1. A battery has an energy capacity of 1000 Wh.

During charging and discharging, the battery

experiences losses, resulting in an efficiency of 90%. Calculate the energy delivered to the load
during discharge and the energy required to charge the battery.

E_discharge = Efficiency × E_total

i) The efficiency is given as 90%, so

Discharge = 0.9 × total E_discharge = 0.9 × E_total
E_discharge =0.9×1000Wh=900Wh

ii) The energy required to charge the battery (E_charge) is the same as the total energy put into the
battery during charging:
E_charge=E_total=1000Wh

2. A battery pack is designed to provide 24 kWh of energy at a voltage of 400V. If each individual
cell has a voltage of 3.7V and a capacity of 5 Ah, how many cells are needed for the battery
pack?
Solution:
To determine the number of cells needed for the battery pack, you can use the following formula:
Energy (kWh)= [Voltage (V)× Capacity (Ah)]/1000

To find out how much energy each individual cell can provide:
Energy per cell (kWh)=[3.7V×5Ah]/1000
Energy per cell (kWh)=(18.5Wh/1000)=0.0185kWh

To find the number of cells needed for the entire battery pack:
Number of cells = Total energy needed (kWh) / Energy per cell (kWh)
Number of cells= 24 kWh / 0.0185 kWh/cell
Number of cells≈1297.297

Since the number of cells must be a whole number, you would need at least 1298 cells to achieve
a total energy of 24 kWh at a voltage of 400V.
3. A battery pack is composed of 10 parallel strings of cells, and each string consists of 6 cells in
series. If each cell has a voltage of 4V and a capacity of 2 Ah, calculate the total energy capacity
of the battery pack in kWh.

Solution:
4. Design an ultracapacitor for an energy harvesting system. The system requires a specific energy
density of at least 5 Wh/kg, and it needs to operate at 2.5 V. You have two ultracapacitor options:
Option A: It has a capacitance of 20 F and a maximum voltage of 2.0 V.
Option B: It has a capacitance of 15 F and a maximum voltage of 3.0 V.
Which ultracapacitor option should you choose to meet the specific energy density requirement,
and what will be the energy storage capacity in watt-hours (Wh) for that option?

Solution:
The energy storage capacity (E) of a capacitor can be calculated using the formula:

To determine which ultracapacitor option is suitable, we need to calculate the energy density for
each option

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Since we don't have the weight provided, we cannot directly calculate the energy density in
Wh/kg for each option. However, we can compare the energy storage capacities (in joules)
directly:

Therefore, Option B has a higher energy storage capacity.

5. Design a flywheel to store energy for a mechanical system. The system requires the flywheel to
store 500 kJ of energy and have a maximum rotational speed of 3000 RPM (revolutions per
minute). Consider the mass of fly wheel is 100 kg and its diameter are 1 meter. Calculate the
 moment of inertia of the flywheel, the maximum angular velocity it can reach, and the energy it
can store.
Solution:
To calculate the moment of inertia (I), the maximum angular velocity (ωmax), and the energy
stored (E):

By applying the values

6. Design a battery for a portable device that needs to operate for 10 hours continuously at a power
consumption of 5 watts. Calculate the minimum battery capacity required in ampere-hours (Ah)
to meet this requirement.
Solution:
To calculate the minimum battery capacity

Therefore, the minimum battery capacity required to meet the requirement of operating for 10
hours continuously at a power consumption of 5 watts is approximately 13.51 ampere-hours (Ah).

7. Design an electric vehicle (EV) with a BLDC motor. The EV has a mass of 1,800 kg and needs to
accelerate from a standstill to 25 m/s (90 km/h) in 8 seconds. The BLDC motor provides the
 necessary power for acceleration. Calculate the average power required during this acceleration
period.
Solution:
The average power required to accelerate an electric vehicle

The change in kinetic energy (ΔKE) can be calculated using the formula:

Where,

8. Design a battery pack for a portable device. The device needs to operate for 10 hours
continuously at a power consumption of 5 watts. Consider the lithium-ion cells with the following
specifications for the battery pack:
Specific Energy (E_spec): 250 Wh/kg
Specific Power (P_spec): 200 W/kg
Energy Efficiency (Efficiency): 90%
Cell Dimension: 10 cm x 5 cm x 2 cm
Voltage of each cell: 3.7 V
Calculate the following:
a) The total energy required by the device to operate for 10 hours.
b) The total power required by the device.
c) The total weight of the battery pack.
d) The number of cells needed in the battery pack to meet the energy and power requirements.
Solution: