TERMWORK OF

ESTIMATION COSTING AND EVALUATION

NAME : ADITYA GANESH GAVALI GUIDE BY : PROF. S.B GOASAVI

ROLL NO : 09

BATCH : B1

YEAR : FINAL YEAR

SUBJECT : READING THE DRAWINGS

( PLAN & SECTION)

DATE: SIGN:
 1. COMPOUND WALL

A compound wall is a structure built around the perimeter of a property to enclose and
protect it. The details of a compound wall can vary based on factors such as the purpose
of the wall, the materials used, local building codes, and the desired aesthetic. Here are
some common details associated with compound walls:

1. **Materials:**

- **Brick:** Compound walls are often constructed using bricks, either in a solid or
hollow form.

- **Concrete:** Reinforced concrete is a popular choice for durability and strength.

- **Stone:** Natural stone or manufactured stone can be used for a more aesthetic
appeal.

- **Fencing:** In some cases, compound walls may incorporate fencing materials like
chain-link, wrought iron, or wood for a combination of security and visibility.

2. **Foundation:**

- A stable foundation is essential for the structural integrity of the compound wall.
The foundation depth and type depend on factors like soil conditions and the height of
the wall.

3. **Height:**

- The height of the compound wall is determined by the purpose of the enclosure.
Residential compound walls are generally lower, while industrial or institutional
compounds may have taller walls for enhanced security.
4. **Design and Appearance:**

- Compound walls can be designed with various finishes and architectural elements to
enhance their appearance.

- The design may include features like pilasters, cornices, and decorative elements
based on the architectural style.

5. **Gates and Entry Points:**

- Compound walls typically include gates or entry points for access.

- Gates can be made from similar materials as the wall or may have additional
decorative elements.

6. **Security Measures:**

- For increased security, compound walls may have features like barbed wire, electric
fencing, or surveillance systems integrated into the design.

7. **Finishing:**

- The surface of the compound wall may be finished with plaster, paint, or other
coatings for weather resistance and aesthetics.

8. **Local Building Codes and Regulations:**

- Compliance with local building codes and regulations is crucial. These codes may
dictate aspects like maximum height, setback requirements, and materials allowed for
construction.

9. **Drainage:**

- Adequate drainage provisions must be made to prevent waterlogging around the

compound wall, which can otherwise affect its stability.
10. **Cost Considerations:**

- The cost of a compound wall depends on the chosen materials, design complexity,
and any additional features such as decorative elements or security measures.

It's important to consult with a local architect or construction professional to ensure that
the compound wall meets all local regulations and is suited to the specific needs and
conditions of the property.
 2. STAIRCASE BLOCK

The details of a staircase block in a building can vary based on factors such as the building's
design, purpose, local building codes, and materials used. However, I can provide you with a
general overview of the key elements and considerations for a staircase block:

1. **Location:**

- The positioning of the staircase within the building is crucial for efficient circulation and
accessibility. Staircases are often located near entrances for easy access.

2. **Design and Dimensions:**

- The design of the staircase block includes the shape and layout of the stairs. Common types
include straight stairs, L-shaped stairs, U-shaped stairs, and spiral stairs.
 - The dimensions of each step, known as the tread and riser, are essential for safety and
comfort. Building codes often specify the maximum and minimum dimensions for these
elements.

3. **Handrails and Balustrades:**

- Handrails are installed along the sides of the staircase to provide support and safety.
Balustrades, which are the entire system of railings and their supporting posts, are also
important for safety and aesthetics.

- Building codes typically regulate the height and design of handrails to ensure user safety.

4. **Materials:**

- Staircases can be constructed from various materials, including wood, metal, concrete, or a
combination of materials. The choice of materials depends on factors such as the building's
design, budget, and aesthetic preferences.

5. **Landings:**

- Landings are flat areas on the staircase between flights. They are essential for providing a
resting place between flights of stairs and can also serve as emergency exits.

6. **Safety Features:**

- Staircases must adhere to safety standards, including the inclusion of slip-resistant materials
on treads, proper lighting, and clear signage.

7. **Headroom:**

- The space above the stairs, known as headroom, must meet minimum height requirements
to prevent users from hitting their heads. Building codes often specify the minimum headroom
clearance.

8. **Building Codes and Regulations:**

 - Compliance with local building codes and regulations is crucial to ensure the safety and
functionality of the staircase. These codes may cover dimensions, materials, handrail
specifications, and other safety considerations.

9. **Aesthetic Considerations:**

- The design of the staircase block may incorporate aesthetic elements that align with the
overall architectural style of the building.

10. **Accessibility:**

- In buildings where accessibility is a concern, provisions for wheelchair ramps or elevators

may be incorporated alongside or in place of staircases.

It's important to involve a qualified architect or structural engineer in the design and
construction process to ensure that the staircase block meets all safety and regulatory
requirements. Additionally, the design should consider the specific needs and context of the
building and its occupants.
 3. A SMALL CULVERT

Culverts are structures designed to allow water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar
obstruction. They are typically used to manage the drainage of water and prevent flooding.
Culverts come in various shapes and sizes, and their design can be influenced by factors such as
the volume of water, the type of terrain, and environmental considerations. Here are some key
details about culverts:

1. **Types of Culverts:**

- **Pipe Culverts:** These are typically made of metal or concrete pipes and are suitable for
smaller watercourses.

- **Box Culverts:** Constructed in the shape of a box or a rectangular prism, box culverts are
often used for larger flows and can support heavy loads.

- **Arch Culverts:** Shaped like a semi-circle or an ellipse, arch culverts are suitable for
locations where the flow of water needs to be maintained at a certain depth.

2. **Materials:**

- **Concrete:** Many culverts are made of precast or cast-in-place concrete due to its
durability and strength.

- **Metal:** Culverts can also be made of various metals, such as steel or aluminum.

- **Plastic:** High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes are sometimes used for smaller
culverts.

3. **Design Considerations:**

- **Hydraulic Design:** Culverts must be designed to accommodate the expected flow of

water during different weather conditions, including storms and heavy rainfall.

- **Slope and Alignment:** Culverts should be aligned with the natural flow of water and be
installed at a suitable slope to prevent sedimentation and debris buildup.
4. **Size and Dimensions:**

- The size of a culvert is determined by factors such as the water flow, the size of the drainage
area, and the expected velocity of water. Culverts come in various sizes to meet specific design
requirements.

5. **Inlet and Outlet Design:**

- Proper design of the inlet and outlet structures is crucial to prevent erosion and ensure
smooth flow. This may include the use of aprons or energy dissipaters.

6. **Erosion Control:**

- Measures to control erosion around the culvert are important to maintain the stability of the
structure and prevent sedimentation.

7. **Headwall and Wingwall:**

- Headwalls and wingwalls are structures built at the entrance and exit of the culvert to guide
the flow of water and prevent erosion.

8. **Joints and Seals:**

- Joints in culverts must be properly sealed to prevent water from infiltrating the surrounding
soil, which can lead to erosion and compromise the structure's integrity.

9. **Maintenance Access:**

- Consideration should be given to providing access points for inspection and maintenance to
ensure the long-term functionality of the culvert.

10. **Environmental Impact:**

- Culvert design should take into account the potential impact on local ecosystems, including
fish passage and wildlife crossings.
11. **Regulatory Compliance:**

- Culvert design must comply with local regulations and standards, which may vary
depending on the region.

Professional engineers and hydrologists typically design culverts based on specific site
conditions and requirements. Local authorities and environmental agencies may also be
involved in the approval process to ensure compliance with regulations.