MARCUS TULIUS CICERO

Pro Cluentio is a speech by the Roman orator Cicero given in defense of a man named Aulus Cluentius
Habitus Minor.

VIRGIL

“The Aeneid” is the story of an exiled Trojan prince, who founds the first settlement in Italy after the
destruction of Troy by the Greeks in the 12th century BC. It is the story of the earliest days of Rome, a
national epic honoring Rome and prophesying the rise of the Roman Empire.

HOMER

-The Iliad is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is one of the oldest
extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. As with the Odyssey, the poem is
divided into 24 books and was written in dactylic hexameter.

SOPHOCLES

-The Odyssey is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is one of the oldest
extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences. As with the Iliad, the poem is divided
into 24 books. It follows the Greek hero Odysseus, king of Ithaca, and his journey home after the Trojan
War.

FRANCESCO PETRARCH

-Oedipus Rex, also known by its Greek title, Oedipus Tyrannus, or Oedipus the King, is an Athenian
tragedy by Sophocles that was first performed around 429 BC. Originally, to the ancient Greeks, the title
was simply Oedipus, as it is referred to by Aristotle in the Poetics.

CANZONIERE

-In Italian literature: Petrarch (1304–74) The Canzoniere—a collection of sonnets, songs, sestine, ballads,
and madrigals on which he worked indefatigably from 1330 until his death—gave these ideals poetic
expression.

GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO

-The Decameron, subtitled Prince Galehaut and sometimes nicknamed l’Umana commedia, is a
collection of short
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES

- Don Quixote is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. It was originally published in two parts,
in 1605 and 1615. Considered a founding work of Western literature, it is often labelled as the first
modern novel and one of the greatest works ever written.

LOPE DE VEGA

-cloak and sword drama, 17th-century Spanish plays of upper middle class manners and intrigue. The
name derives from the cloak and sword that were part of the typical street dress of students, soldiers,
and cavaliers, the favourite heroes.

GUSTAVE FLAUBERT

-Madame Bovary, originally published as Madame Bovary: Provincial Manners, is a novel by French
writer Gustave Flaubert, published in 1857. The eponymous character lives beyond her means in order
to escape the banalities and emptiness of provincial life.

GUY DE MAUPASSANT

–“The Necklace” is a short story by French writer Guy de Maupassant. It is known for its twist ending,
which was a hallmark of de Maupassant’s style. The story was first published on 17 February 1884 in the
French newspaper Le Gaulois.

LEO TOLSTOY

-War and Peace is a literary work by Russian author Leo Tolstoy. Set during the Napoleonic Wars, the
work mixes fictional narrative with chapters discussing history and philosophy. First published serially
beginning in 1865, the work was rewritten and published in its entirety in 1869.

-Anna Karenina is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published in book form in 1878.
Considered to be one of the greatest works of literature ever written, Tolstoy himself called it his first
true novel.

-God Sees the Truth, But Waits” is a short story by Russian author Leo Tolstoy first published in 1872. The
story, about a man sent to prison for a murder he did not commit, takes the form of a parable of
forgiveness.
 -The famed author Anton Chekhov wrote the short story ‘’The Bet’’ in 1889. The short story follows the
account of a banker who held a party, which resulted in a life-changing bet. After a discussion on the
death penalty and life in jail, the banker bets that the lawyer couldn’t stay in solitary confinement for 15
years

BEOWULF

-Beowulf is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182
alliterative lines. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English
literature.

GEOFFREY CHAUCER

-The Canterbury Tales brings together the clergy, the nobility, and the peasantry on a common
pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Becket. The group decides to tell stories on their way to lighten the mood
and enjoy the trip. These stories range from moral to vulgar based on who tells them.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

-William Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest
writer in the English language and the world’s pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England’s
national poet

-Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about the romance
between two Italian youths from feuding families. It was among Shakespeare’s most popular plays during
his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed.

ELIZABETH BARRET BROWNING

-The passage from ‘How Do I Love Thee’ by Elizabeth Barrett Browning explores the depth and breadth
of the speaker’s love, expressing it as beyond just emotion but interwoven into the fabric of her
existence.