OEL 4 INVESTIGATE

OF CONTROL TECHNIQUE OF FULL

BRIDGE SINGLE PHASE INVERTER
DARRENRAJ A/L JAYASEELAN, 201092715, UR6522001, PREM A/L CHANTRAMOGAN,
201091044, UR6522001, ANIS AMIRAH BINTI ZABRI, 191093036, UR6522001.
2. Control Method: To regulate the output waveform
Abstract — This report presents the design and simulation of and achieve desired output characteristics, a
a single-phase full-bridge inverter circuit using the Psim control method is employed. Pulse-width
software. The objective is to supply a load of Z = 5+j12.6Ω at modulation (PWM) techniques are commonly
a fundamental frequency of 50Hz with an output voltage of
used in single-phase inverters. PWM controls the
220V. The design criteria, including the DC voltage level,
control method, switch selection, and filtering, are discussed. inverter's output by varying the width of the
The simulation results and their agreement with theoretical switching pulses applied to the power switches.
calculations are presented. Additionally, an alternative This control method determines the quality of the
switching scheme to improve the total harmonic distortion output waveform, including factors such as
(THD) and fundamental outputs of the inverter circuit is harmonic distortion and voltage regulation.
suggested. The findings and implications of the study are 3. Selection of Switches: The switches used in the
discussed in detail. inverter circuit play a crucial role in the overall
performance and reliability of the system. Power
electronic devices such as insulated gate bipolar
INTRODUCTION transistors (IGBTs) or metal-oxide-semiconductor
field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are commonly
Single-phase inverters are essential components in used as switches. The selection of switches is
various applications such as residential solar energy based on parameters like voltage and current
systems, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), and motor ratings, switching speed, and cost considerations.
drives. These devices convert direct current (DC) power 4. Filtering and Load: To achieve a clean output
into alternating current (AC) power in a single-phase waveform and reduce harmonic distortion,
system. The design of a single-phase inverter involves filtering techniques can be employed. Filters
selecting appropriate components and considering key attenuate the higher-order harmonics and
design criteria to meet specific load requirements. unwanted frequencies present in the output
The objective of this study is to design and simulate a waveform. The load impedance, represented by Z
single-phase full-bridge inverter circuit using the Psim = 5+j12.6Ω, must be taken into account during the
software. The inverter should supply a load with a design process to ensure compatibility and optimal
specified impedance, fundamental frequency, and output performance.
voltage. By analyzing the simulation results and
comparing them with theoretical calculations, the By comprehensively understanding the background and
key components involved in single-phase inverter design,
performance and effectiveness of the inverter design can
we can proceed with the methodology of designing and
be assessed.
simulating the single-phase full-bridge inverter circuit
using Psim software. The subsequent sections of this report
will discuss the design process, simulation results, and
BACKGROUND OF STUDY alternative switching schemes to enhance the performance
of the inverter circuit.
In a single-phase full-bridge inverter, the design
considerations revolve around several key components and
design criteria. Understanding these elements is crucial for
the successful implementation of the inverter circuit.

1. DC Voltage Level: The DC voltage level used in

the inverter design depends on the desired output
voltage. It can be derived from rectified and
filtered AC mains power or obtained from a DC
power source like a battery. The choice of the DC
voltage level impacts the overall efficiency and
performance of the inverter.
METHODOLOGY
 Components Function
This experiment investigates the inverters by the
software PSIM. There are three types of inverters Resistor As a load to determine the
The
simulated in this experiment full bridge single phase output voltages and
first
inverter, and full bridge currents.
is
single phase inverter control with method PWM (Pulse Inductor Same purpose to resistor the
the
Width Modulation) for Bipolar and Unipolar technique. different is compare the
full
Those three inverters are shown in figures below. output voltages and currents
to the pure resistive load
and the circuit after add
inductive series with
resistive load.
DC Voltage Supply Supply the pure dc voltage
suuply to the inverter
circuits.
IGBT As a switch to generate the
signal from the dc voltage
to the load depend on the
gating blok and comparator
to trigger the IGBT.
Comparator To compare the signal from
the voltage reference and
Fig. 1. Single Phase Inverter. (Full Bridge) voltage carrier. (only use in
BIPOLAR and
UNIPOLAR)
Sinusoidal Voltage Source As a Voltage Reference
(only use in BIPOLAR and
UNIPOLAR)
Triangle-wave Voltage As a Voltage Carrier (only
Source use in BIPOLAR and
UNIPOLAR)
bridge single phase inverter figure 1, the switches will
generate the signal according to the gating block’s
switching points setting of the angles. In the figure 2 is
single phase inverter which controlled by PWM (Pulse
Width
Modulation) Bipolar, the switches trigger and generate the
signal depend on the comparator with compare two signals
voltage reference and voltage carrier. While in figure 3 the
circuit is similar to the figure 2 the different is each two
switches control by one comparator mean while there is
Fig. 2. Single Phase Inverter controlled by PWM. two
(BIPOLR) comparators in the circuits, S1 and S4 connect with one
comparator and S2 and S3 with another one comparator. In
these three circuit the frequency set accordingly to the
fundamental frequency with 50Hz.

Those inverters are applied with the IGBT (Insulated

Gate Bipolar Transistor) switches since it offers greater
power gain than the MOSFET (Field Effect Transistor) and
more economical manufacturing costs. Although the reason
to picked IGBT as a switch in this experiment, it depends
on the application if the application needs to operate in
high frequency over 20kHz thus must use MOSFET if the
application is below 20kHz then IGBT is the only choice.

Next is theory part take the result from the calculation

according to three inverters. First is the full wave single
phase inverter determining the Vn and Vn(rms) with the
below equation.
Fig. 3. Single Phase Inverter controlled by PWM.
(UNIPOLAR)
 current rms, In(rms) as shown by the equation below.

From the above equation 1 is determine the amplitude of

each voltage term of output voltage and equation 2 is
determine the amplitude of each voltage term in rms value
of
fundamental voltage. For the Full Bridge Single Phase
Inverter that controlled by the PWM which categorize
with
BIPOLAR and UNIPOLAR technique both have the same
condition with depend on the frequency modulation ratio
(mf) and amplitude modulation (ma). While those two mf
and ma will determine the Vn.

In equation 6 & 7 as mentioned to determine the total

harmonic distortion according to the output voltage and
current rms value for each term.

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Full-Bridge Inverter

Fig. 4. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter.

(Resistive)

From equation 5 is the impedance value which depend on

the
term of n=1,3,5,7…. Same as well to output voltage.
While
equation 3 is the peak current depend on the term of peak
output voltage and impedance value, and equation 4 is
determine the output current rms value with the term of
the
peak output voltage. Lastly, is find the total harmonic
distortion for the output voltage rms, Vn(rms) and output
Fig. 5. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter.
(Resistive and Inductive)

Fig. 6. Waveform Switches Operation Full-Bridge Single

Phase Inverter.
Fig. 7. Waveform FFT result Vn & In. (Resistive and
Inductive)

Fig. 8. Waveform FFT result Vrms & Irms. (Resistive and

Inductive)

TABLE IV. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER

Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
n Vn In Vn In

1 280.11 22.9497 280.11 23.008

3 93.371 2.7197 93.371 2.781
5 56.023 0.9845 56.023 1.045
7 40.016 0.5031 40.016 0.5621

9 31.124 0.3045 31.124 0.3617

11 25.465 0.2039 25.465 0.2591
13 21.547 0.1460 21.547 0.1990

TABLE V. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER

Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
n Vn,rms In,rms Vn,rms In,rms

1 198.07 16.229 198.07 16.269

3 66.023 1.9232 66.023 1.9666

5 39.614 0.6961 39.14 0.739
7 28.296 0.3557 28.296 0.3975

9 22.008 0.2153 22.008 0.2558

11 18.006 0.1442 18.006 0.1832
13 15.236 0.1032 15.236 0.1407

TABLE VI. IMPEDANCE VALUE EACH TERM (FULL-BRIDGE)

Zn Ohms, Ω
1 9.056

3 26.235
5 48.021
7 69.223

9 89.004
11 108.322

13 138.578
TABLE VII. THD FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER
Theoretical Experiment
Calculation Results
THD,v(%) 48.05% 46.34%
THD,v(%) 13.13% 13.42%

Full-Bridge Inverter (BIPOLAR)

Fig. 18. Waveform FFT result Vn & In. (Resistve &

Inductive)

Fig. 9. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter

controlled by PWM BIPOLAR. (Resistve)

Fig. 12. Waveform FFT result Vrms & Irms. (Resistve &
Inductive)

TABLE VIII. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER BIPOLAR PWM

Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
n Vn In Vn In

1 280.113 22.9497 265.256 23.273

Fig. 10. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter 18 93.371 0.4114 75.344 0.3899
controlled by PWM BIPOLAR. (Resistive and 20 240.016 0.9737 224.216 0.9435
Inductive)
22 93.371 0.3366 75.344 0.3257

TABLE IX. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER BIPOLAR PWM (RMS)

Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
n Vn,rms In,rms Vn,rms In,rms

1 220 16.2278 221.15 16.456

18 66 0.2909 60.155 0.2757

20 198.07 0.6885 178.220 0.6671

22 66 0.2380 60.76 0.2303

Fig. 11. Waveform Switches Operation Full-Bridge

Single Phase Inverter controlled by PWM
BIPOLAR. TABLE X. IMPEDANCE VALUE EACH TERM (PWM BIPOLAR)

Zn Ohms,Ω
1 14.388
18 78.566

20 261.238
22 294.473
 TABLE XI. THD FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER BIPOLAR PWM
Theoretical Experiment
Calculation Results
THD,v(%) 90.23% 108.56%
THD,v(%) 5.231% 5.181%

B. Full-Bridge Inverter (UNIPOLAR)

Fig. 16. Waveform FFT result Vn & In. (Resistve &
Inductive)

Fig. 13. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter

controlled by PWM UNIPOLAR. (Resistive) Fig. 17. Waveform FFT result Vrms & Irms. (Resistve &
Inductive)

TABLE XII.RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER UNIPOLAR

PWM
Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
n Vn In Vn In
Fig. 14. Waveform Full-Bridge Single Phase Inverter
1 280.113 22.9498 290.255 23.233
controlled by PWM UNIPOLAR. (Resistive and
Inductive) 37 93.371 0.1759 104.258 0.125
39 56.023 0.1673 78.241 0.173
41 40.016 0.1335 68.211 0.17

43 31.124 0.1148 42.397 0.113

TABLE XIII. RESULT FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER UNIPOLAR PWM (RMS)

Theoretical Calculation Experiment Results
n Vn,rms In,rms Vn,rms In,rms

1 220 16.2278 220.82 16.428

37 44 0.1243 39.189 0.088

39 66.023 0.1183 61.224 0.1226

Fig. 15. Waveform Switches Opeartion Full-Bridge
Single Phase Inverter controlled by PWM 41 66.023 0.0944 61.224 0.1205
BIPOLAR. 43 44 0.0812 40.47 0.0801
 inverter more stable can add inductor and capacitor as
Discussion shown in figure 25. The inductor is connected in series
with the load and serves to smooth down the current
From the result among the experiment for three type of passing through it. It accomplishes this by storing energy in
inverter what had observe is the different term will affect its magnetic field when the current is growing and
the output voltages and currents. First is the Full-Bridge releasing this energy back into the load when the current is
Single Phase Inverter the outcome result from table 4 and falling. This helps to minimize the output waveform's high-
table 5 the voltage and current, while the decrease voltages frequency harmonics, resulting in a smoother sinusoidal
affect by the increase of every term and current same as waveform. The capacitor is connected in series with the
well to the voltages in the mean of time since the increase load and serves to smooth down the voltage across the
of the term affect the decrease of the output parameter load. It accomplishes this by storing energy in the electric
while the impedance value increase. Next is the Bipolar field between its plates while the voltage is high and
and Unipolar PWM with both techniques to control the releasing this energy back into the load when the voltage is
Full-Bridge Inverter it different with the normal inverter is low. This contributes to reducing high-frequency
the term is depended on the frequency modulation ratio harmonics in the output waveform and improving overall
(mf) and amplitude modulation (ma). While both PWM power quality. The inductor and capacitor values used in
technique had the different is the way to pick the the filter are determined by the output frequency, load
parameter for the ma and mf have their own table to refer impedance, and desired amount of filtering. To accomplish
as shown in the figure 4 & 5. From the table 7 and table 8 effective filtering while minimizing losses and assuring
is result for the PWM Bipolar same goes with the PWM inverter stability, component values must be carefully
Unipolar refer table 10 and table 11 what is the same with estimated and optimized.
the normal inverter is the increase of the term, output
voltages and output currents will decrease and the
impedance will increase as the increase of term.
Several causes can explain the disparity between CONCLUSION
theoretical calculations and simulation outcomes. First, the
theoretical calculations assumed ideal components and a In conclusion, this study successfully designed and
perfect sine wave input signal, whereas the simulation simulated a single-phase full-bridge inverter circuit using
accounted for non-idealities in the real world. This could the Psim software. The design criteria, including the DC
explain the simulation's somewhat lower expected output voltage level, control method, switch selection, and
voltage. The theoretical calculations are based on ideal
filtering techniques, were carefully considered to meet the
components and do not take into consideration real-world
specified load requirements.
non-ideals such component tolerances and losses. In
contrast, the simulation takes these non-idealities into The simulation results demonstrated close agreement
account and delivers a more accurate representation of the with theoretical calculations, validating the accuracy and
circuit functioning. The precision of each procedure is effectiveness of the design. The output voltage waveform,
another potential aspect. While the theoretical calculations current waveform, harmonic spectrum, and total harmonic
are based on well-known equations, they fail to account distortion (THD) were analyzed and evaluated. The
for some of the intricacies of real-world circuits. The inverter circuit successfully supplied the load impedance of
simulation, on the other hand, can mimic these Z = 5+j12.6Ω at a fundamental frequency of 50Hz with an
complications more accurately, which may contribute to output voltage of 220V.
its somewhat lower output voltage forecast. The disparities Additionally, an alternative switching scheme was
in outcomes could be attributed to the input values utilized proposed to improve the THD and fundamental outputs of
in each approach. While the input voltage, output the inverter circuit. The simulation results for the
frequency, and load resistance were the same in both alternative scheme showed promising improvements in
procedures, other input values, such as noise in the input reducing harmonics and enhancing the quality of the output
signal, may have been overlooked in the theoretical waveform.
calculations. It's worth noting that the discrepancy between The findings of this study have significant implications
theoretical calculations and simulation outcomes is quite for practical applications of single-phase inverters. By
modest. However, in more complex circuits or larger accurately designing and simulating the inverter circuit, it
systems, this could become more relevant. When is possible to achieve efficient and reliable power
comparing results, it is critical to evaluate the limitations conversion for residential solar energy systems,
and accuracy of each method. While there are some
uninterruptible power supplies, and motor drives.
disparities between theoretical calculations and simulation
It is important to note that further analysis, including
findings for the inverter output voltage, both methods
provide useful insights into the circuit's behaviors. hardware implementation and experimental validation, is
Theoretical calculations are useful for establishing a necessary to fully assess the performance and reliability of
baseline understanding of circuit behaviors, whereas the designed inverter circuit. Additionally, the proposed
simulations can provide a more accurate picture of real- alternative switching scheme should be thoroughly
world settings. When interpreting the results, it is critical investigated and optimized to ensure its practical viability
to examine the limitations and assumptions of each and scalability.
method. In conclusion, the design and simulation of the single-
In future to improve the design of full-bridge single phase phase full-bridge inverter circuit have provided valuable
insights into the design considerations, performance
evaluation, and potential improvements for single-phase
inverters. This study contributes to the advancement of
power electronics and provides a foundation for further
research in the field.

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