Which theoretical and conceptual frameworks are present?

1.Legitimacy Framework:
•The text engages with the concept of legitimacy in rebel governance. Legitimacy is discussed as
a multifaceted phenomenon that includes coercion, threat of violence, and other types of
legitimacy beyond force.
2.Governance Theory:
•The text delves into governance theory by examining how rebel governance goes beyond mere
service delivery. It emphasizes the importance of social norms, cultural values, and the
negotiation of these elements in the provision of public goods.
3.Conflict Resolution and Political Science Theories:
•The discussion on rebel governance and its interaction with civilians draws on theories from
political science, particularly those related to conflict resolution. The text explores how rebels
and civilians cooperate, highlighting the potential influence of historical context and public
goods demanded by the population.
4.Cultural Identity Framework:
•The text introduces a framework related to cultural identity, emphasizing how rebel movements
often claim a cultural connection with the local populace. This framework is used to explain how
rebels maintain a boundary between themselves and "outsiders."
5.Public Goods Theory:
•Public goods theory is implicit in the discussion of how rebel movements gain legitimacy by
providing public goods to the population. Security, justice, and other services are mentioned as
public goods that rebels may guarantee to some extent.
6.Parallelism Framework:
•The concept of parallelism between state and non-state institutions introduces a framework for
understanding the coexistence of different governance modes. The sustainability of this
parallelism is presented as a question for future consideration.
7.Governance as a Public Good Framework:
•The text conceptualizes governance as a public good embedded in normative evaluations and
cultural meanings. It challenges a reductionist understanding of governance and emphasizes that
norms are shaped through the interactions of different actors.
8.Order and Disorder Framework:
•A framework related to the sociological perspective on order is discussed, emphasizing the
value of order provided through "good" governance. The text suggests that rebels may aim for
predictable governance, contrasting it with disorder as a political instrument.
These frameworks collectively contribute to the author's analysis of rebel governance and civil
order in Northern Côte d'Ivoire, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the complex
dynamics and factors influencing the modes of governance in the region.

In this text, the distinction between rebels and civilians is discussed with a recognition that this
boundary is not always clear-cut. Here are key points related to who is considered a rebel and
who is considered a civilian:
1.Blurred Distinction:
•The text acknowledges that the distinction between rebels and civilians is blurred, similar to the
older distinction between state and non-state actors. This blurring is linked to institutional
uncertainty in interactions between rebels and civilians.
2.Situational Roles:
•The distinction between military and civil roles is described as depending on the specific
situation. Whether a person acts as a representative of the insurgents or pursues personal interests
within a social network influences the classification as a rebel or civilian.
3.Chaotic vs. Reconfigured Social Order:
•While the social and political order under rebel domination may appear chaotic initially, the text
suggests that the first few years can be better described as a reconfiguration of the social order,
leading to a more stable structuration of the social world.
4.Trust in Personal Identities:
•During the early months of the insurgency, trust in role ascriptions based on institutional
affiliations diminished, and trust in personal identities became stronger. Trust was framed by the
specific situations in which individuals interacted.
5.Rebel Soldiers and Institutional Affiliations:
•Rebel soldiers initially demonstrated their affiliation with the movement through conspicuous
displays of weapons and uniforms. The text notes that new role ascriptions through institutional
affiliations emerged as the rebellion built up a more stable organization.
6.Cooperation and Interaction:
•The text emphasizes the importance of cooperation and interaction between rebels and civilians.
Agreements were made with other social actors, such as the traditional hunters' association
(dozoya), and the presence of UN peacekeeping forces influenced rebel activities and discourse
on governance and security.
7.Security Provision and Cooperation:
•The provision of security is highlighted as a significant aspect of rebel governance. The
cooperation between rebels and the dozo (traditional hunters) is discussed, with the dozo playing
a crucial role in providing security without directly requesting contributions from the population.
8.Rebel Legitimization and Cultural Belonging:
•Rebels sought to legitimize their activities by referencing cultural belonging, such as adherence
to "Senufo culture" and the "Muslim faith." The text suggests that rebels aimed to co-opt
influential Muslim traders and considered civilians as partners rather than subordinates.
9.Inner Frontiers and Complementarity:
•The concept of inner frontiers is introduced, indicating areas where rebels may not have a
monopoly of power. The complementarity between rebels and hunters is discussed, suggesting
that rebels saw the hunters as natural allies, leading to a close cooperation.
10.Shared Governance Practices:
•In Korhogo, the cooperation between rebels and hunters led to informal agreements that
regulated the distribution of authority within the city. The hunters' association took responsibility
for the inner parts of the city, and rebels focused on peri-urban areas and main roads.
11.Evolution of Governance Practices:
•The text highlights the evolution of governance practices over time, with initial ad hoc
interactions giving way to more formalized procedures. Meetings between the rebel command
and the local population, which were initially unpredictable, became more regulated over the
years.
In summary, the text portrays a nuanced and evolving relationship between rebels and civilians,
emphasizing the contextual and situational nature of roles and interactions in the context of rebel
governance.

The theoretical and conceptual frameworks in the last text revolve around the idea of
"segmentary governance" in the context of rebel-controlled areas in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Here
are the key elements of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks:

Segmentary Governance: This is the central concept, referring to a mode of governance

characterized by multiple actors performing similar governance functions in different sectors of
society or spaces. Despite not having a state monopoly on force, various actors collaborate in
providing governance services, and their interactions are held together by shared norms and
values.

Security Governance: The text describes how hunters, rooted in local culture, contribute to
maintaining public order. Their collaboration with rebels in matters of security forms part of the
segmentary governance framework. The theoretical understanding here is that security
governance doesn't solely rely on state structures but can involve multiple actors with shared
norms.

Tax and Fee Governance: The text details the establishment of a system for collecting taxes and
fees at checkpoints in rebel-controlled areas. The framework involves bureaucratic measures,
fixed rates, and the issuance of numbered receipt books. Over time, the system becomes less
predictable, leading to dissatisfaction and resistance. The concept of "dialogue direct" is applied
to negotiations at checkpoints, emphasizing formal procedures.

Dialogue Direct: This term serves as a metaphor for the interactions between rebels and civilians.
Originally associated with direct negotiations between the rebel movement and the Ivorian
government, it expands to represent any exchange between civilians and armed bodies. It
emphasizes formal procedures that guarantee equal rights to both sides, framing interactions as
dialogues.

Legitimacy and Norms: The theoretical underpinning suggests that despite the rebels not holding
a state monopoly on force, they need legitimacy to govern effectively. Legitimacy is derived
from interactions with the ordinary population and adherence to shared norms and values. The
rebels must take into account normative expectations and articulate their governance practices
within the broader societal context.

Complementarity and Networks: The theoretical framework implies that governance in rebel-
controlled areas involves complementarity among different actors. Despite being competitors
initially, a chronological analysis suggests a shift towards non-violent interactions aimed at
complementary solutions. The interactions form a network of segmentary governance, where
actors are interconnected through shared norms and values.

Critique of Western Conceptualizations: The text critiques the centrality of the state in Western
conceptualizations of governance, arguing that in the context described, no actor holds a
monopoly of force. The emphasis is on understanding governance as the provision of collective
goods and the regulation of access to them, where multiple actors participate in emerging
governance arrangements.

In summary, the theoretical and conceptual frameworks in the text provide a lens through which
to understand governance in rebel-controlled areas, emphasizing the collaborative efforts of
various actors, the importance of legitimacy and shared norms, and the dynamic nature of
interactions in providing governance services.