TWO
2c Take TWO capsules
2dr Put TWO drops into
2p Inhale TWO puffs
2t Take TWO tablets
3 THREE
3c Take THREE capsules
3t Take THREE tablets
4 FOUR
4c Take FOUR capsules
4p Inhale FOUR puffs
4t Take FOUR tablets
5 FIVE
5c Take FIVE capsules
5t Take FIVE tablets
6 SIX
7 SEVEN
8 EIGHT
9 NINE
ac before food
am In the morning
ap Apply
B both
bd TWICE daily
can Insert ONE applicatorful high into the vagina at night until finished
can1 Insert ONE pessary high into the vagina at night until finished
cc with food
d daily
ea each
exp DO NOT USE AFTER
ext *FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY*
f until finished
fev for pain and fever relief
gle DO NOT SWALLOW, SPIT OUT
gw Take with a glass of water
ht half a tablet
I Insert
in in
Inha Inhale
ins Insert
l LEFT
m in the morning
mane in the morning
max (MAXIMUM OF 8 TABLETS IN 24 HOURS)
mdu as directed
n at night
nocte at night
ntbt NOT TO BE TAKEN
od ONCE daily
pc after food
pd for pain relief
pdf for pain or fever
pf puff
prn when required
q12h every TWELVE hours
q4h every FOUR hours
q6h every SIX hours
q8h every EIGHT hours
qd FOUR times daily
qds FOUR times daily
qid FOUR times daily
qqh every FOUR hours
r RIGHT
s suppository
sh Shake well
sl under the tongue
sos when necessary
Spoon1 Take ONE 5ml spoonful
Spoon2 Take TWO 5ml spoonfuls
stat at once
ster Rinse mouth out after use.
Supp Unwrap and gently insert ONE suppository into the rectum
ta Take
td THREE times daily
tds THREE times daily
t tablet
uf until finished
vag Into the vagina
w swallowed whole

1.2.9.CHECKLIST FOR CHECKING PROCESS

1 Patient name
2 Patient address
3 Prescriber name
4 Prescriber address and or NZMC registration number
5 Patient subsidy code and date of birth (if J or Y)
6 Prescription date
7 Pharmacy stamp & correct date
8 Medicine name – any interactions, what is available (check the most recent schedule).
9 Medicine strength (if more than 1 available)
10 Dose instructions or frequency – Safe? Effective?
11 Quantity to dispense or period of supply – annotate.
12 Close control (if a stat medicine)
13 Enter prescription into computer
14 Check medicine entered is correct brand/strength
15 Check instructions match exactly those on prescription
16 Read all C&A labels for that medicine (use dispensing guide) & add to label, if
possible.
17 Read label on screen before printing.( If in doubt, get a tutor to check it).
18 Put through all labels for all medicines on script
19 Get medicine from shelf – check strength/dosage form against SCRIPT, not label!
20 Check expiry date & batch.
21 Dispense correct amount – check with your annotations on script.
22 Label container – check correct container – CRC or not? If in doubt, ask a tutor.
23 Dispense next item on prescription – work from top to bottom of script.
24 When all items dispensed, check each item against prescription, one at a time – read
every word on label to yourself.(Including patient name, prescribers name & expiry
dates). Is the spelling correct? Does it make sense? Could an 8 year old understand it?
25 Get someone else to check your work – including the medicine inside container.
26 Recheck your work yourself.
27 Would you be happy for that prescription to be given to your child/ mother?
28 Well done –tidy up and start the next prescription.

1.3.0. INFORMATION ON MARKING PROCESS

2nd Year Ist semester

Practical

Product
Labelling
Attendance
Neatness
Dressing
Group work
Total

2nd year 2nd Semester

Practical
Product
Labelling
Attendance
Neatness
Dressing
Group work
Total

Dispensers League Contribution

Egg Race
Runnung
Football
Contest
Payment
Dressing
Sack Race
 3rd Year 1st semester

Practical

Product
Labelling
Attendance
Neatness
Dressing
Group work
Total
 3rd Year 2nd Semester
Practical

Product
Labelling
Attendance
Neatness
Dressing
Group work
Total

Dispensers League Contribution

Egg Race
Runnung
Football
Contest
Payment
Dressing
Sack race
 CHAPTER 2

2.0. Preparation of Powders

This section will include Solid preparation intended for both external and internal
use.The following types of preparation will be considered.

 Bulk powders for external use (termed dusting powder)

 Bulk powders for oral Use
 Individual Unit dose Powders
 Powders for Reconstitution
Powders have a lot of advantages and also disadvantage amongst been easy to apply
externally and at times block the hair pores.Powders used externally at times contain
absorbent and at times discourage microbial growth.
However,care should be taken especially in conditions where both powders for internal
and external preparations are done simultaneously.This is because they look alike
But there intended use for internal and external gives the difference.

In addition powders for internal use are majorly non-potent medicaments such as
certain antacids,kaolin etc.
2.1.Preparation of 100g of zinc Starch and Talc dusting powder

Zinc ,Starch and Talc Dusting Powder BPC 100g

Product directions
For external Use only
Store in a dry place
Not to be applied to open wounds or raw weeping Surfaces
Do not Use after (3months)
Patient Name Date of dispensing

Product formula (British Pharmaceutical Codex 1973,Page 664

Calculation: The instructor tells you the amount to send/rescalling the Product formulae

1000g 100g

Zinc Oxide 250g 25g

Starch BP 250g 25g

Purified Talc 500g 50g

Method:

1.weigh The required amount of zinc Oxide BP using a Class II or Electronic Balance

2.Weigh the required amount of Starch BP using a Class II or electronic Balance

3.Weigh the required amount of Talc BP using a class II or electronic Balance

4.Transfer the starch BP to a porcelain Mortar

5.Add zinc Oxide BP to the starch BP in the mortar and mix Using a pestle

NOTE: The powder are admixed in order of volume ,remembering the ‘doubling-up’
technique

6.Add thePuriified Talc BP to the powders in the Mortar and continuing mixing

7.Transfer the mixed powder to a ‘Powder shaker’ container or an amber glass jar

8.Label and dispense to the Patient

LABELLING

Questions: 1.what type of powder was prepared

2.what is the function of Starch,Talc and zinc Oxide in this preparation

3.What is the ‘doubling up’ and why is it necessary.

Answers:
2.2.Preparation of 100g of compound Magnesium Trisilicate Powder Bp

Compound Magnesium Trisilicate oral powder BP 100g

Product directions

Store in a dry place

Do not use after (3months)

Patient Name Date of dispensing

Product formula (British Pharmacopoiea 1988,Page 873)

Calculation: The instructor tells you the amount to send/rescalling the Product formulae

1000g 100g

Magnesuim Trisilllicate 250g 25g

Chalk(powde rd)BP 250g 25g

Heavy Magnesium carbonate BP 250g 25g

Sodium Bicarbonate BP 250g 25g

Method:

1.Weigh The required amount of magnesium Trisillicate BP using a Class II or

Electronic Balance

2.Weigh the required amount of Chalk BP using a Class II or electronic Balance

3.Weigh the required amount of Heavy Magnesuim carbonate using a class II or

electronic Balance

4.Weigh the required amount of Sodium Bicarbonate BP in order of Bulk Volume

5.Mix the powders in a porcelain mortal in order of bulk Volume

6.Transfer the mixed powder to a ‘Powder shaker’ container or an amber glass jar

7.Label and dispense to the Patient

LABELLING

Questions: 1.what type of powder was prepared and what is it purpose

2.what is the function of Magnesuim trisilicate,Chalk ,Heavy magnesium

carbonate,Soduim Bicarbonate in this preparation

3.Considering the principle of ‘doubling up’ List the order of addition and
justify your reasons .

Answers:
2.3.Preparation of Compound Sodium chloride and dextrose Powder

POWDER FOR RECONSTITUTION

Compound Sodium Chloride and Dextrose Oral powder BP

Product directions

Store in a dry place

Do not use after (3months)

Patient Name Date of dispensing

Product formula (British Pharmacopoiea 1980,Page 710)

Calculation: The instructor tells you the amount to send/rescalling the Product formulae

Ingredients Quantities

Sodium Chloride BP 500mg

Sodium Bicarbonate BP 750mg

Pottasium Chloride BP 750mg

Dextrose BP 20g

Use:Each powder is dissolved in 500ml of recently boiled and cooled water to make a
solution.

Method:

1.Weigh The required amount of Sodium Chloride BP using a Class II or Electronic

Balance

2.Weigh the required amount of Sodium Bicarbonate BP using a Class II or electronic

Balance
3.Weigh the required amount of Pottasium chloride BP using a class II or electronic
Balance

4.Weigh the required amount of Dextrose BP in order of Bulk Volume

5.Mix the powders in a porcelain mortal in order of bulk Volume

6.Transfer the mixed powder to a ‘Powder shaker’ container or an amber glass jar

7.Label and dispense to the Patient

LABELLING

Questions: 1.what type of powder was prepared and what is it purpose

2.what is the function of Sodium Chloride,Sodium bicarbonate,potassium

Chloride in this preparation

3.Considering the principle of ‘doubling up’ List the order of addition and
justify your reasons .

Answers:
2.4.Preparation of Aromatic Water and diluton

Aromatic water involves water used for flavouring.They add a pleasant smell to
preparations.They sometimes serve double functions ,as flavours and as vechilcles in
Preparations.They are used to mask some bitter taste e.g Menthol and peppermint oil
have a slighthly aneasthetic action and therefore cause numbness on the taste buds.

The concentration of aromatic water are normally determined by the extent of Aroma.
Dilution of concentrations is necessary to get acquaintance with because most of this
aromatic waters are sold or stored in the concentrated form;dilution are done to give the
required strength / amount.

Activity:Preparation Of Peppermint water

Ethyl alchol 5ml

Propylene Glycol 5ml
Peppermint oil 0.05% 2ml
Water 40ml
Talc qs

Note that ratio of carrier ratio is 1:1 -1:8

That of the water to carrier molecule is 28-35

The Formulae for dilution is given as C1V1=C2 V2

C1=Initial concentration/stock concentration
V1=Initial Volume of stock solution
C2=Final concentration after Dilution/addition of solvent
V2=Final volume added to the solution
 REPORT FOR PREPARATION OF PEPPERMINT WATER

Report the preparation of peppermint oil under the following headings;

a.calculation

b.Procedure

c.Labelling

d.Uses
 Exercise 3.0:Preparation of 150ml of Alkaline Gentian Mixture BP

Gentian Alkaliine mixture BP 150ml

Product directions

Do not use after 2weeks

Name of patient Date of dispensing

Product Formulae (British Pharmacopoiea 1988,page 736)

1000ml 100ml 50ml 150ml

Concentrated compound gentian infusion BP 100ml

Sodium bicarbonate BP 50g 5g 2.5g 7.5g

Double Strenght Chloroform Water BP 500ml 50ml 25ml 75ml

Portable water to

1000ml 100ml 50ml 150ml

Interim Formula for double strenght Chloroform Water BP

Concentrated Chloroform water 5ml

Portable Water to

1000ml

(BPC 1959)

Method
1.using the rmaster formulae from the British pharmacopoeia for 1000ml of final
product,calculate the quantity of ingredients required to produce final volume needed
(150ml)

2.Calculate the composition of a convenient quantity of double strength chloroform

water BP, sufficient to sastify the formulae requirements but also enabling
simple ,accurate measurements of the concentrated component.

3.Weigh 7.5g Sodium Bicarbonate BP on class II or electronic balance

4.Accurately measure 75 ml Double strength Chloroform Water BP using a 100mL

measure .To this add approximately 15ml portable water in order to produce 90ml of
vechicle to be poured into a beaker (in order to produce sufficient volume to dissolve the
7.5g Sodium Bicarbonate BP)

5. the sodium bicarbonate BP (7.5g)should be added to the vechicle ,thus following the
principle of adding solutes to solvents

6.Stir to aid dissolution

7.Transfer the solution to a 250ml conical measure

8.rinse the beaker with portable water,adding the rinsings to the sodium bicarbonate BP
solution

9.Accurately measure 15ml of concentrated Compound Gentian Infusion BP in the

250mlmeasure .Rinse out the small conical measure with portable water and add the
risings to the mixture.

10.Make up to volume (150ml)accurately with portable water and stir

11.Transfer the solution to a 150ml amber flat medicine bottle with a child resistant
closure and label
 Labelling

Questions: 1.what type of Solution was produced

2.what is the function of double strength Chloroform water ,Sodiumbicarbonate in this

preparation

3.Why is double strength chloroform used.

Answers:
Exercise 3.1. Preparation of 50mL of Ammonium Chloride Mixture BP

Ammonium Chloride Mixture BP 50mL

Product directions.

Do not use after (4 weeks)

Name of the patient date of dispensing

Product formulae (British Pharmacopoiea 1988 ,page 720)

1000mL 500ml 50ml

Ammonium Chloride BP 100g 50g 5g

Aromatic ammonia solution BP 50ml 25ml 2.5ml

Liquorice Liquid Extract BP 100ml 50ml 5ml

Portable water to 1000mL to 500mL to 50mL

Method

1.Calculate the quantity of ingredients requires to produce the final volume needed.

2.Weigh 5g of Ammonium Chloride BP accurately on a Class II or electronic

Balance .As Ammonium Chloride is soluble 1 part in 2.7 parts of water ,the 5g required
for this product would only dissolve in a minimum initial volume of 13.5mL aqueous
vehicle . Therefore,we should choose a convenient volume of vechicle to dissolve solute
say 15mL.

3.Measure approximately 15mL portable water and transfer to a beaker

4.add the Ammonium chloride BP to the water in the beaker and stir until dissolved .

5.Transfer to a 50mL conical measure with rinsings

6.Measure 5ml Liquorice Extract BP accurately in a 5mL conical measure and add with
rinsings to the 50mL measure containing ammonium Chloride Solution.
7.Measure 2.5mL Aromatic Ammonia Solution BP accurately in a syringe and transfer to
the 50mL measure containing the composite solution.

8.Make up to the final volume of 50mL with portable water and stir.

9.Pack into a 50mL amber flat medicine bottle and label.

Labell

Questions: 1.what type of Solution was produced

2.what is the function of Ammonium ChlorideBP,Aromatic ,Ammonia Solution BP and

Liquorice in this preparation

3.What other alternative can be used instead of liquorice.

Answers:
Exercise 3.2.Preparation of 150mL of Sodium Chloride Compound Mouthwash BP

Sodium Chloride Compound Mouthwash BP 150mL

Product directions

Dilute with an equal volume of water before use

Do not swallow in Large amounts

Not to be Taken

Do not use after (4weeks)

Name of patient Date of dispensing

Product formulae (British Pharmacopoeia 1988,page 703)

1000ml 100ml 50ml 150mL

Sodium bicarbonate BP 10g 1g 500mg 1.5g

Soduim Chloride BP 15g 1.5g 750mg 2.25mg

Concentrated peppermint Emulsions BP 25mL 2.5mL 1.25mL 3.75mL

Double Strength Chloroform Water BP 500ml 50ml 25ml 75mL

Portable water to 1000mL to 100mL to 50mL to 150mL

Interim Formula for double Strenghth Chloroform Water BP

Concentrated Chloroform Water BPC 1959 5mL

Portable Water to 100mL

Method

1.Using the master formula from the british Pharmacopoiea for 1000mL of final
Product ,calculate the quantity of Ingredients required to produce the final volume
needed(150ml)
2.Calculate the composition of a convenient quantity of double strenghth chloroform
Water BP ,sufficient to satisfy the formula requirements but also enabling
simple,accurate measurement of the concentrated component.

3. Weigh 2.25g Sodium Chloride BP on Class II or electronic balance

4.Weigh 1.5g Sodium Bicarbonate BP on a class II or electronic Balance

5.Measure 75ml of Double Strenghth Chloroform Water BP in a 100mL conical Measure

6.Transfer approximately 30mL of double strength Chloroform Water BP to a

beaker ,add the Sodium Bicarbonate BP and stir the to aid dissolution

7.When the Sodium Bicarbonate BP has dissolved, add the sodium chloride BP and
stir to aid dissolution.

8.Transfer the solution from the beaker to a 250mL conical measure

9.Rinse out the beaker with some Double Strenght Chloroform Water BP and add the
risings to the conical measure.

10.Measure 3.75mL of concentrated Peppermint Emulsion BP using a 5mL and a 1mL

syringe.

11.Add the Concentrated Peppermint Emulsion BP to the conical measure.

12.Make up to volume with the remaining double Strength Chloroform Water BP and
portable Water

13.Transfer to a 200mL amber fluted medicine bottle and label

LABELLING:
Questions: 1.What type of Solution was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of double strength Chloroform water ,Sodium bicarbonate,

Sodium Chloride, concentrated Peppermint emulsion BP in this preparation

3.Why was concentrated strength chloroform used?

Answers:
Exercise 3.3.Preparation of a Magistral formulation (150mL of Pottassium
Permaganate solutions 0.2%w/v)from a doctors prescription

Pottassium Permaganate Solution 0.2% w/v 150mL

Product Directions

Caution:Stains Skin,Hair and Fabric

Do not Use after (2 weeks )

For External use Only

Thos solutions contains :

Potassium permanganate BP 0.2%

Freshly Boiled and cooled purified water to 100%

Name of patient Date of dispensing

Method

1.weigh 300mg Potassium Permanganate BP on a class II or electronic balance

2.Transfer to a glass mortal as the potassium permanganate BP is crystalline and for

ease of dissolution needs to be ground into a powder

3.Transfer the solution to a 250mL conical measure.

4.Rinse the mortar with freshly boiled and cooled purified water;add the rinsings to the
conical measure.

5.Make up to volume with freshly boiled and cooled purified water.

6.Transfer the solution to a 150mL amber fluted medicine bottle with a child-resistant
closure and Label
LABELLING

Questions: 1.What type of Solution was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of using freshly boiled purified and cooled water in this
preparation

Answers:
Exercise 3.6.Preparation of Paracetamol Elixir Paediatric (Elixir)BPC 1973 page
674)

Ingredients Quantities

Paracetamol BP 24g

Amaranth Solution BP 2ml

Chloroform Spirit BP 20ml

Concentrated Raspberry Juice BP 25ml

Alchol (95%)BP 100ml

Propylene Glycol BP 100ml

Invert syrup 275ml

Glycerol BP to 1000mL

Dose :Child up to 1year -5mL;1-5 yrs-10ml.The elixir should not be diluted

This experiment should be reported under the following headings

Labelling,Calculation,Method and intended use

LABELLING
CALCULATION
METHOD

Exercise 3.7: Simple Linctus BPC (Linctus Simplex)

Ingredients Quantities

Citric Acid BP 25g

Concentrated Anise Water BP 10mL

Amaranth Solution BP 15mL

Chloroform Spirit BP 60mL

Syrup BP to 1000mL

This product would be recently prepared and therefore would attract a four week discard
date.

This experiment should be reported under the following headings

Labelling,Calculation,Method and its intended usage.

LABELLING
CALCULATION
METHOD

Intended Use
 Chapter 3

Preparation of Emulsions

The pharmaceutical Term for “Emulsions” is solely used to describe preparations

intended for internal use (I.e via the Oral route of administration).Emulsion for external
use are given a different title that reflects their use (e.g
application,lotion,application,cream etc)

Emulsions is essentially a liquid preparation containing a mixture of oil and water that is
rendered homogenously by the addition of an emulsifying agent. The emulsifying agent
ensures that the oil phase is dispersed throughout the water as minutes globules. In
practice a gum is used to make an emulsion .This can be done through the wet and dry
gum method.

Table 4.0.Ratio of oily phase to aqueous phase to gum in a primary emulsion

Type of Oil Examples Oil Aqueous Gum

Fixed Arachis oil BP 4 2 1
Castor oil BP
Cod liver oil BP
Mineral Liquid paraffin 3 2 1
BP
Volatile Cinnamon Oil 2 2 1
BP
Peppermint OIl
Exercise 4.1.The preparation of a magistral formulation of 200ml of cold liver 30%
emulsion from a doctors prescription

Cod liver oil 30% v/v emulsion 200mL

Product Directions

Shake the bottle

Do not use after (4weeks)

Each 10mL contains:

Cod liver oil BP 3mL

Acacia BP 0.75g

Double Strength chloroform Water BP 5mL

Freshly Boiled and cooled purified Water to 10mL

Patient Name Date of dispensing

Product formula:

Master (100mL) 200mL

Cold Liver Oil BP 30ml 60mL

Acacia BP qs qs

Double Strength Chloroform Water BP 50mL 100mL

Freshly Boiled and cooled Purified water to 100mL to 200mL

First it is necessary to calculate the quantity of emulsifying agent(acacia)required to

produce 200mL of the emulsion .As cold liver oil is a fixed oil,the primary emulsion ratio
is

Oil: Water : Gum

4: 2 1

In this case 60mL of coldliver oil BP is required ,therefore 4parts=60mL.One part will
therefore be 60/4=15.Therefore,the amount of freshly boiled and cooled purified water
needed is 2 x 15 mL=30mL.The amount of acacia required =15g

Therefore the product formula for 200mL of cod liver Oil 30% emulsion is ;

200mL

Cod liver oil BP 60mL

Acacia BP 15g

Double Strength Chloroform Water BP 100mL

Freshly boiled and cooled purified water to 200mL

Interim formula for double strength Chloroform Water BP

Concentrated Chloroform water BPC 1959 5mL

Freshly boiled and cooled purified water to 100mL

Method

1. Calculate the composition of convenient quantity of double strength Chloroform

Water BP,sufficient to satisfy the formula requirements but also enabling
 sample,accurate measurement of the concentrated component.Method of
compounding for double strength chloroform Water BP:
a. In this case,100mL of double strength Chloroform Water Bp is required.To
prepare 100mL Double Strength Chloroform Water BP,measure 5mL of
concentrated chloroform BPC 1959 accurately using a 5mL conical measure.
b. Add approximately 90mL of freshly boiled and cooled purified water to a
100mL conical measure(i.e sufficient water to enable dissolution of the
concentrated chloroform without reaching the final volume of the product).
c. Add the measured concentrated chloroform Water BPC 1959 to the water in
the conical measure
d. Stir gently and then accurately make up to volume with freshly boiled and
cooled purified water.
e. Visually check that no undissolved chloroform remains at the bottom of the
measure.
2. Weigh 15g of Acacia BP on a Class II or electronic balance
3. Accurately measure 100mL Double Strength Chloroform Water BP using a
100mL measure.
4. Accurately measure 60mL Cod liver Oil BP in a conical measure
5. Transfer the cold liver oil BP to a clean porcelain mortar.
6. Measure 30mL of Double Strength Chloroform Water BP (from the
100mLmeasured in step 3)
7. Transfer the Acacia BP to the mortar and stir gently (approx.30mL)
8. Add 30mL of Double Strength Chloroform Water BP to the mortar in one go
9. Stir vigorously with the pestle in One direction only until the primary emulsion is
formed.
10. Add more Double Strength Chloroform Water BP to the primary emulsion(in
drops)
11. Transfer to an appropriate conical measure with rinsings
12. Make up the volume with any remaining Double Strength Chloroform Water BP
and freshly cooled purified water.
13. Stir and transfer to an amber flat medicine bottle ,label and dispense to the
patient.

Labelling
Questions: 1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of double strength Chloroform water ,Acacia gum , Acacia oil in
this preparation

3.What type of method is employed ?

Answers:

Exercise 4.2:Preparation of Magistral formulation of 150mL of Arachis Oil BP 40%

emulsion with a peppermint flavouring from a doctors prescription

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b.Method

c.Labelling

d.intended Use
 Arachis oil 40% v/v emulsion 150mL

Product directions

Shake the bottle

Do not use after( 4 weeks)

Each 15mL contains

Arachis Oil 6mL

Acacia BP 1.5g

Concentrated Peppermint Emulsion BP 0.25mL

Double strength Chloroform Water BP 7.5mL

Freshly boiled and cooled purified water to 15mL

Patient Name Date of dispensing

Formula:
Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of double strength Chloroform water ,Acacia gum , Acacia oil in
this preparation

3.What type of method is employed ?

Answers:
Exercise 4.2:Preparation of Magistral formulation of 200mL of Liquid paraffin BP
15% emulsion from a doctors prescription

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use
 Liquid paraffin 15% v/v emulsion 200mL

Product directions

Shake the bottle

Do not use after( 4 weeks)

Each 15mL contains

Arachis Oil 60mL

Acacia BP 15g

Concentrated Peppermint Emulsion BP 2.5mL

Double strength Chloroform Water BP 75ml

Freshly boiled and cooled purified water to 150mL

Patient Name Date of dispensing

Formula:
Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of double strength Chloroform water ,Acacia gum , Acacia oil in
this preparation

3.What type of method is employed ?

Answers:
Exercise 4.3:Preparation of 100mL of Liquid paraffin Emulsion BP

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use
 Liquid paraffin Emulsion BP 100mL

Product directions

Shake the bottle

Do not use after( 4 weeks)

Patient Name Date of dispensing

Formula:Product formula (BP 1988,page 744)

1000mL 100mL

Liquid paraffin BP 500mL 50mL

Vanillin BP 500mg 50mg

Chloroform BP 2.5mL 0.25mL

Benzoic Acid BP 20mL 2mL

Methylcellulose BP 20g 2g

Saccharin Sodium BP 50mg 5mg

Freshly boiled and cooled purified water to1000mL to 100mL

Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of liquid paraffin,saccharin ,chloroform,benzoicacid,methycelluose

oil in this preparation

3.What type of method is employed ?

4.why must freshly boiled and cooled water be used ?

Answers:
Exercise 4.4:Preparation of 200mL of White Linment BP

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use
 White Linment BP 200mL

Product directions

Shake the bottle

Do not use after( 4 weeks)

Patient Name Date of dispensing

Formula:Product formula (BP 1988,page 700)

1000mL 100mL 200mL

Oleic Acid BP 85mL 8.5mL 17mL

Turpentine Oil BP 250mL 25mL 50mL

Dilute Ammonia solution BP 45 mL 4.5mL 9mL

Ammonium chloride BP 12.5g 1.25g 2.5g

Freshly boiled and cooled purified water 625mL 62.5mL 125mL

Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of oleic acid,Turpentine oil,dilute ammonia,ammonium Chloride in

this preparation

3.What type of method is employed ?

4.why must freshly boiled and cooled water be used ?

Answers:

Exercise 4.4:Preparation of 20g of Salicyclic Acid and sulphur cream BP

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use
 Salicyclic Acid and Sulphur cream BP 20g

Product directions

Shake the bottle

Do not use after( 4 weeks)

Patient Name Date of dispensing

Formula:Product formula (BP 1980,page 548)

1000g 100g 10g 30g

Salicyclic Acid BP 20g 2g 200mg 600mg

Precipitated Sulphur 20g 2g 200mg 600mg

Dilute Ammonia solution BP 960mg 96g 9.6mg 28.8g

Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of precipitated Sulphur,salicyclic Acid,Aqueous cream in this

preparation

Answers:
Exercise 4.5:Preparation of 20g of compound aluminum Paste BPC 1973,page
767

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use

Formula:

Aluminum Powder BP 200g

Zinc oxide BP 400g

Liquid paraffin 400g

Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of aluminium,zinc oxide and liquid paraffin in this preparation

Answers:
Exercise 4.4:Preparation of 20g of Salicyclic Acid and sulphur cream BP

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use
 Salicyclic Acid and Sulphur cream BP 20g

Product directions

Shake the bottle

Do not use after( 4 weeks)

Patient Name Date of dispensing

Formula:Product formula (BP 1980,page 548)

1000g 100g 10g 30g

Salicyclic Acid BP 20g 2g 200mg 600mg

Precipitated Sulphur 20g 2g 200mg 600mg

Dilute Ammonia solution BP 960mg 96g 9.6mg 28.8g

Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of precipitated Sulphur,salicyclic Acid,Aqueous cream in this

preparation

Answers:
Exercise 4.6: A typical Tragacanth gel formula

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use

Formula:

Tragacanth BP 3%w/w

Glycerol BP 20%w/w

Alchol BP 2.5%w/w

Methylparahydroxylbenzoate BP 0.2%w/w

Water to 100%
Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of tragacanth,glycerol,alchol BP,Methylprahydroxylbenzoate in

this preparation

Answers:
Exercise 4.4:Preparation of 20g of Salicyclic Acid and sulphur cream BP

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use
 Salicyclic Acid and Sulphur cream BP 20g

Product directions

Shake the bottle

Do not use after( 4 weeks)

Patient Name Date of dispensing

Formula:Product formula (BP 1980,page 548)

1000g 100g 10g 30g

Salicyclic Acid BP 20g 2g 200mg 600mg

Precipitated Sulphur 20g 2g 200mg 600mg

Dilute Ammonia solution BP 960mg 96g 9.6mg 28.8g

Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of precipitated Sulphur,salicyclic Acid,Aqueous cream in this

preparation

Answers:
Exercise 4.6:Preparation of 30g of simple ointment BP

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use

Simple Ointment BP 30g

Product directions

For External use Only

Do not use after (3months)

Patient name date of dispensing

Formula:BP 1988 page 713

1000g

Cetostearyl alchol BP 50g

Hard paraffin BP 50g

Wool fat BP 50g

White /yellow soft Paraffin BP 850g

Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of aluminium,zinc oxide and liquid paraffin in this preparation

Answers:
Exercise 4.4:Preparation of 20g of Salicyclic Acid and sulphur cream BP

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use
 Salicyclic Acid and Sulphur cream BP 20g

Product directions

Shake the bottle

Do not use after( 4 weeks)

Patient Name Date of dispensing

Formula:Product formula (BP 1980,page 548)

1000g 100g 10g 30g

Salicyclic Acid BP 20g 2g 200mg 600mg

Precipitated Sulphur 20g 2g 200mg 600mg

Dilute Ammonia solution BP 960mg 96g 9.6mg 28.8g

Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of precipitated Sulphur,salicyclic Acid,Aqueous cream in this

preparation

Answers:
Exercise 4.6:Preparation of calamine Lotion (BP 1988,pg 702)

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use

Formula:

Calamine BP 150g

Zinc oxide BP 50g

Betonite BP 30g

Sodium Citrate BP 5g

Liquefied Phenol BP 5mL

Glycerine BP 50mL

Freshly boiled and cooled purified water 1000mL

Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of calamine,zinc oxide,Betonite ,sodium citrate,Liquified

Phenol,Glycerin BP in this preparation

Answers:
Exercise 4.7:Preparation of salicyclic Lotion (BP 1988,pg 702)

This exercise is to be reported under the following headings

a.Formula

b,Method

c..Labelling

d.intended Use

Formula:

Salicyclic Acid BP 20g

Castor oil BP 10mL

Alchol (95%) BP to 1000mL

Method:
Labelling

Intended use

Questions

1.What type of preparation was produced and its intended use

2.what is the function of Salicyclic acid,castor oil and alchol 95%BP in this preparation

Answers:
 References

British pharmacopeia .Product formulae pg 700-7550

British pharmacopeia compendium. The production of emulsions; Pg 608