GÖKTURK , A. ÇEVİRİ DİLLERİN DILI YAPI KREDI PUPLISHING.

MUNDAY .j. (2008) INTRODUCING TRANSLATION STUDIES.

1. WHAT DOES TRANSLATION MEAN?

THE ENGLISH WORD TRANSLATION FIRST COINED
IN AROUND 1340, 0RIGINATES FROM THE LATIN
TRANSLATIO ( TRANSPORTING) ITSELF COMING
FROM THE THE PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE
VERB TRANSFERRE ( TO CARRY OVER)
CARRY OVER LANGUAGES
CARRY OVER CULTURES
THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION BETWEEN TWO
DIFFERENT WRITTEN LANGUAGES INCORPORATES
THE CHANGING OF AN ORIGINAL WRITTEN TEXT
( SOURCE TEXT OR ST) IN THE ORIGINAL VERBAL
LANGUAGE ( THE SOURCE LANGUAGE OR SL) INTO
A WRITTEN TEXT ( THE TARGET TEXT OR TL) IN A
DIFFERENT VERBAL LANGUAGE

TRANSLATING IS DEFINED AS A WAY TO PRESENT A

MESSAGE FROM A PROVENANCE LANGUAGE TO
TARGET LANGUAGE WHICH DEPENDS ON THE
WRITER’S INTENTION.
WHY DO YOU TRANSLATE THIS SOURCE TEXT INTO
TARGET LANGUAGE
HOW CAN WE ANALYZE ( EXAMINE) THE TEXT IN
TRANSLATION STUDIES?
SOURCE TEXT
TARGET TEXT
1. READING THE TEXT ( STARTING POINT )
2. WE READ THE TEXT TO:
UNDERSTAND WHAT IT IS ABOUT ( TOPIC)
( CONTENT)
TO DETERMINE IT’S INTENTION, INTENDED
MEANING, HIDDEN MEANING, IDEOLOGICAL OR
POLITICAL ORIENTED MEANING
TO DETERMINE THE WAY IT IS WRITTEN TO
SELECT A SUITABLE TRANSLATION METHOD
WORD FOR WORD TRANSLATION ( STRUCTURE
AND FORM)
SENSE FOR SENSE TRANSLATION ( FUNCTIONAL
TRANSLATION --- SIMILAR MEANING

IT IS RAINING CATS AND DOGS.

TECHNICAL TEXT MEDICAL TEXT REFERENTIAL

TEXT INFORMATIVE --- WORD FOR WORD
TRANSLATION
IN LITERARY TEXT SOCIAL SCINCES TEXT SENSE
FOR SENSE TRANSLATION.
WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF READING WHEN
ANALYZING THE TEXT

GENERAL READING IS REQUIRED

WE READ THE WORDS ( LEXICON, LEXIS) BOTH,
MICRO AND MACRO ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT
OUT OF CONTEXT ( LITERAL MEANING) ( MICRO
ANALYSIS)
IN THE CONTEXT ( MACRO) COMMENT ON TEXT
IN TERMS OF POLITICAL , IDEOLOGICAL AND
CULTURAL POINT OF WIEW
CLOSE READING
TO GET THE ESSENCE------ CONTENT OF THE
TEXT, CONTEXT OF THE TEXT,,,, ( SETTING, TIME
AND PLACE OF THE TEXT)
TO GET THE GIST
CULTURAL AND IDEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE
SOURCE LANGUAGE TEXT.
CULTURAL ORIENTED LEXIS, PROPER NAMES,
TECHNICAL TERMS AND UNTRANSLATABLE
WORDS.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT
MACRO AND MICRO ANALYSIS
VAN DIJK
FAIRCLOUGH
READING THE TEXT
 THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT
THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR
THE LAST READING
TEXT STYLES
IS IT TECHNICAL TEXT
REFERENTIAL TEXT
EMOTIVE FUNTION OF TEXT
IS IT LITERARY TEXT
IS IT LEGAL TEXT
IS IT MEDICAL TEXT?
ROMAN J FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE
REMEMBER?
THE READERHIP?
WHO IS YOUR TARGET READER TARGET
AUDIENCE?
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE
THE QUALITY OF WRITING
TOPIC SENTENCE, SUPPORTING SENTENCE,
HOW CAN YOU CONCLUDE YOUR PAPER

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS IN TRANSLATION

MACRO ANALYSIS ( CONTEXT) IDEOLOGICAL ,
POLITICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF TEXTS
MICRO ANALYSIS LEXICO GRAMMATCAL
PATTERNS OF TEXT
MACRO ANALYSIS:
THIS ANALYSIS ANSWERS THESE QUESTIONS
WHO WROTE THE TEXT ?
WHEN ? ( TIME)
WHERE? ( PLACE)
FOR WHOM? WHO IS YOUR TARGET
READERSHIO?
HOW? IS IT INFORMAL LANGUAGE OR FORMAL
LANGUAGE?
TEXT TYPES
FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE ( ROMAN…?
MICRO ANALYSIS IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
1. LEXICAL TRANSLATION UNITS
VERBS
ADVERBS
NOUN
PRONOUN
PROPER NOUNS----- GRAMMATICAL UNITS OF
THE TEXT ( SOURCE TEXT, TARGET TEXT)
SINTIGMATIC TRANSLATION UNITS
ARTICLES
POSSESSIVE WORDS
PREPOSITIONS
THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT ( MACRO)
WE READ TO SEARCH FOR THE INTENTION OF
THE TEXT
 THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT GOES HAND IN
HAND WITH THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE TEXT.
TITLE … THE TITLE MAY BE REMOTE FROM THE
CONTENT AS WELL AS THE INTENTION
TYPE OF LANGUAGE ( FORMAL OR INFORMAL)
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE ( PASSIVE VOICE) AS
WELL AS IMPERSONAL VERBS
INFORMAL LANGUAGE ACTIVE VOICE.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT INTENTION OF THE TEXT?

THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT REPRESENTS THE
SL WRITER’S ATTITUDE OF THE TEXT OR SUBJECT
MATTER.
WHAT IS THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR?
USUALLY, THE TRANSLATOR’S INTENTION IS
IDENTICAL WITH THAT OF THE AUTHOR OF THE
SL TEXT.

1.READING THE TEXT

1.1 PURPOSES OF A READING TEXT….
1.2WHAT IS THE CONTENT AND WHAT IS THE TOPIC OF THE TEXT?
1. TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IT IS ABOUT---- CONTENT AND TOPIC
GIST OF THE TEXT
2. TO ANALYZE IT FROM A TRANSLATOR’S POINT OF VIEW, WHICH
IS NOT THE SAME AS A LINGUIST’S OR A LITERARY CRITICS.
3. WHY DO YOU TRANSLATE THE TEXT…
YOU HAVE TO DETERMINE YOUR INTENTION, AND THE WAY IT IS
WRITTEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF SELECTING A SUITABLE
TRANSLATION METHOD.
STRATEGIES…. METHODS OF TRANSLATION PROCESS….
READING THE TEXT
1. UNDERSTANDING THE TEXT REQUIRES BOTH GENERAL AND
CLOSE READING
YOU HAVE TO READ BETWEEN LINES… HIDDEN MEANING OR
HIDDEN MESSAGE OF THE TEXT.

GENERAL READING TO GET THE GIST, THE SUBJECTS AND

CONCEPTS OF THE TEXT
CLOSE READING---- CONTEXT---
INTENTION OF THE TEXT
THE PURPOSE
THE INTENTION
THE CONTENT
THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR
USUALLY THE TRANSLATOR’S INTENTION IS IDENTICAL WITH
THAT OF THE AUTHOR OF THE TEXT. ( SOURCE TEXT) ORIGINAL
TEXT
TEXT STYLES
1. NARRATIVE:
AN ACTIVE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS… STORIES… LITERARY
TEXT, LITERATURE
2.DESCRIPTION: IT IS STATIC LINKING VERBS, ADJECTIVES
AND ADJECTIVAL NOUNS… TECHNICAL TEXTS, LEGAL TEXTS…,
MEDICAL TEXT
3.DISCCUSSION STYLE: MENTAL ACTIVITY, LOGICAL
ARGUMENT …. ACADEMIC RESEARCH ARTICLES…
4.DIALOGUE: ( SPOKEN TEXT) SPOKEN LANGUAGE PHATIC
FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE DAILY LANGUAGE..
TEXT STYLES DETERMINE TRANSLATORS’ STRATEGIES AND
METHODS WHILE ANALYZING AND TRANSLATING THE
SOURCE TEXT.
SYTLISTIC SCALES OF TEXT
*FORMALITY ( FORMAL LANGUAGE) ( OFFICIAL LANGUAGE)
INFORMAL LANGUAGE SLANG DAILY LANGUAGE
*GENERALITY OR DIFFICULTY
SIMPLE POPULAR
NEUTRAL TECHNICAL
*EMOTIONAL TONE---- LITERARY TEXT
INTENSE
WARM
FACTUAL

CONTEXT…. SETTING PLACE TIME

WHERE WOULD THE TEXT BE PUBLISHED?
WHO IS THE ( READERSHIP) YOU ARE TRANSLATING FOR?
WHAT ARE YOUR REQUIREMENTS? TRANSLATION AID
READERS TYPES
THE EXPERT
THE EDUCATED PEOPLE
UNINFORMED

TITLE OF TEXT
SUBTITLES
PARAGRAPHS AND OTHER LEXICO GRAMMATICAL
FEATURES OF TEXT.
INTRODUCTION
WRITTEN
SPOKEN TRANSLATION
ORAL
IN ORDER TO CONSTRUCT COMMUNICATION BTW HUMAN
BEINGS BTW CULTURES
WHAT IS TRANSLATION:
TRANSLATION AS SCIENCE: REQUIRES COMPLETE
KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURE OF TWO LANGUAGES
CONCERNED.
TRANSLATION AS AN ART: REQUIRES ARTISTIC TALENT TO
RECONSTRUCT THE ORIGINAL TEXT ( SOURCE TEXT)
TARGET TEXT
TRANSLATION AS A SKILL: COGNITIVE SKILL… IT FOCUSES
ON THE ABILITY TO DEAL WITH ANY DIFFICULTY IN THE
PROCESS OF TRANSLATION.
TRANSLATION MEANS CONVERTING WRITTEN
INFORMATION FROM ONE LANGUAGE INTO ANOTHER
ONE CULTURE INTO ANOTHER.

THE LEXIS ( LEXICON) “TRANSLATE” COMES FROM “LATIN”:

TRANS----- ACROSS
LATE…. BEAR OR CARRY
WHAT IS THE AIM OF TRANSLATION?
TRANSFER OF MEANING ( HIDDEN MEANING) IMPLICIT
EXPLICIT MEANING FROM ONE LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER
ONE CULTURE TO ANOTHER.

WHAT IS GOOD TRANSLATION?

GOOD TRANSLATION SHOULD BE INFORMATIVE,
COMMUNICATIVE, ACCURATE AND RHETORICAL…
2. WHAT DOES TRANSLATION MEAN?
THE ENGLISH WORD TRANSLATION FIRST COINED
IN AROUND 1340, 0RIGINATES FROM THE LATIN
TRANSLATIO ( TRANSPORTING) ITSELF COMING
FROM THE THE PAST PARTICIPLE FORM OF THE
VERB TRANSFERRE ( TO CARRY OVER)
CARRY OVER LANGUAGES
CARRY OVER CULTURES
THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION BETWEEN TWO
DIFFERENT WRITTEN LANGUAGES INCORPORATES
THE CHANGING OF AN ORIGINAL WRITTEN TEXT
( SOURCE TEXT OR ST) IN THE ORIGINAL VERBAL
LANGUAGE ( THE SOURCE LANGUAGE OR SL) INTO
A WRITTEN TEXT ( THE TARGET TEXT OR TL) IN A
DIFFERENT VERBAL LANGUAGE

TRANSLATING IS DEFINED AS A WAY TO PRESENT A

MESSAGE FROM A PROVENANCE LANGUAGE TO
TARGET LANGUAGE WHICH DEPENDS ON THE
WRITER’S INTENTION.
WHY DO YOU TRANSLATE THIS SOURCE TEXT INTO
TARGET LANGUAGE
HOW CAN WE ANALYZE ( EXAMINE) THE TEXT IN
TRANSLATION STUDIES?
SOURCE TEXT
TARGET TEXT
3. READING THE TEXT ( STARTING POINT )
4. WE READ THE TEXT TO:
UNDERSTAND WHAT IT IS ABOUT ( TOPIC)
( CONTENT)
TO DETERMINE IT’S INTENTION, INTENDED
MEANING, HIDDEN MEANING, IDEOLOGICAL OR
POLITICAL ORIENTED MEANING
TO DETERMINE THE WAY IT IS WRITTEN TO
SELECT A SUITABLE TRANSLATION METHOD
WORD FOR WORD TRANSLATION ( STRUCTURE
AND FORM)
SENSE FOR SENSE TRANSLATION ( FUNCTIONAL
TRANSLATION --- SIMILAR MEANING

IT IS RAINING CATS AND DOGS.

TECHNICAL TEXT MEDICAL TEXT REFERENTIAL

TEXT INFORMATIVE --- WORD FOR WORD
TRANSLATION
IN LITERARY TEXT SOCIAL SCINCES TEXT SENSE
FOR SENSE TRANSLATION.
WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF READING WHEN
ANALYZING THE TEXT

GENERAL READING IS REQUIRED

WE READ THE WORDS ( LEXICON, LEXIS) BOTH,
MICRO AND MACRO ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT
OUT OF CONTEXT ( LITERAL MEANING) ( MICRO
ANALYSIS)
IN THE CONTEXT ( MACRO) COMMENT ON TEXT
IN TERMS OF POLITICAL , IDEOLOGICAL AND
CULTURAL POINT OF WIEW
CLOSE READING
TO GET THE ESSENCE------ CONTENT OF THE
TEXT, CONTEXT OF THE TEXT,,,, ( SETTING, TIME
AND PLACE OF THE TEXT)
TO GET THE GIST
CULTURAL AND IDEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE
SOURCE LANGUAGE TEXT.
CULTURAL ORIENTED LEXIS, PROPER NAMES,
TECHNICAL TERMS AND UNTRANSLATABLE
WORDS.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT
MACRO AND MICRO ANALYSIS
VAN DIJK
FAIRCLOUGH
READING THE TEXT
THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT
THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR
THE LAST READING
TEXT STYLES
IS IT TECHNICAL TEXT
 REFERENTIAL TEXT
EMOTIVE FUNTION OF TEXT
IS IT LITERARY TEXT
IS IT LEGAL TEXT
IS IT MEDICAL TEXT?
ROMAN J FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE
REMEMBER?
THE READERHIP?
WHO IS YOUR TARGET READER TARGET
AUDIENCE?
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE
THE QUALITY OF WRITING
TOPIC SENTENCE, SUPPORTING SENTENCE,
HOW CAN YOU CONCLUDE YOUR PAPER

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS IN TRANSLATION

MACRO ANALYSIS ( CONTEXT) IDEOLOGICAL ,
POLITICAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS OF TEXTS
MICRO ANALYSIS LEXICO GRAMMATCAL
PATTERNS OF TEXT

MACRO ANALYSIS:
THIS ANALYSIS ANSWERS THESE QUESTIONS
WHO WROTE THE TEXT ?
WHEN ? ( TIME)
WHERE? ( PLACE)
 FOR WHOM? WHO IS YOUR TARGET
READERSHIO?
HOW? IS IT INFORMAL LANGUAGE OR FORMAL
LANGUAGE?
TEXT TYPES
FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE ( ROMAN…?
MICRO ANALYSIS IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
2. LEXICAL TRANSLATION UNITS
VERBS
ADVERBS
NOUN
PRONOUN
PROPER NOUNS----- GRAMMATICAL UNITS OF
THE TEXT ( SOURCE TEXT, TARGET TEXT)
SINTIGMATIC TRANSLATION UNITS
ARTICLES
POSSESSIVE WORDS
PREPOSITIONS
THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT ( MACRO)
WE READ TO SEARCH FOR THE INTENTION OF
THE TEXT
THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT GOES HAND IN
HAND WITH THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE TEXT.
TITLE … THE TITLE MAY BE REMOTE FROM THE
CONTENT AS WELL AS THE INTENTION
TYPE OF LANGUAGE ( FORMAL OR INFORMAL)
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE ( PASSIVE VOICE) AS
WELL AS IMPERSONAL VERBS
INFORMAL LANGUAGE ACTIVE VOICE.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT INTENTION OF THE TEXT?

THE INTENTION OF THE TEXT REPRESENTS THE
SL WRITER’S ATTITUDE OF THE TEXT OR SUBJECT
MATTER.
WHAT IS THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR?
USUALLY, THE TRANSLATOR’S INTENTION IS
IDENTICAL WITH THAT OF THE AUTHOR OF THE
SL TEXT.

WHAT IS TRANSLATION? THE PROCESS OF

TRANSLATING TEXT FROM ONE LANGUAGE TO
ANOTHER. (ONE CULTURE TO ANOTHER)
TRANSLATION:
SOURCE TEXT: ( KAYNAK METIN) THE TEXT THAT
IS GIVEN TO TRANSLATOR FOR TRANSLATION:
TARGET TEXT: IT IS THE TRANSLATION OF
SOURCE TEXT
SOURCE LANGUAGE – SOURCE CULTURE
TARGET LANGUAGE- TARGET CULTURE
ENGLISH ------------- TURKISH
TURKISH------- ENGLISH
ROMAN JAKOBSON----
“ON LINGUISTIC ASPECT OF TRANSLATION”…
1959
TYPES OF TRANSLATION:
THERE ARE 3 BASIC TYPES OF TRANSLATION
1.INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATION: REWORDING
OR REPHRASING THE TEXT IN THE SAME
LANGUAGE.
ST: KATE LIKED THIS NEW CHANGE ( ENGLISH)
TT: KATE LOVED THE CHANGE IN ENVIRONMENT
AND MANY OTHER THINGS THERE.
ST: KATE CAN SPEAK ENGLISH.
TT: KATE IS ABLE TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
ST: WE ARE PLANNING A VACATION IN MEXICO.
TT: WE ARE GOING TO GO HOLIDAY IN MEXICO
(INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATION)
INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATION OR REWORDING IS
AN INTERPRETATION OF VERBAL SIGNS BY
MEANS OF OTHER SIGNS OF THE SAME
LANGUAGE. IT MEANS “TO PUT MEANING IN
DIFFERENT WORDS.”
*USAGE OF INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATION:
*SUMMARY
*REWRITE THE TEXT IN SAME LANGUAGE
*IN CHILD LITERATURE. ( SIMPLIFIED LANGUAGE)
2. INTERLINGUAL TRANSLATION:
TRANSLATION OF TEXT FROM ONE LANGUAGE
TO ANOTHER.
ST: YOU ARE WATCHING VIDEO ( ENGLISH)
TT: VOUZ REGARDEZ LA VIDEO ( FRENCH)
TT: SEN VIDEO IZLIYORSUN ( TURKISH)
AN EXAMPLE OF INTERLINGUAL TRANSLATION
WOULD BE THE BIBLE.
BIBLE IS WRITTEN—HEBREW
GREEK, LATIN AND THEN TO INTO ENGLISH.
3.INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATION:
TRANSLATION OF TEXT BY NON VERBAL SIGN (
SEMIOTIC) ( INDEX, ICON, SYMBOL,)
NOVEL---------- MOVIE
3INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATION OCCURS
WHEN A WRITTEN TEXT IS TRANSLATED INTO
A DIFFERENT MODE, SUCH AS MUSIC, FILM,
OR PAINTING.
PETER NEWMARK: TRANSLATION IS
RENDERING THE MEANING OF A TEXT INTO
ANOTHER LANGUAGE IN THE WAY THAT THE
AUTHOR INTENDED THE TEXT.
TRANSLATION IS A PROCESS OF CONVEYING
THOUGHTS, MEANINGS AND MESSAGES
FROM THE SOURCE LANGUAGE TO THE
TARGET LANGUAGE.
EUGENE NIDA:
 MEANING RATHER THAN STYLE.

MAJOR TYPES OF TRANSLATION:

1. LITERARY TRANSLATION: SENSE AND STYLE
PROSE, POETRY, NOVEL, DRAMA, PLAYS
EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE
EMOTIVE FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE
SENSE AND STYLE.
TARGET TEXT MUST CONSTRUCT THE FEEL OF
THE ORIGINAL TEXT.

NON LITERARY TRANSLATION:

FOCUSES ON SENSE
PHYSICAL SCIENCE, LAW, SOCIAL SCIENCE,
JOURNALISM
REFERENTIAL INFORMATIVE FUNCTION OF
LANGUAGE.
SENSE FOR SENSE TRANSLATION AND
WORD FOR WORD TRANSLATION:
KATHARINE REISS TEXT TYPES
1. INFORMATIVE TEXT: INFORMATION,
KNOWLEDGE, OPINIONS. THIS KIND OF TEXT
CONVEYS INFORMATION TO THE READER.
THEY ARE LOGICAL AND REFERENTIAL. THEY
ARE INFORMATIVE.
 TECHNICAL TEXT, MEDICAL TEXT, LAW TEXTS,
2. EXPRESSIVE ( NARRATIVE) THE AUTHOR USES
THE AESTHETIC DIMENSION OF LANGUAGE .
THE FORM OF THE MESSAGE IS IMPORTANT.
LITERARY TEXTS.. NOVELS,
3. 3.OPERATIVE TEXT: CONVINCE OR PERSUADE
THE READER OR RECEIVER OF THE TEXT TO
ACT IN A CERTAIN WAY. THE FORM OF
LANGUAGE IS DIALOGIC.
ADVERT,JOURNALISM, NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
4. AUDIO MEDIAL TEXT: NON VERBAL TEXTS
VISUAL TEXTS… VISUAL IMAGES, MUSIC,
MOVIE
*REISS FOCUSES ON 2 DIMENSION IN TRANSLATION
STUDIES IN TERMS OF TEXT ANALYSIS. THESE ARE;
* INTRALINGUISTIC CRITERIA: SEMANTIC, LEXICAL,
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES

*EXTRALINGUISTIC CRITERIA: TIME, PLACE, SETTING

( CONTEXT), IDEOLOGY, CULTURAL ASPECTS OF TEXT,
AFFECTIVE IMPLICATIONS OF TEXT (EMOTION OF TEXT,
HUMOUR) AUTHOR, READER, SUBJECT FIELD ( TEXT
TYPES)
Source Text Target text
Source Language Target language

1.Register, TONE, STYLE IN TEXTUAL ANALYSIS FOR

TRANSLATION STUDIES.
REGISTER: THE DEGREE OF FORMALITY OF THE
LANGUAGE USED IN WRITTEN, SPOKEN TEXTS.
. VERY FORMAL---
SOMEWHAT FORMAL
INFORMAL
VERY INFORMAL
TONE: THE ATTITUDE THE LANGUAGE USED CONVEYS
ABOUT THE TOPIC.
SERIOUS
OPTIMISTIC
PESSIMISTIC
RESPECTFUL
PLAYFUL
IRONIC
WHAT IS THE TONE OF academic journals and books?
Serious and respectful
What is the register of academic journals and books?
Either very formal language or formal language
Style: the particular way in which a text, author or
speaker uses language
Complex
Simple
Easy
Difficult
Dense
Title: Style of language in textual analysis:
Spoken and written text….
1.Metaphor: comparisons made by speaking of one
thing in terms of another.
Her eyes were diamonds
The snow is a White blanket
He is a shining star.
2.Simile: using the Word like, as
As cold as ice
As fast as dog
As busy as a bee
As innocent as a lamb
3.Alliteration: repetition of the usually initial sounds or
words.
Sally sells seashells by the sea shore
4.Personalized language: we, us, you…
I am ill.
You are late.
Features of Translation in textual ANALYSIS….
Translation is multi step process--- ongoing process in
which many features construct the overall meaning of a
text in one language.
HOW CAN WE CONSTRUCT MEANING IN TEXT?
CONTENT--- TOPIC
PURPOSE---
REGISTER
TONE
EFFECT ON THE READER
TRANSLATION INVOLVES ONGOING PROCESS OF
DECISION MAKING.
1. DETERMINE THE MEANING OF THE SOURCE TEXT…
WHAT DOES THE SOURCE TEXT MEAN?
CLOSE READING --- MICRO AND MACRO ANALYSIS
OF TEXT,,,
2.CONTEXTUAL AND TEXTUAL FACTORS OF
TEXTS…. HOW DOES THE SOURCE TEXT CONVEY ITS
MEANING? CONTEXTUAL. TIME SETTING PLACE OF
THE TEXT…
TEXTUAL FACTOR OF TEXT… MICRO ANALYSIS
GRAMMAR, LEXIS, PARAGRAPHS, PHRASES, THE
SMALLEST UNIT OF TEXT..
GENRE OF THE TEXTS…
DRAMA
POETRY
FICTION
SACRED TEXT ( RELIGIOUS TEXT)
CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
TECHNICAL TEXT
LEGAL TEXT
BUSINESS TEXT…
GENRES ARE TYPES OR CATEGORIES OF TEXTS.
HOW CAN WE CONVEY MEANING IN TEXT?
CONTEXTUAL FORM OF TEXT: TIME, PLACE,
SETTING, SOCIO POLITICAL , IDEOLOGICAL AND
CULTURAL POINT OF VIEW OF THE TEXT….
TEXTUAL FORM OF THE TEXT: SYNTAX
( GRAMMAR) LEXIS OR LEXICON, STYLE, REGISTER,
TONE, STYLE OF LANGUAGE…
TEXTUAL ANALYSIS QUESTIONS FOR TRANSLATION
STUDIES…
1. WHAT SPECIFIC GENRE OR TEXT TYPE DOES THE
TEXT BELONG TO?
2. WHAT IS THE TEXT ABOUT? CONTENT IS VERY
IMPORTANT…
3. WHAT IS THE TEXT’S PURPOSE AND DOMINANT
LANGUAGE FUNCTION?
4. WHAT IS THE AUTHOR’S INTENTION?
5. WHAT IS THE TARGET READERSHIP?
6. WHAT IS THE LINGUISTIC REGISTER OF THE
TEXT? FORMAL, VERY FORMAL, INFORMAL, VERY
INFORMAL
7. WHAT IS THE TONE OF THE TEXT?
8. DOES THE TEXT USE TECHNICAL LEXIS OR
TERMINOLOGY OR JARGON IN THE TEXT?
9. WHAT KINDS OF GRAMMAR FORMS,
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS IN THE TEXT?
10. HOW DOES THE MEANING CONVEY IN THE
TEXT?

3 BASIC LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS “KARL BÜHLER”

INFORMATIVE: PROVIDE INFORMATION,

PRESENTS FACTS… ( REFERANTIAL)
VOCATIVE: INFLUENCE THE READER,
PERSUASIVE OF THE … ( OPERATIVE TEXT…
KARHERINA REISS
EXPRESSIVE: EXPRESS EMOTIONS, FEELINGS AND
ARTISTIC ATTITUDES ( EMOTIVE FUNCTION OF
LANGUAGE… KATHERINA REISS ( NARRATIVE
TEXT?
MEANING: DIMENSIONS AND FACTORS:
1.EXTRALINGUISTIC ( CULTURAL DIMENSION)
SOCIO CULTURAL NORMS AND VALUES OF THE
TEXT, IDEOLOGICAL POINT OF TEXT
PURPOSE OF THE TEXT
SITUATIONAL FACTORS OF TEXTS
PARTICIPANTS ( AUTHOR, READER)
SETTING ( TIME AND PLACE)
LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS
INFORMATIVE
VOCATIVE
EXPRESSIVE
2.LINGUISTIC ( TEXTUAL) DIMENSION:
SOUNDS ( PHONOLOGY)
LEXICAL ITEMS ( WORDS AND PHARASES)
LANGUAGE STRUCTURE ( SYNTAX)
PRODUCTS OF LANGUAGE USE:
LANGUAGE VARIETY : ( JARGON, TECHNICAL
ITEMS, DIALECT)
REGISTER ( DEGREE OF FORMALITY)
TONE( CONTENT OR MESSAGE)
STYLE
TEXT ORGANIZATION /( STRUCTURE, ORDER,
COHERENCE, COHESIVE
CULTURAL AND IDEOLOGICAL ORIENTED LEXIS
IDIOMS, PROVERBS…

KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECT MEANING IN TEXT

IN TRANSLATION STUDIES:
1. CULTURE--- THE VALUES, THE PERSPECTIVES
AND TRADITIONS AND PRODUCTS OF A
SOCIETY… IT TRANSMISTS FROM
GENERATION TO GENERATION BY MEANS OF
SYMBOLIC DISCOURSE ( LANGUAGE)
2. GENRE: A TEXT TYPE WHOSE PURPOSE , TOPIC
FOCUS, AUDIENCE, ORGANIZATION, REGISTER,
 TONE , STYLE, ARE DETERMINED BY GENRE
CONVENTIONS.
3. CONTENT: THE MESSAGE OF THE TEXT.
4. AUTHOR: THE CREATOR OF THE TEXT ,
AUTHOR’S INTENTION ( LITRARY TEXT,
EXPRESSIVE TEXT), IDENTITY OF THE AUTHOR
5. READER THE INDIVIDUAL THAT READS AND
INTERPRETS THE TEXT.. READERS’ VALUES…
6. LANGUAGE … A RULE GOVERNED SYSTEM OF
HUMAN COMMUNICATION
LEXICAL ITEMS, WORDS, PHARASES,
GRAMMAR STRUCTURES, SOUNDS
7. LANGUAGE USE: STYLE, REGISTER, TONE,
LINGUISTIC RESOURCES

TRANSLATORS READ THE SOURCE TEXT FOR

TWO PURPOSES:
TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IT IS ABOUT
TO ANALYSE THE TEXT ( MICRO AND MACRO
ANALYSIS)