Glycolysis

Embden-Meyerhof-pathway
Objectives
• Definition of Glycolysis.

• Reactions of Glycolysis.

• Energy Produced.

• Importance og Glycolysis.

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 Glycolysis

DEFINITION Site

Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose into pyruvic • It occur in cytoplasm of every cell.

acid in precense of O2 or lactic acid in absence of

oxygen to provide energy (ATP) and importante
intermediaties

Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of

glycouse to extract energy for cellular metabolism

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 Pathway of Glycolysis
Glycolysis consist of an energy requiring phase followed by energy releasing phase .
Glycolysis is the sequence of 10 enzymes catalyzed reactions
The overall reaction :

C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 P —> 2 pyruvic acid, (CH3 (C=O)COOH) + 2 ATP + 2

NADH + 2 H+

Steps of glycolysis

Preparatory
Cleavage phase Payoff Phase
phase

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(1)Phosphorylation of
glucose “Preparatory phase”
• The phosphorylation of glucose is the first step in the
glycolytic pathway.
• The phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is an
essential step because it:
• Traps glucose inside the cell, as the negatively charged
phosphate group prevents glucose from easily diffusing out.
• Activates glucose for further metabolic pathways by
converting it into a more reactive form.
• This phosphorylation is an energy-consuming step, as it
utilizes one molecule of ATP. However, it is a crucial
investment for the cell to extract energy from glucose
through glycolysis and subsequent cellular respiration 6
(2)Oxidation of
glyceraldehyde-3-P
• This step is a key step in glycolysis, and it involves the
enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
(GAPDH).
• The overall reaction represents the oxidation of G3P and the
reduction of NAD⁺. The NADH produced in this step carries
high-energy electrons, which can later be used to generate
ATP in the electron transport chain under aerobic conditions.
• This step is critical not only for energy production but also
for the continuation of glycolysis. The subsequent steps
involve the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ATP,
ultimately leading to the production of pyruvate and the net
gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis. 7
(3)Substrate level
phosphorylation
• This process occurs twice in the glycolytic pathway :
1. Phosphoglycerate Kinase.
2. Pyruvate Kinase.
• These substrate-level phosphorylation reactions are called
so because the phosphate group is directly transferred from
a substrate molecule to ADP to form ATP. In contrast,
oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs in the electron
transport chain, involves the transfer of electrons through a
series of protein complexes to generate a proton gradient
that drives the synthesis of ATP. Substrate-level
phosphorylation is a direct and relatively rapid means of ATP
production during glycolysis. 8
 (4)Reversability
In glycolysis, several enzymes catalyze reactions that are considered either reversible
or irreversible. The classification is often based on the thermodynamics of the
reactions and the availability of alternative pathways. Here's a breakdown of some key
enzymes in glycolysis and their reversible or irreversible nature:

• Reversible Enzymes: • Irreversible Enzymes:

1. 1-Hexokinase (or 1. 1-Glucose-6-Phosphate
Glucokinase). Isomerase.
2. 2-Phosphofructokinase 2. 2-Phosphoglycerate
(PFK). Mutase.
3. 3-Pyruvate Kinase. 3. 3-Enolase. 9
Importance of glycolysis
i. Energy Production.

ii. Anaerobic Energy Production.

iii. Glucose Metabolism.

iv. Generation of Precursors.

v. Reduction of NAD⁺.

vi. Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels.

vii. Quick Energy Source.

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viii.Adaptation to Stress and Hypoxia.
Thank you
It was with you:
i. Alaa EL-Husen
ii. Alaa Adel
iii. Alaa Mohsen
iv. Alaa Fekry
v. Alaa Yasser

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