Index

1.CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY
2.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3.INTRODUCTION
 Need of water
 Purification of water
 Need for a stable purification technique
4. THEORY
 Bleaching powder and its preparation
5. EXPERIMENT
 Aim
 Requirements
 Pre-requisite knowledge
 Procedure
6. OBSERVATION
7. RESULT
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE OF
AUTHENTICITY
This is to certify that GARVIT MAHESHWARI, a student of
class XII has successfully completed the research project
in chemistry on the topic “sterilization of water by using
bleaching powder" under the guidance of Mrs. Prabha
Shekhawat (subject teacher) during the year 2023-24.
This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge
plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in making
this project have been declared at the end of this report.

____________________
____________________
Signature Signature
(Subject teacher) (Examiner)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to prepare my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to

the Principal Dr. Bindu Nair for her encouragement and
for all the facilities that she provided for this project
work. I sincerely appreciate this magnanimity by taking
me into her fold for which I shall remain indebted to her. I
extend my warm thanks to Mrs. Prabha Shekhawat
(teacher), who guided me to the successful completion of
this project. I take this opportunity to express my deep
sense of gratitude for her valuable guidance, constant
encouragement, immense motivation, which has
sustained my efforts at all the stages of this project work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my classmates
who helped me to carry out this project work successfully
and for their valuable advice and support, which I
received from them time to time.
 introduction

NEED FOR WATER

Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for
survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out
various metabolic processes in our body and also to carry out
Hemoglobin throughout the body.
In order to fulfill a huge demand of water, it needs to be purified
and supplied in an orderly and systematic way.
But with the increasing world population, the demand for
drinking water has also increased dramatically and therefore it
is very essential to identify resources of water from which we
can use water for drinking purposes.
PURIFICATION OF WATER
There are many methods for the purification of Water. Some of
them are:-
1. Boiling
2. Filtration
3. Bleaching powder treatment
4. SODIS
Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purification
technique. While in normal households it is an efficient
technique; it cannot be used for industrial and large scale
purposes. It is because in normal households, the water to be
purified is very small in quantity and hence the water loss due
to evaporation is mostly negligible. But in Industrial or large
scale purification of water, the water loss due to evaporation
will be quite high and the mount of purified water obtained
will be very less.
Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles from
water. One major drawback of this process is that it cannot be
used for removing foreign chemicals and impurities that are
miscible with water.
SODIS or Solar Water Disinfection is recommended by the
United Nations for disinfection of water using soft drink
bottles, sunlight, and a black surface- at least in hot nations
with regularly intense sunlight.
The major drawback of this purification technique is that it
cannot be used in countries with cold weather. Also, this time
consumed for Purification process is more and it also needs a
‘blackened’ surface, much like solar cookers.

NEED FOR A STABLE PURIFICATION TECHNIQUE

Therefore, we need a purification technique which can be used
anytime and anywhere, does not require the use of any third
party content and which is also economically feasible on both
normal scale and large scale.
Hence we look at the method of purification of water using the
technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly
known as chlorination.
 Theory
PREPARATION OF BLEACHING POWDER
It is prepared by either calcium process or sodium process.
Calcium Process: Calcium hypochlorite, also known as chloride
of lime, is made by reacting chloride with calcium hydroxide.

2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O

Sodium Process: Calcium hypochlorite is made by reacting

chlorine with sodium hydroxide:

2Ca(OH)2 + 3Cl2 + 2NaOH Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O +2NaCl

Bleaching powder is actually a mixture of calcium hypochlorite

Ca(ClO)2 and the basic chloride CaCl2, Ca(OH)2, H2O with some slaked
lime, Ca(OH)2.
 EXPERIMENT
AIM: TO DETERMINE THE DOSAGE OF BLEACHING POWDER
REQUIRED FOR STERILIZATION OR DISINFECTION OF
DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF WATER.
REQUIREMENT: BURETTE, TITRATION FLASK, 100ML,
GRADUATED CYLINDER, 250ML MEASURING FLASK, WEIGHT
BOX, GLAZED TILE, GLASS WOOL.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED: BLEACHING POWDER, GLASS WOOL,
0.1N Na2S2O3 SOLUTION, 10% KI SOLUTION, DIFFERENT
SAMPLES OF WATER, STARCH SOLUTION.

(Borewell ( Rainwater) (distilled water) (bisleri water)

Water)
PRE-REUISITE KNOWLEDGE:
1. A known mass of the given sample of bleaching powder is
dissolved in water to prepare solution of known
concentration. This solution contains dissolved chlorine,
liberated by the action bleaching powder with water.
CaOCl2+H2O Ca(OH)2+Cl2
2. This amount of chlorine present in the above solution is
determined by treating a known volume of the above solution
with excess of 10% potassium iodide solution, when
equivalent amount of iodide is liberated. The iodide, thus
liberated is then estimated by titrating it against a standard
solution of Solution thiosulphate, using starch solution as
indicator.
Cl2+2KI 2KI+I2
I2+2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6+2NaI
3. A known Volume of one of the given samples of water is
treated with a known volume of bleaching powder solution.
The amount of residual chlorine is determined by adding
excess potassium iodide solution and then titrating against
standard sodium thiosulphate solution.
4. From readings in 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine and hence
bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given
volume of the given sample of water can be calculated.
 PROCEDURE
I. Preparation of N/10 Na2SO4 solution:
Take 0.79gm of sodium thiosulphate hydrated and dilute
it in about 100ml of water.
Equivalent mass of sodium thiosulphate solution
= Molecular mass/n factor
 (158g/mol)/2 = 79g/mol
Normality = (no. of gram equivalents of Na2SO4)/ Vol. of
solutions(Lts)
1N-----79g-----1000ml water
1N/10-----7.9g-----1000ml water
1N/10-----0.79g-----100ml water
II. Preparation of 10% KI solution:
Take 10g of KI powder and then dilute the mixture with
water to make the volume 100ml and take it in the
measuring flask.
III. Preparation of Bleaching Powder solution:
Weigh 2.5g of bleaching powder and mix it in about 200ml
of distilled water in a conical flask. Stopper the flask and
shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is
filtered through glass wool in measuring flask of 500 ml.
And dilute the filtrate with water to make the volume
 250ml. the solution of obtained in 1% bleaching powder
of solution.
IV. Preparation of starch solution:
Take about 1g of soluble starch and 10ml of distilled
water in a test table. Mix vigorously to obtain a paste.
Pour the paste in about 100ml of hot water contained in a
beaker with constant stirring. Boil the contents for 4 – 5
minutes and then allow to cool.
V. Titration:

o TITRATION-1 (water sample: distilled water):

Take 100ml of distilled water and then add 20ml of
bleaching powder of solution in a stopper conical flask
and add to it 20ml of 10%KI solution. Shake it well, titrate
this solution against N/10 Na2S2O3. Sodium thiosulphate
solution taken in burette. When solution in the conical
flask becomes light yellow in colour add about 2ml of
starch solution as indicator. The solution now becomes
 blue in colour. The end point is disappearance of blue
colour, so continue titrating till the blue colour just
disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of two
concordant readings.

o TITRATION-2 (water sample: bisleri water, rainwater,

borewell water):
Take 100ml of water sample in a conical flask, then add
20ml of bleaching powder of solution in a stopper conical
flask and add to it 20ml of 10%KI solution. Shake it well,
titrate this solution against N/10 Na2S2O3. Sodium
thiosulphate solution taken in burette. When solution in
the conical flask becomes light yellow in colour add about
2ml of starch solution as indicator. The solution now
becomes blue in colour. The end point is disappearance of
blue colour, so continue titrating till the blue colour just
disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of two
concordant readings.

VI. Repeat the step ‘V’ with other samples of water and
record the observations.
 Observation(s)
Burette solution: Sodium Thiosulphate
Titrated against: 20ml(Bleaching Powder sol.)+100ml(Water
Sample)
Indicator: Starch
End point: Blue colour to colourless solution
Titration: 1
Volume of Distilled water taken = 100ml
Volume of bleaching powder solution taken = 20ml
Volume of KI solution added = 20ml
Burette Reading:
Sr. Initial (in ml) Final (in ml) Final vol. of 0.1N Na2S2O3
No. sol. Used (in ml)
1. 0.0 6.5 6.5
2. 6.50 13.0 6.5
Concordant reading:
6.5ml

Titration: 2
Volume of water sample I taken = 100ml
Volume of bleaching powder solution taken = 20ml
 Volume of KI solution added = 20ml
Burette Reading:
Sr. Initial (in ml) Final (in ml) Final vol. of 0.1N Na2S2O3
No. sol. Used (in ml)
1. 0.0 5.8 5.8
2. 5.8 11.6 5.8
Concordant reading:
5.8ml

Titration: 3
Volume of water II taken = 100ml
Volume of bleaching powder solution taken = 20ml
Volume of KI solution added = 20ml
Burette Reading:
Sr. Initial (in ml) Final (in ml) Final vol. of 0.1N Na2S2O3
No. sol. Used (in ml)
1. 0.0 3.0 3.0
2. 3.0 6.0 3.0
Concordant reading:
3.0ml

Titration: 4
Volume of water III taken = 100ml
 Volume of bleaching powder solution taken = 20ml
Volume of KI solution added = 20ml

Burette Reading:
Sr. Initial (in ml) Final (in ml) Final vol. of 0.1N Na2S2O3
No. sol. Used (in ml)
1. 0.0 2.5 2.5
2. 2.5 5.0 2.5
Concordant reading:
2.5ml
 Calculations

Sample I (BISLERI WATER):-

 Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of
water
= (6.5 – 5.8) = 0.7ml of 0.1N of Na2S2O3 solution
 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching
powder
= 2.5/250 = 0.01g
 20ml of bleaching powder solution = 2.5ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3
 Which implies; 1ml of 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution = 20/2.5ml of
bleaching powder
 Volume of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect
100ml of water sample I = 0.7 x 20/6.5ml
 0.7x20/6.5 ml of bleaching powder solution
={(0.7x20)/6.5} x 0.01g of bleaching powder
  Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1ltr. Of
water sample I
= 0.7 x (20/6.5) x {(0.001 x 1000) / (100)}g = 0.215g

Sample II (RAIN WATER):-

 Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of
water
=(6.5 – 3.0) = 3.5 of 0.1N of Na2S2O3 solution
 Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of
water
=2.5/250 = 0.01g
 20ml of bleaching powder solution = 2.5ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3
 Which implies; 1ml of 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution = 20/2.5ml of
bleaching powder
 Volume of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect
100ml of water sample II
= 3.5 x 20/6.5ml
 3.5 x 20/6.5ml of bleaching powder solution = {(3.5 x
20)/6.5) x 0.01g of bleaching powder
 Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1ltr. Of
water sample II
= 3.5 x (20/6.5) x {(0.01 x 1000)/(100)}g = 1.077g
Sample III (Borewell Water):-
 Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of
water
=(6.5 – 2.5) = 4.0 of 0.1N of Na2S2O3 solution
 Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of
water
=2.5/250 = 0.01g
 20ml of bleaching powder solution = 2.5ml of 0.1 Na2S2O3
 Which implies; 1ml of 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution = 20/2.5ml of
bleaching powder
 Volume of bleaching powder solution required to disinfect
100ml of water sample III
= 4.0 x 20/6.5ml
 4.0 x 20/6.5ml of bleaching powder solution = {(4.0 x
20)/6.5) x 0.01g of bleaching powder
 Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1ltr. Of
water sample III
= 4.0 x (20/6.5) x {(0.01 x 1000)/(100)}g = 1.231g
 Result

Amount of the given samples of bleaching powder required

to disinfect one litre of water:

 Sample I = 0.215g
 Sample II = 1.077g
 Sample III = 1.231g

Thus we get the amount required for disinfection and if

bleaching powder is taken less than this amount water will
remain impure and if is taken in excess amount then will be
harmful as it will contain chlorine.
The results show us that Sample III is the most impure and
amount of bleaching powder required is maximum and Sample I
is less impure than others as the bleaching powder required is
maximum.
The tables also show us the difference. Titration VI has the
minimum reading because of impurities and Titration I has the
maximum reading because the sample was distilled water.

Bibliography
1. www.icbse.com
2. http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bleaching
3. http:/enwikipedia.org/wiki/watertreatment
4. www.edstorm.com/doclib/mi4174.pdf