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[ GRAMMAR
_ ARMENIAN AND ENGLISH

Pa PASCHAL AUCHER
AND

LORD BYRON

VENICE
PRINTED IN THE ARMENIAN MONASTERY OF ST. LAZARUS :

1873
 A

GRAMMAR
ARMENIAN AND ENGLISH

P, PASCHAL AUCHER
AND

“LORD BYROR

W- pave
qe aA
, 4
Ss) oN = Ee

VENICE

IN THE ARMENIAN MONASTERY OF ST. LAZARUS

PRINTED

1873
 GRAMMAR

ta
wriwae
on
Ty

Grammar teaches the art of speaking

and writing correctly.
Human discourse is formed of letters,
syllables and words.
Letters are the elements of a syllable.
A syllable is either one letter, or the
union of letters.
A word is one or more syllables, which
express some thing.
The union of words to explain our thoughts
completely is called discourse.
The harmony of words with the rules of
Grammar is called Syntax.
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PNIGVAA aNQOS ONY N ONLINTYd .

 _ EXAMPLE OF READING
THE LORD’S PRAYER

dep ep ope gga, amepp —eghgh

Hayr myer wor hyergins, soorp yeghitzi
ented Bite EhEugl wyppusyre [d-fets «ae

anoon ko; yegestzé arkayootune ko;

Lyboft hurp pa opmku gkphfia ke ygkph
yeghitzin gamk ko worbés hyergins yev_ hyerg-
pe: Gang dE 4ushuswyusgop anne LE

ri. Ezhatz myer hanabazort door mez

se7Z Ot = Ge [Faq Eg gsgen penguin lEp aguyeu

fyssor; yev togh myez ezbardis myer, worbés

Ec Ep Fngnedp fe ping orfess
[0arren)exy
eas
Tieasey |

yev myek toghoomk myerotz bardabanatz; yev

df: nusb fire quiz fk ipnpane (Fhet ed | afr lyEast

mi danir ezmyez i portzootune,

ayl pergia
quid fh sep bt - Oh Le & en 78

ezmyez i tcharén. Woke te ar-

: pujacltfet Ee gopre(F fet Ec furn.p guefnbutin

kayootune yev zorootune yev park havidyans.

as SLI =
 4)

as V owels

ay E, Cy, ps fs ay £9 Oe

Consonants

9 3» ey es [d-, Fy 7s [us & ; Ay Sr hs qs

x, ta bs, 23, £3. Se Q» my uy ys uly ie
fy fr 2) p-

SYLLABLE

A syllable is an articulate sound, as, a,

ay. tous, Na. pet, TOY, usury aghd. nud;
Worm. gmp, part. gunt ,karn. ebedp, temk.
gots OY. pug, unt. (Fhe, tiv, tant sham,
py looyce, Sum, dsar. fay, gal, Guy,
hire. denis, tzine, Xusn., Or. cheap MIE. gach,
shoon. sug, tchar. Jacp, tshoor or chiure.
enTae puget. y SOOrp. inf, der. pal; ram, gac,
tz00. ep-{d-, ute or ewt. pump, park.
A syllable may be also composed of six .
letters, as wbunkp , siamph. Jacpep, chiurph.
Two or three consonants are sometimes
formed before or after a vowel.
Double consonants at the end of a syllable
are pronounced short, as, wupp, darr, pur
qupp, caghack, —
When the word ends with double *%, in
the pronunciation an ¢ is inserted, as,
hiuuitin (fini) madnun, thats (bath)
tsiernun.
 9
So also when in the beginning of a word
the same consonant is doubled, as, 220c4
(g-oac4) sShushoog. 4hag (4ehng) gugots.
‘When the liquids +, 4, ¢, are at the end
of a syllable after another consonant, they
have equally in the pronunciation the letter
p» as, Sri hjls (ich i) moogun. TTT (cm
uney ) asdugh. pacuunyy (qncunep) tooscler.
But not when they precede the conscnant,
as, gacian, coond. aqua, aghd. hugs gark.
Likewise when the consonants are difle-
rent, as, (Aacqi?, tooght. uncpep, soorpkh.
Sage » hoghmk.
In the beginning of many words between
two consonants the letter » is understood in
the oblique cases instead of another vowel
of the nominative case, as, &acfa, tzoogun.
huss (4- fuss) izugan. ufigun »mashd. Ppinrusheuy
(dpruns) mushdaga.

FAMILIAR ABBREVIATIONS

mf albu. = (FE ov E [P-Kab..

yf ...§ eusgupiipis. [sz Ore [PE usd °
SG Yawn. fb fp of [Epa
uy Yuma ° Lif fal,
im wanna. a v7] Ohunacu e
CGD peqacd, ‘ui Tnygres
rp Ya ‘nitik Diftuak.
Ez Fussy. Up Unpus.
he inc@ Ee. Lg Uagus .
To ye i uy pts (a Tarnuis«
wy.
oS

4
ie has ay iSerha
fz |ichahalaling ; au OV if ujEu.

[Ff or fh [dpi ° ‘ap UnpIiLs «

(BE or E [abul. ad face
papitata yeas
up unpius ° “i units *

ugk unguitl, . TE nbn ou

“aye UTIL [Ife « aT nbn.
vey upYeny « L pul °
upey wpyeng « a 77 “fpf ¢

WORD

A word is an articulate sound expressive

of our ideas.
Words in the Armenian language consist
of eight parts of speech; Nouns, Pronouns,
Verbs, Participles, Prepositions, Adverbs,
Conjunctions, Interjections.
NOUN
A noun signifies some substance, or qua-
lity, as, dupe, man. Ephfp, earth. pys, light.
sppuyn[Ffid, kingdom. gagf, soul, spirit.
wb dh, Nerson. pincl[I-fpet nature. djunp, mind,
thought. geapp, good. ~k_k gh, handsome.
puqgp, sweet, dir-ds, great.
In nouns six peculiarities are to be consi-
dered: Gender, Form, Species or Kind,
Number, Case, Declension. .
 . il
GENDER
in the Armenian language the genders
are distinguished by their natural significa-
tions, as
MASCULINE

Ugeut, Adam. Wafuku, Moses. Meu

pu, Peter. Gpheop Gregory. Ufecsprep rests y
Vardan, ete.
duyp, father. Eqeuyp, brother, acunp,
son, amale-child. pbuuw,a husband, spouse.
wth, a father-in-law. pkaf, uncle, a mo-
ther’s brother. fupusuyp , gossip, Godfather.
ayp man, husband, Sumy, a man-servant.
(Pugucop OP supipusyys king. ‘Loess frsecspressyt y Sa-
trap, a peer. gary, a bull. Egu, an ox. pegs
a he-qoat. fusy,ram, a male sheep. qacepush ;
bullock, a young ox. kqdk par, a stag. wpur
ges, cock, ete.
UxEut , tribunal. gop, soldiers. GEoEpu_
gauche ,-cavalry, horse-troops, ete.
FEMININE

Geuy , Eve. Yeaunem , Sarah. Yupfal,

Mary. Gacjuts or Gacguiuph; » Susanna.
Ueupupnacsf , Rose, ele.
gut, grandmother. day, mother. pay»
sister. Sapo, spouse, bride. 4fu, woman:
wife. gacunp, daughter. a_i, girl, mad.
qnpuins, mother-in-law. ‘tine, son's wife,
daughter-in-law. vfkuacp, mother-in-law,
 12
husband’s mother, Gapunhiup ,gossip, God-
mother. potuy, ophfiu, (Fugmsh, queen,
princess. opfapy, young girl. tuudfru,
ugufufi, servant-maid. had, cow. Epful,
heifer, a young cow. cdiuph, ewe, female
sheep. diupfs, hen. Equ, hind, ete.
COMMON

Yapze » man. apple y quscusly ) child. LL baad

infant. dumutig an heir. [Aon%, grandson,
or grand-daughter. (Aagach, bird, uafed,
lion, or lioness. hapfe% ,a young beast. Surg,
chick, chicken. gue, bird, fowl. asfuup,
sheep. upPun., cattle. usjeucup , pigeon, dove.
ah, horse. get, dog, bitch. ¢feld-, charmer.
Huprupl, prophet, or prophetess, etc.

NEUTER

Vacs water. 7 ar. i earth. hissy

Hu, body. Ephfiup, heaven. pyu, light.
Sun, tree. ténp, hand. mnp, foot. sazgfs
soul, spirit. jung, mind. umG, house. as
[d-on, chair. hEutup, life. dias, death. gunk
pEpael[t fra, patience. utpfpuenc[d fret , m-
justice, ete.
The genders are distinguished also in
this manner: Uyp upzuypl-, prophet, a
male prophet. hf iupgaupl, prophetess, a
female prophet. uyp diupy, man, male. ft
CCL ae woman, Seaussh vant fre y lioness, [e-
 13
male lion, a she-lion. apac wun, male
pigeon, ug Pbh, nquy, girl, a female child, ete.
Some genders are indicated also by their
terminations, as
MASCULINE

BafsSuttlu , John. Sacpfuiin , J ulian.

Uffutiumpau , Athanasius. (PLagopau , Theo-
dore, ete.
FEMININE
Saf Suita ; Joan. Sar phuial 5 Julana.
U fd eftuuufiu , Athanasia. (oEagapes, Theo-
dora, ete.
Yapyash, Rose. prlacsh, a priestess
heathenish. purSuttuyncsf, a priestess. efiupr
guphacsh, a prophetess. Yuunncudacsf,
Goddess. uppuyneS|s ’ [Fugncsft ’ unprpacsf ;
queen, princess. dhuyncsf, a she-martyr.
Ueguuncsp an Abbess. Yuphacugacsp,
Deaconess, ete. |
Yapputuys, Vard's daughter. Yersuheus_
iuy2, Isaac's daughter, Yooupadfipacfun ,
Chosroes’ daughter. Np“ggacfun, Hormis-
tus’ daughter, etc.
FORM

The forms of the nouns are three: sim-

ple, as, eupy ,man: Accompanied by a par-
ticle before, as, «hufupy, inhuman: Com-
pee of entire words, as, Suppusste »human,
ind.
 i4 7
The different modes of producing com-
pound epithets and words, are the trea-
sure and ornament of the Armenian lan-
guage; a thousand varieties of compounded
words may be made in this tongue as may
be perceived in the Armenian grammar pu-
blished 1815. : |
SPECIES or KIND

There are two kinds of words: Primi-

tive, aS, pq, man: and Derivative or De-
rived having at the termination a particle,
AS, ebessgrey
5wosh y human.
The Derivatives are most abundant in
the Armenian language.
NUMBER

Numbers are two: Singular, as, ciupz,

man: and Plural, as, supzp or diupy fh,
men.
The plural of some nouns is formed in
a particular manner, as, 4/%, woman, fas
tuyp, women. dump, convent, durinpuyp,
fuibopkuyp ov dutskpuyp, convents. gp or
rhe book, gpputh , books. whitish; y child,
boy, futishnfs, children, boys.
The proper nouns are sometimes made
plural with the particle ¢«%, as, Ophgaps
Gregory, Dphgenplutip ’ Greg ores. hep Sestte_
tubeu, John, §0dSutitipul-utup, Johns.
 15

CASE

The cases in the Armenian language ac-

cording to the modern authors are ten in
number. |
4. Nominative, «ij, the man.
2. Genitive, stupyc, of the man.
3. Dative, diupyry or "fs diupy, to the man.
A, Accusative, gfupy, the man.
5. Ablative, ’ ups, from the man.
6. Narrative, gfiupycy , concerning the man.
7. Instrumental, fupqmf, by means of man.
8. Circumdative, geiupamd, about the man.
9. Commorative, ’'f seupe. or ’f hapa;
am the man.
10. Vocative, af supa, o man!
[tis to be remarked in this declension
that the second case is changed in the ter-
mination. The third in the termination, and
is then denominated the dative-declined-in
the-termination: and sometimes has before it
a letter or preposition, and is then called
the dative-with-the-preposition. The fourth
ease has before it the letter 4, which is
sometimes omitted or understood. The fifth
ease changes in the termination, and has
the letter or preposition ’; before it; or the
Jetter »when followed by a vowel. The sixth
ease likewise changes in the termination,
and has before it the tetter .. The seventh
ease changes in the termination. The eighth
ease also, and has before it the letter ..
 ™~

16
The ninth case has before it the letters ’,
or,;,and when changed in the termination
has always before it the same letter or pre-
position. The tenth case has before it the
interjection ~ or #4, but not always ex-
pressed.
According to the ancient authors the
cases are properly only six.
1. Nominative.
2. Genitive.
3. Dative.
. Accusative.
. Ablative.
Ot
Co
is. Instrumental.

And these will be followed in the present

grammar.

DECLENSION
Concerning the number of declensions
of the nouns the opinions of authors are ya-
rious: we will reckon ten dividing them into
two classes according to the grammar pu-
blished in 1815.
The first class contains six simple or re-
gular declensions, and the second four ma-
ed or irregular declensions: and they are
distinguished from the second and sixth
cases in this manner.
 7

REGULAR DECLENSIONS

SINGULAR PLURAL

Gen. = Instr. Gen. Instr.

1. f; fu. fg, bee-
yab fs alif_e uy eut.p OY op-

3 . af y nf. le | ) nip.

A ails; auth . wil unl p

De (| ae) SilLe me mys Nt Ppe

6. fp, Egeor Erg, Epep ov

Eq: Eye. E-ng ) E-ae. ®

IRREGULAR DECLENSIONS

SINGULAR PLURAL

Gen. Instr. Gen. Instr.

4. Lm) emf OY Fug 4 emp or
Fue. Euyg ’ Eucp or E-op °
2 fu; aus E-° wily y usihfe p «

Se ny, ese. OF auth . wig ’ asthe e

A. wy OF Fes jzuc. OT Fun.

FIRST DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1. U.gew,, the king.

2. Upeeyls of the king.
3. U.geeyts or SEELEY: FLL to the king.
A. *Upeey, the king.
 18
5. yU.gery&, from the king.
6. U.geuyfe » with or by the king.

PLURAL

1. U.geuye, the kings.

2. Upeuypz, of the kings. 3
De U.ceeyly OF ywppuyu, quppuyuy, to the
kings.
A. qU.peuyes the kings.
be JU.ceeyl7» from the kings.
6. U.geuyfce ) with or by the kings.
It may be seen by this example that the
letters «,#,5, form the plural; but are not
always signs of the plural in the termination
of a word, as, puarqup, city. paw, light. Sug,
bread : which in the plural form puasqupp, ci-
ties. payup, the lights. gap, the loaves.
The third and fifth cases carry before
them the letter ;, when the noun begins with
a vowel, and the letter ’t, when the noun
begins with a consonant.
The cases are generally formed either by |
the addition of a vowel to the nominative,
as, gun, word, geunp, of the word, gb,
river, ghuny, of the river. qg¢hun, coat,
gy teusint. ’ of the coat. Spqgem) Tiridates,
Spyuumuy, of Tiridates: or by placing in
the termination of a word the vowel of the
last syllable, as, pepe ft, forger, pauses,
of the forger: or by omitting a vowel of
the last syllable, as, asakuit , tribunal, aunk
uf}, of the tribunal: or by exchanging one
 >

19
vowel for another, as, upeupunky garden,
| syununfrgls, of the garden.
Some nouns have no singular, as, un.p,
~ glory. gupp, custom. génfup, hell. faenp,
idol. hump, life, Epkup, face. ugqoldp,
prayer, etc,
And others no plural, as, yayw, hope. ukp,
affection, love. pat, sleep. Ephbp, earth,
wus, WOOL, fru, the dark, etc.

SECOND DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1. Qapz, the order.

2. Quapzf, of the order.
3. Gupgh orf feapg, un upg, to the
order.
As qYupyy the order.
5. ’f GupzE, from the order.
6. Yeupyue, with or by the order.
PLURAL

1. Yupep, the orders.

2. upg, of the orders.
Oe Yaypgeug Or ‘fs fp, tO the orders.
Le gasp y the orders.
8. fp Yespperg, from the orders. )
6. Qapzuep OF fuupy-op ) with or by the
orders.
 20
THIRD DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1. eps the man.

2. Wepzry, of the man.
Oe Vupey or upp or fy he
TT to the
man.
Ae q“Qeupy, the man.
8. Wepzy, from the man.
6. YPupznd, with or by the man.
PLURAL

1. apzp, the men.

2. Yuwpyngs of the men.
Ds Wuapeng Or hs thisprpu y to the men.
Ay al TLD a the men.
De hs Yap, from the men.
6. Yuspyade, with or by the men.
FOURTH DECLENSION
SINGULAR
1. {fifi, the foundation.
2. {flu ,of the foundation.
3. Sfuluit or ‘fp Spit, to the foundation.
A. g2dfiti, the foundation.
5. fb Sfuliunl-, from the foundation.
6. Sfuliud, with or by the foundation.
PLURAL

1. L/iuxup, the foundations.

2. Sfuliving ,of the foundations.
 ae 21
8. Sfulitng or ’f Sfulicu, to the founda-
E tions.
AL gdfufinin ,the foundations.
| 5. 7s £fdesig, from the foundations.
6. fifip, with or by the foundations.
FIFTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1. Q.u%4, the treasure.

2. Quatadne, of the treasure.
3- Quan or’f guid, to the treasure.
A. quid, the treasure.
5. ’f Guu dk, from the treasure.
6. Quan, with or by the treasure.
PLURAL

1. Q.utdp, the treasures.

2. Qustdory, of the treasures.
3. Quiidneg or 'f guudu, to the treasures.
A. 7Qundu, the treasures.
5. ’f Quatdorg, from the treasures.
6. Quuidnep, with or by the treasures.
SIX TH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1. Ugefep, the fountain.

2. Ugekp, of the fountain.
3- Ugekp or yerqefep, to the fountain.
A, qMWaeler) the fountain.
 22
De JU qeeps or yegefepk from the foun- |
tain.
6. Ugekpe or wqek pe , with or by the foun-
tain.
PLURAL

1. Ugeépe or wqefepp, the fountains.

2. Ugekpy or wqekpurg, of the fountains.
3+ Ugeleg) eqeb pg Ol) pepe
efeps, to the fountains.
4A. aj. eb pe or quepepu y the fountains.
a JUaeF eg or pune pug » from the foun-
tains.
6 S U7e" pee or week putp y with or by the
fountains.
SEVENTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1. Séqt, the place.

2. SEqery, of the place.
3. Sk&qery Or mbyqen)or ’f inkgf, to the
lace.
4. gSknt, the place.
5.’ Skqey or’f wkqenfE, from the place.
6. S&qku, with or by the place.
PLURAL ta
Bey

1. SA qh, the places.

2. S&qkuw7, of the places.
3. Skqkuy orf uk-gfu, to the places.
A. qSkytv, the places.
 23
|3. 6 Séqkuy, from the places.
| 6. Skqgkucp or whkqgkop, with or by the
a places.
. EIGHTH DECLENSION
SINGULAR

| 1. Péat®, the burden.

} 2, REx fi, of the burden.
| 3. Rénft or’f eka, to the burden.
. gfFo%, the burden.
7h PEautl ,from the burden.
Oo,
me RAnunfe, with or by the burden.
PLURAL

4A. Pen fi, the burdens.

2. P&awiy, of the burdens.
|
iop~yl
os PE nuiig or h gbafin, to the burdens.
| A. gPFnfiew, the burdens.
| 5.’ P&nuity, from the burdens.
| 6. PEnunep, with or by the burdens.
NINTH DECLENSION
SINGULAR

| 1. Uf%, the woman or the wife.

| 2. Yin), of the woman.
3. Gin) or’ 4fu, to the woman.
| 4. gufz, the woman.
| 5.’ WinSE, from the woman.
6. Yinue OF Gustande , with or by the woman.

ae
bey
' vie
3isi | eS!
ib
7% 1é
 24
PLURAL

1. Yasinyp, the women or the wives.

2. Yutnung ,of the women.
3. Yuwiiing OY wn. Hutte, to the women.
Ae q Yettsyes y the women.
5. 7A Yuvtneng ,from the women.
6. Yutiunfep, with or by the women.
The following are declined in this manner. —
SINGULAR

1. Qfeqor zkor, the village.

2. 92, of the village.
3. 9.479or 'f gfe, to the village.
@ 4V-fe7> the village.
5. GFE, from the village.
6. Qpeqhe, with or by the village.
PLURAL

4. Yhere » the villages.

2. Qfegtg, of the villages.
3. Qfeghy or’f ghequ, to the villages.
A. qbfequ » the villages.
5. Ah Yfegby, from the villages.
fh: fheghup or 4 frcqop ’ with or by the
villages.
SINGULAR

4. $4), the Lord, the Master.

2. S$kumt, of the lord.
3- Shunk Or quik to the lord.
 . 25
gE A. qSEps the lord.
| 3.7 Skuntl- or’ SEnGt, from the lord.
6. SE pune » with or by the lord.

PLURAL

1. S&wpp, the Lords, the Masters.

2. S&upy or ink puitig y of the lords.
Oe SFupg ) wk pty OF gunkraupus ’ to the lords.
A. qg§Eupu, the lords.
8. Skupg Or’ unk pug yfrom the lords.
«6. Sk puntep, with or by the lords.
SINGULAR

1. Usep or op, the day.

2. Yeap, ofthe day. —
oe. Usecp or Jp OY opts to the day.
if A. aU Or goyr» the day.
68. Uerb or yors, from the day.
6. Yenepe, with or by the day.
PLURAL

1. Yeope, the days.

7 Ue-pq> of the days.
Ee oe Ueoepg OY pusencpu to the days.
p A. qUeorpu » the days.
5. sUe1p7» from the days.
«6. Yenepep, with or by the days.
SINGULAR

A. uy) the father.

| 2. Zunrp or Sop, of the father.
 26
o- Lup, Sor or 94, , to the father.
A. guy,the father. |
5. A Lucpk or’h Sop, from the father.
6. Lupe, with or by the father.
PLURAL

4 - upp, the fathers.

2 + Quipy OY Suspuiig of the fathers.
odeo Luspy y Suputly or 7S » to the fathers.
A.
. fbqdupu, the fathers.
upg Or’ Suspusirg , from the fathers.
6. Lupep, with or by the fathers.
TENTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1. Shzput, Tigranes.
2. Sfgputtuy, of Tigranes.
1. Sfyputtuy or ‘fh Sigput ; to Tigranes.
Ae qShzpun syTigranes. .
3+ hb Shy putiuy , from Tigranes.
6. Shzpuftiue, with or by Tigranes.
SINGULAR

1. 2h gful,, Helena.
a. LF yfub-uy ; of Helena.
3. Lb yfirl-wy Or wm LE glial, » to Helena.
A. ygdkntul, Helena.
5. A Le gfiuk-uy, trom Helena.
6. Lb qfulwe, with or by Helena.
 ae
"

‘cA
;&
bo

ADJECTIVE
f‘

h.
PZ. “ An adjective isa word added to a Sub-
stantive to express its quality.
Adjectives in the Armenian language ad-
mit besides the number or case the degrees
of comparison.
The Comparatives are formed in three
modes; 4. with the particle ¢-j+, as gupf)
good, guipkynyjis, better. sun bad, seypurgnjt
worse. gpugaed, much, many, erugeiugaju
more. 2. with the prepositions smh, bw, wmew
ios as, Hi-& , great, Hi & putty Sk- Ss hu, Urs

ck, Ji-S, greater. 3. with different cases of

the substantive, as, JF S% upp uph fy, great-
er than all prophets. dk-St 'f dupguplu,
greater amongst the prophets.
The Superlatives are also formed in three
manners: 4. with the particles #2% or #4,
ety, LS, trex or te put before them, as,
eesti Usersgecarpi ’ best. anti-D frhuuunnach wisest,
pi punhupacp, most clean. HES anfuybyacs y
most convenient, Famude-S, greatest, 2. by
adding to them some adverbs, as, Au dk Sas
a nyts or JE-S wy jt hu, greatest. Syt spur
[Fuspuug.ojh wih Leap fits Surly worst. unt
thf gigkgbh, most handsome. Eppge Eqv
Lif, most miserable. 3, by redoubling the
positives, as, dESud, greatest. seypussuye
or Suupl wre ey puis SUNT y worst.
 28

MIDDLE NOUNS
Those nouns are named middle or mixed,
which are neither Substantives nor Pro-
nouns, and are classed generally in English
among the Adjectives.
They are of five kinds: Numeral, Parti-
tive, General, Interrogative, and Relative.
THE NOUNS NUMERAL

The nouns numeral are of five kinds: Ab-

solute, Cardinal, Separative, Distributive,
and Replicative.
ABSOLUTE

WA or Mt, dae, Eq, one.

Geyer » two.
Gree, or Fn, Epp, three.
Ione Or sapu four.
J fing» five.
WAG, six.
G-[dt or Foldt , seven.
Nief2-, eight.
pia , nine.
Sut » ten.
| area ’ eleven.
Gehan, twelve.
Gpieuuuuin » thirteen.
QopE punts ’ fe
ourteen.
ding Eunuuait ’ fifteen.
UE ounmuusth ’ sixteen.
 29
ake aunt or bo (Sien aint » seventeen.
elt hued: OF acld-ocumut , elg
qghteen.
pit liunuuts or fitae nuts 9 nineteen.
— Pawn, twenty.
Pua L df, twenty one.
Geka ’ thir fy.
Gpbenet fe Ephac ; thirty two.
*Parmusuneds ; fe
or fy.
‘Pecans be a » forty three.
Sfrunch fifty.
Gfunch he.snpip ) fifty four.
Ucufd unc sixty.
Ge [Putian ’ seventy.
Qcldumt, eighty.
PuLuneth , ninety.
Pituaet hk Guu, ninety nine.
Luphep » hundred.
be4érlep, two hundred.
brkesepfep, three hundred.
Qopkpsuphep, four hundred.
ofity Seapfep, five hundred.
Yegsuphep six hundred.
— GelPtSaipfep, seven hundred.
NelFguphep, eight hundred.
bi Suphep, nine hundred.
Zugqup, thousand.
REep or efep, ten thousand.
CARDINAL

i}peasy lite or TE ETL 2 ’ newb pay ’ Deasfu_

hfitu , tuspinfr , first.
Sey? ) second,
 30
Geerse Or Epbp » third.
Senet or srpbyp Puma » fourth.

~§ fiug Epopy , fiftl JB

Wkgkpapy sixth.
Ge ulpope, seventh.
ek popz, eighth.
pial pape ’ ninth.
Suauti-papy ’ tenth.
‘Patil pope. ) twentieth.
Gp betk pap, thirtieth.
‘Panavtik pope ’ fortieth :
O pute pape ’ fiftieth.
Ueald utl pape y sixtieth.
be [datas E pape ) seventieth.
cfd ut b pnprey. ’ eightieth.
PLautE pope, ninetieth.
Lupe pkpopy ov Sapfepapy » hundredth.
Celeb pip » TWO hundredth.
duquipk pap , thousandth.
SEPARATIVE

pu, one, sole, only.

brebbut or Eph, two only, two.
Geet, three only, three.
Qnph uh or pumnk-ulh four only, four.
Linz ush, five only, five.
Suutlwh, ten only, ten.
eld utube, seventy only, seventy.
Lumpp pleut, hundred only, hundred.
 ol

DISTRIBUTIVE

| Grhapbuin or Ephapfin both 9 the two.

bpkebut or Epkpfii, the three.
Qupk pi utr or supkpfh , the KOur.
pe[F-uttkpkut or ke[d-uttkpfit, the seven.
Gp yaamuutikp rath or Ephonmuuatlphi , the
twelve.
Gphaputusfep, both, one and the other.
REPLICATIVE

Ephyanfh or fphfu, double, two.

Gebeueunfh )Fneupuunfl or Epkiphfiu »tr iple,
| treble, threefold.
Qapkpujsunfh ’ purnuuuiuph or sapiph fin ’

; fourfold.
Ligunyunfh, quintuple, fivefold.
GlFtuuaypinfrh ’ sevenfold.
Sustaspuuinfel ) tenfold.
“3 Leapifrepraseyeuinfsh,, hundredfold.
Lesqupennununfsh; , thousandfold.

THE NOUNS PARTITIVE

iti, op, fe, some, somebody, one, any,

whosoever.
hit ,fas, a, one, some, certain, single, any.
Whdbutng or fbpkpeg, of one, of the other.
Pepupufisfiep or uibgb freps) each, every, any.
— Wee or dheu, other, another.
Wyk py wayy silts y another.
| Ue Gai, wy,fuss another, different.
 32
U pew nifii, another.
pepuputisfrp op, every one.
Pepuputisfrp fos, every or any thing.
UE dh, every, any.
‘Pup pus or putifr dh, some, not many.
THE NOUNS GENERAL

Us iusyt oY ub, all, every, any.

YEE
ph ut or adkikpft, all, every one.
Bajo, all, whole, entire, total.
PapnpEpk uth or enopEefin, all, every one.
gunliufi ) Suntiul ’ Sulop in ; Glue ) ngdujts ,
all, whole, entire, total, complete.
UsFiuaju op, every one.
UsFiujh firs, every or any thing.
fie ag, whoever, whosoever.
fie us, whatsoever.
ls ne, none, not one, not any, nobody.
Qs fis or as dh fs, nothing, not any thing.
THE NOUNS INTERROGATIVE

(\° or ad, who? which person ?

ie» who? which ?
peas, what ? which?
‘Pruif?, how much ? how many?
ef aps a apy ap np, whoever ? who?
Ny fifi, ql'tus fis, whatever ? what?
(Vpuppe Wy glPusimpfrufs ‘ what ? which ?
(Vpewt ,Fpsanf, how much? how many?
 THE NOUNS RELATIVE

Uyumfup, vajifof, such, hke, same, si-

milar, as, so.
Dy ebobs pojunfuf, so, as, like, similar.
U._juyprufs tinjiyfiufry 50, as, as that, like
that.
U, juga ,unfupuin, so much, as many.
U, pusunfr, anjiusunf, so much, as many.
Uypeut» pnpupust y so many, sO much.
Ups, paused, 0 many, so much.
YU
jupwt ,bojupat ,so many, so much.
U, jisunps, hajusufp, so many, so much, so
much as.
All these middle nouns are declined under
one of the ten declensions of nouns substan-
tive, except 4 and ag, which are diffe-
rently declined in the singular, but similarly
in the plural number, as
SINGULAR

1. f\w,one, some. fi.pe, one, any person.

Be Qlepacilt , of one. Nepacps of any.
3. f\ledE#,to one. f\edep, to any.
AL. nfl, one. qihe» any.
3. Medel, from jeveee, from any.
one.
6. (julia, withor by Quid , with or by
one. any.
 34

PLURAL-

d° {elite , some.
+ f\viuing ,of some.
ss {hut or pbs buy ga ust , to some.

A. gf\diutiew »Some. ‘
5+ yfuiuing ,from some.
6. (\efep ,with or by sume.

PRONOUN

Pronouns stand in place of nouns and,

like them, have case, number, and particu-
larly the fect. second and third persons, as,
Eu, IT. gor, thou. tur, he.
Tn Armenian they have no genders.
There are four kinds of pronouns: Sub-
stantive or Personal, as, Au, I. gac, thou.
fig, he, himself: pep, own, himself. Defini-
tive, as, ww, this (person or thing). gus, that
(person or thing). ‘Ma, that, he, she, it. Pos- Can
os

sessive, as, ff or puayfi, my, mine. depor —

di pojfis ,Our, OU S. pry OF eylias thy, thine.
aEp or dk py fis, your, your's. bep or pep mye
fu,his, hers, its. fephutug, their, their's.
And Relative, as, op, who, unin that, what.
The three letters «, + »%, are called Arti-
cles-distinctive-of-the-persons; and joined
to the terminations of words and verbs, shew
their persons or order, and are used as pro-
nouns personal, possessive,and definitive, as,
upp, |who ama man, or my man, or this

4» ei¥
*_
ee
Cee
e
 an 35
MAN, ehiaprpes thou who arta man, or thy man,
_ orthat man, Lupa, he who is a man, or his
man or that man.

_DECLENSIONS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

1 8 Person.

SINGULAR

1. Ga, I.
2. h/; of me, mine or my.
3. pad, ghu, wa fu, to me.
Ae aire» me.
«8. baka, from me.
_ 6+ pial, with or by me.
PLURAL

1. Ee, we.
2. Wp, of us, our or our’s.
' ae UF,, gli-g , PTT] {me irq to US.
— Ang WE, us.
| 5.’4 Wha), fromus. °
)} 6. Wékep, or dog, with or by us.
2. Person.
is, SINGULAR

| 4 + Ohne 9 thou.

} 2. fa, of thee, thine or tie

Os “Rig, a9 71 pigs gply to thee.
| 4A. yo Ply , thee.
| 5.’f Pke, from thee.
6. PZ, with or by thee.
 36
PLURAL

1. ‘pocp ye or you.
2. Q&p, of you, your or your’s.
3 QFq, gakg TTL akg, to you.
Ae 4QEq , you.
5. Q£a9, from you.
6. QFEup or akop ; with or by you.

3. Person.
SINGULAR

1. pupa, he or himself.
2. papkwi, of him or his.
3+ pupkut, or an fuph, to him.
A. npnpn, him.
5. ybipkuk , from him.
6. Piphanle ’ with or by him.

PLURAL

1. ptpkuinp, they or themselves.

2. puphuing , of them, their or their’s.
a puphutng » OF cor fipluti » to them.
A. gpipkuftiw, them.
Ds Jip huing ’ from them.
6. pipFadep, with or by them.
haps alone signifies he, she, but accom-
panied by another pronoun signifies self, as,
Eu [ups ’ myself. y aie fungi ) thyself. Tus fupu ’

himself.

.
ea
 SINGULAR

oa.
as pep or fcpluit, his.
8. hep, fepkat or aa fep, to him, to
himself.
A.
5. yhep/E, from him, from himself.
6. pepl, fepkue or fepbande, with or by
a him or himself.
PLURAL

1.
10 hiepluing , their, their’s.
3. pephutig, to them or to themselves.
3. yhepiu‘ng, from them, from themselves.
6. pepkunfep , with or by them or themselves.
Declension of Definitive Pronouns Personal.
1. Person.
SINGULAR

4. Yur, this er):

2. Unpe, of this.
3+ Ueluw OF an. uus, tO this.
eA. yUes» this.
«8.7 Uda , from this.
6. Yadare ,with or by this.
 38
PLURAL
1. Uapw, these (persons).
2. Yagu, of these.
3- Yogu: OY an. unuus, to these.
Ae youu, these.
5.7 Yagul, , from these.
6. Yupuep or enpop, by or with these.
2. Person.
SINGULAR

1. Su, that (person).

Pye Ne ’ of that.
3. Qsslas OF gyur, to that.
Ae ed that.
5. 7A duel, from that.
6. a ’ by or with that.

PLURAL

4. Yapur, those (persons).

2. anges, of those.
3. Yoga: OF an. yen, LO those.
pee yf!pou ) those.
567A “poguitt , from those.
6. Yopurp, oY enpep, by or with those.
3. Person.
SINGULAR

1.‘, that (person) he, she.

2 ‘Lop . of that.
 39
de hu, OF gus, wn. Tus, to that.
Ae Hus, that.
5. ’f Udaiil ,from that.
6. Ladue ’ by or with that.

PLURAL

1. \Vapu, those.
2. Yngur, of those.
= ‘Lagus OF asre. Trius , gunuus » to those.
Ae qyauu » those.
5. 'b Uagaiul, » from those.
. G.. “‘Lapuinp or inpop ) by or with those.

Declensions ofDefinitive Pronouns Adjective.

1. Person.
SINGULAR

1. Uj» this (person or thing).

2. Uyer or azuopfh, of this.
Je Uys wyuufrly OY ssn easy, to this.
A. WU ye this.
5. QU, yuu ,from this.
6. U, yun or usyunefsh by or with this.

PLURAL

a Uy+e2 or uyunphl; ; these.

2. Uy or uyungfl; of these.
5 Uy-9 ’ uyunghl OL caus. wyunufl; » to these.
A. qe jeoubh » these.
i. JW. J¥y or puypugul, , from these.
6. U, Jnphep or wyunpfulep by or with these.
 40
2. Person.
SINGULAR

- Uyz> that (person or thing).

- Uyee or eppop bts of that.
Wye aygdpl OY aa aye, to that.
= -
6D
wr
1D aye? that.
8. WU yeete, from that.
b, Uyeee or sayy fh ’ by or with that.

PLURAL

1. Uyze or aypnpbh, those.

2. Uyzy or ayqagfhh of those. |
3 U7 wuyppaghh OF asm. wuyppoufly , to those.
A. AV. eouby , those.
ee JU 47 or yp eguiuk from those. ee
6. Vyereboe or ayegnphdpep, by or with
OSe.

3. Person.
SINGULAR

1. U7, that (person or thing).

2. Uji Or ayuopfh of that.
De U7 uspialpl OP aan suyls » to that.
LS AU.j% ’ that.
5. WU, jtuul , from that.
6. UL jure or wun fh ’ by or with that.
»
PLURAL

1. Uji or wyjinphh, those.

2. Uyty or eajtny fh, of those.
 hl

3. U,sug» wfunghh OY wa. ufuruph, yeufue,

to those.
A. qU, juouph or quijuu ; those.
5. JU or Jjuspugutl, , from those.
6. UY juaphep Or wjtnppdep by or with those.

Other Definitive Pronouns Adjective.

4. Person.
SINGULAR

4. Yu, this same (person or thing).

2. Yopft or uapnct, of this same.
Je Uefa or am. unjt y to this same.
A. qUaju, this same.
5. (6 Uaju or ’f uf) from this same.
6. Yadbt or undfde, by or with this same.
PLURAL

1. Yaojup or unpfz, these same.

es Uogfit ) ungacts or ungachg » of these same.
esi Usgftt Or wn. urnsfils y as4TL. unl » to these
same.
A. qQUaja, quaufiu, these same.
5.°A Yagachy, from these same.
6. Yodblap, enphlee, or unpacdip, by or
with these same.
 42
2. Person.
SINGULAR

1. \.ojt, that same (person or thing).

2. apft or gopach, of that same.
3. df OF we pot, to that same.
A. ont, that same.
5. (6 haji or 'f gif) from that same.
6. Qadfh or zadfde , by or with that same.
PLURAL

1. hoiep, or popft, those same.

ie ‘pagfit ) pagal or pengachy ’ of those same.
De “pag Or wr. gnufih y sf. peopl » to those
same.
Ae id Wy or qynufite ’ those same.
5. 'f Shagachg , from those same.

6. hafbdip, qophizp or eapudep, by or

with those same.

3. Person.

SINGULAR

1. Ui, that same (person or thing).

os ‘“Lopfu or Lopach ’ of that same.
3. Uupft or wa. inn, to that same.
A. gua, that same.
5. (6 Uyt or 'f Gap) from that same.
6. Gadi or iem|fdge, by or with that same.
 43
PLURAL
1. Uafip OF inpfi., those same.
2. Yaghte tenga OF tengneng , of those same.
se ‘Ug OY ss. haufits 9 iL. Dajte ; to those

same.
A. Plajiu ,OF gunufir ,those same.
5. fA ‘Uagachg, from those same.
6. Ladldep » tnphilpep or Lapncdep , by or
with those same.

The Definitive pronouns are accompanied

sometimes with the pronoun f/zp%, self, as,
ou [ups this self-same. pus ups, that self-
same or himself. tus ip. ,that self-same or
himself. wuyu fun, this same. Layls fugit
same, that same.
Or they are joined together, as, say uns,
this same. pays uy spre od hda that SAME,
the same limself-

Declensions of Pronouns Possessive.

The Possessive pronouns are formed of
personal and definitive pronouns; the second
ease of these forms the first case of the pos-
sessive.
4. Person.
SINGULAR

1. fe, my (mine).
Bs hry 5 of ny.
 Ah
3. paced, or wn ful; to my.
A. gh, my.
5 yhdd& or yfefy , from my-
6. fafa, by or with my.
PLURAL

a pubp, my.
2. pufag, of my.
3. hung , Hg 1L. fla to ny-
4. ghido, my.
D+ hulag, from my.
6. Julinfe, by or with my.
SINGULAR

1. 4p, our.
2. Ape, of our, our’s.
es Epa, to our.
A. gf Ep, our.
D- A WE p= or 'f dpe, from our.
6. [Pepa], by or with our.
PLURAL

a: Ufre, our.
2. pag, of our.
3. UE pry; to our.
A. g\PEpu, our.
3¢ A Epa, from our.
6. PE pudp, by or with our.

age
.
 2. Person.
SINGULAR

4. Pa, thy thine).

— 2. Puy, of thy.
5. “Paay or paced, to thy.
A. ofan, thy.
5. 7h Prachi, or fb pry, from thy.
6. “Pn, by or with thy.
PLURAL |

es “Pay ’ thy.
2 “Pog, of thy.
oe ‘Pog Or hs py to thy.
Ae yPpoyu, thy.
3. ’f Peag, from thy.
6. -Padp, by or with thy.
SINGULAR

1. QE pn» your.
2. QE pv, of your, your’s.
d+ QEpaced; to your.
A. qQEp, your.
3. 'f QE ple or 'f Skpy, from your.
6. Qk pad, by or with your.
PLURAL

1. QEnps your.
2. QE pay » of your.
3. QEnpng, to your.
4, HQE pu, your.
| Qi
 6
5. ' QE pag, from your.
6. Qkpm{e, by or with your.
3. Person.
SINGULAR

1. pep, his or her.

Sais hepy of his.

= i fepacd, to his.
A. gheps his.
De ybeplt or Jepy > from his.
6. hepads by or with his.

PLURAL

Bs bepe ’ his.
2. hepags of his.
3 hepags to his.
Ae ghepu his.
a ybeprg> from his.
6. Pepade, by or with his.

From the genitives of these are formed

other possessives with a particle #+ ; they have
the same signification, but are declined with
prepositions, and are these: fdijfpu, my,
mine. pryfir, thy, thine. d-paft, our. SE pry-
fu, your. fepryfu, his or her own.
The same possessives are formed also in
this manner: fluyfi, my, mine, dépuyfir,
our. 4h puyfu, your. pepayft, his. fpepkuta
guyfiu, their: and these are declined.

hey.
 A
Declensions of possessives derived from
the Definitives.
1. Person.
SINGULAR

1. Yopu, his or her.

2. Uopes 4d ip of his.
se Uapuyacd; to his.

“ie

6. Yopuyad, by or with his.

PLURAL

1. Urpeye » his or her.

2. UYapayg OP unpusyng » of his.
oe Usopeyy> OP unpuyng y to his.
A. qUapuye his.
Seb Uapuyng > from his.
6. Yapuyade, by or with his.
SINGULAR

i. Uagu , their.
2. Yagusyry of their.
3. Yaguyaced, to their.

§ sd

6. Yagesym y by or with their.

PLURAL -

4. Urgquyp ‘ their. j
2. Usguyy Or unguyng y of their.
 h&
Je Ueguyg OF unyasyng ; to their.
A. qUaguyu ’ their.
5. 'f Uagquysy » from therr.
6. Uaguyndp ; by or with their.

2. Person.

SINGULAR

1. ‘popay his or her.

Zi, ‘popuuypry y of his.

3 Spopuyncl, to his.

6. (popusyad by or with his.

PLURAL

A. Qnpuyp, his or her.

2. (popu OF pnpuyng ; of his.
os ‘popuyg y Enpusyng or 'b np » to his.
A. qf! popuye 4 his.
Dd. f {papuuyng ; from his.
6. ‘papuyade by or with his.

SINGULAR

1. ‘pages, their.
2 os ‘pagquyry 3 of their.

3. pagquyacd, to their.
A.
D.
6. Qraguym, by or with their.
 h9
PLURAL

1. Shaguiyp ; their.
Ze Spagusyy or poquyng of their.
os (paging or f Y es ed to their.
Ay qs paguiye y their.
De 6b (paguyng » fr om their.
6. Spaguynid.p ) by or with their.

3. Person.
SINGULAR

1. Yape, his or her.

Sas ‘Lapuyy of his.
ai ‘Uapuyacd, to his.
e@

D>
6. Yapuynd, by or with his.
PLURAL

1. Lepuyp, his or her.

ae ULI or hapuyng 3 of his.

. Lapa » Unpayng OV 'f unpuye

ytohis.
A. qyapuya ’ his. t
5. 'f Lapua » from his.
6. ‘Lopuynie ’ by or with his,

SINGULAR

1. Wagus , their.
2. ‘Laoguyry , of their.
oe ‘Laguyacd, to their.

De
6. yaguyn], by or with their.
 PLURAL -

1. ‘Unguyp» their.
2. ‘Lequyg or Lnguyng » of their.
oe “‘Loquyng or ft Unagaye , to their.
A. qyaguyuy their.
iy Yi ‘Laguyng ’ from their.
6. “Uaguym{e, by or with their.

Declension of the Pronoun Relative.

SINGULAR

4. fp or «, who, which, what, that.

2. filpay, whose, of which.
Ds QoL or “si. TT to whom, to which.
A. athe» whom.
8. yee or yapry from whom, from which.
6. f\ge7{, with or by whom or which.
PLURAL

4. f\ge,» who, which, what, that.

2~ flay, whose, of which.
oe Neo OF sun. npuy to which.
Ae g{\pu, which.
5- yer, from which.
6. f\pee, by or with which.

VERB
The verb signifies to be, to do, or to suf-
fer with tense, number and person. |
Five properties belong to the verb. Kind,
 51
Tense or Time, Number, Person and Con-
jugation.

KIND

There are four kinds of verbs: Substan-

tive, Active, Passive, and Neutral.
The first denotes existence, as, £:/; I am.
gel; I do exist. The second action, as, an_
—&ukd; I do, I make. The third sufferance, as,
wn Lful; | am done or made. The fourth the
action subsisting in itself, as, ap/uaununfd; I
labour. gut, I go.
There is also another kind called Com-
mon, which signifies the action as well as
the sufferance, as, qusnful; I judge, and I
am judged.
TENSE

There are three tenses of the verb: the

Present, as, gp&/5 I write. Past, as, gpk
gl» 1 wrote: and Future, as, gpkgfgs I shall
write.
The past is either Imperfect, as, gp£A, I
was writing, or Perfect, as, gpkgf, I wrote.
The ancient grammarians add two other
perfect tenses: the Preter-perfect, as, ¢ pb uy
Ew, I have written, and the Preter-plu-per-
fect, as, gpkuy Ef, I had written: but these
tenses do not necessarily belong to the Ar-
menian language.
 =
ee

I i,

NUMBER ~—

The verb has two numbers: Singular, as,

gpd; 1 write, and Plural, as, gpbup, we
write.
PERSON
The persons are three: First, as, gpk&d;
I write. Second, as, zp&u, thou writest. and
Third, as, gp&, he writes.
- CONJUGATION

The variation of a verb in it’s tenses,

numbers, and persons is called conjugation.
Conjugation is either Regular or Irregular.
Regular conjugation changes regularly in
the termination of the verb without any
omission.
The irregular conjugation wants some
tense or mood, and is called Defective; or
in some tense or mood deviates from the
rule, and is called Devious ; or wants the
first and second person, and is called Imper-
sonal.
MOODS OF THE VERB

The manner of signifying some action is

called the Mood. There are four in the re-
sular verbs: Indicative, Imperative, Sub-
junctive and Infinitive.
When the verb indicates some action, af-
firming it simply, it is called the indicative,
 53
as, gpk,I write. gpkgp, I wrote. gpkghy,
I shall write.
When it commands or prohibits, it is call-
ed imperative, as, gpkui, write thou or do
thou write. uf gpkp, do thou write not.
When it expresses a suspended action, or
dependent upon another verb to complete
the sense, it is called subjunctive, as, £/#4&
gpbgkd, if I write. |
When one action is denoted without tense,
number or person, the mood is called infi-
nitive, as, gpé,, to write. |
_ The indicative has three tenses, with per-
sons and numbers. The imperative has two
tenses: present, and future; it has two num-
bers, but in the singular has no first person,
because he who speaks does not command
himself. However in the plural there is a
first person, because other persons are ad-
dressed and commanded.
The subjunctive has the numbers, and
persons perfect: but in the tenses has only
the present, and the future, because the Ar-—
menian language has not properly the past
tense of subjunctive.
The infinitive has neither tense, number,
nor person: whence it is used as a noun,
and declined in the singular, and is then >
called the Gerund.
 Example.
SINGULAR

1. 4p,» to write.
2. Upkyy, of writing.
3+ Qpkyy orf gpk, to writing.
A. gVpk,, the writing.
3. /f Gpkpy, from writing.
6. 4.p£;m/, with or by writing, writing.
The Conjugations of the verbs are four,
and are distinguished by the last vowels of
their indicatives, which are, £, #, »=, f-
The indicative of the first conjugation
ends with the vowel t, as, 2up¢t45 I move ;
of the second with #, as, pacusiud, I wash ;
of the third with », as, g&q--; I pour
out; of the fourth with f£, as, acuuwtd; I
learn.
Every conjugation although different in
its moods, tenses, numbers and persons,
preserves the first syllable of it’s indicative,
excepting such verbs as are Devious.
Every person and tense of the verb end-
ing in « or, is plural. ¥ is the sign of the
first and second person, and * of the third;
provided only that + be not the article dis-
tinctive of the person, because it then would
be singular.
Every verb which terminates in J, is in
the first person; in «, is in the second per-
son; verbs ending in ¢ or y» are in the first
 D0
or second person; verbs ending in £y w=,
aw, or #4,in the third person; and those
terminating iny, are in the second and third
person.
In every conjugation the future of the in-
dicative is formed by adding the letter 5 to
the perfect, as, qupdtEgf: I moved, Quart f=
ghy, 1 shall move. pacamp, I washed, paca
ghz 1 shall wash. $&qb, I poured out, $b
alg, 1 shall pour out. neuw,, I learned, acc
uuyg, 1 shall learn.

PARTICIPLE

The participle is formed by adding to

the termination of the verb the particles »,
or o, (sign of the present), t~, (sign of the
past) ;-» or ,t (sign of the future).
As a verb it has tense, and as a noun;
cases and numbers.
Kxample.
PRESENT

Singular.
1. Q.pnq or gpoq, he who writes, or is
writing.
2. Gpoqf, of him who writes.
oe Ppogt OF as gpagt to him who writes.
A. gbpagq him who writes.
 50
5.’ Upag, from him who writes.
6. Q.paque, by or with him who writes.
Plural.
1. Vpn, those who write, or i: are
writing.
2+ Wpnquy, of those who write.
de Q-paquy OF wn gpaquy to those who
write.
4. 7 poqu » those who write.
5. 'f Qpaquy, from those who write.
6. OY dddleet Or gprqop, by or with those
who write.
PAS ft

Singular.
1. Qphu,, written or wrote.
2. Qpkypy, of written.
3 Dpepy Or cs. pple, to written.
As gYpluju, written.
567A Dpkypy, from written.
6. peed by or with written.

Plural.
1. p&p, written or wrote.
2. Qpkyag, of written.
Te D pF Or wn. pps to written.
A. gbpbaye written.
3b Qpkjeg, from written.
6. Qpkypud.e, by or with written.
 He Ue

The future ending iin 9, is declined only

with prepositions, as,
Singular.
E41.2k ie: to be written.
3. ’h DpE jag to that to be written.
A. gY-pkjag, to be written.
Plural.
_ 1. QpEyaqp, to be written.
3.7 Qp&pagu, to that to be written.
4A. 44 plage y to be W ritten.

The future terminated in :f, is declined

thus,
Singular.
1. pf, to be written.
2. Gpkjeo, of that to be written.
Je pepey OF am epee s to that to be
written.
As Tek to be written.
(5.7 Ypkyey, from that to be written.
6. QpbjFux, by or with that to be written.
Plural.
4A. pF be, to be written.
2. pbk, of that to be written.
Fay pk Fug or fb epi yf ’ to that to be
: written.
A 1beF be to be written.
 58
ES 'b Vpk Fug , from that to be written.
6. Qpkjkucp or gpkyrop, by or with that
to be written.

Specimen of the four conjugations of the

verbs regular with their moods, tenses,
numbers and persons.

INDICATIVE

Present.
Sing. Pers. Plur. Pers.
1. Gupd-bd- bok. bilp—Ep-Ehh
2. Lew wl wu . esl —uy p—uil
re Zé q-aed~neu—ne. 7k. fp—nyjp—nels

4. Ne ueitr—[l-fu—fr fulp—fip—fh-
Imperfect.
1. Gupt—bf-Shyp-bp- Eup—bhp-bfi-
2 e leeway f—uyfip-ayp €
aynp—uyfip—uy[ih >
3 e Zégq-acf—achp-ayp 2 ioe — nefp—nefin €

4 © {)eawl—Eh—Efp— Ep e
Eup-Ehp-bfh «
Perfect.
4 e GupF—Egh—-Egkp—kurg *
Egup—kghp-Eglit «
2 « Lecw—gh-gkp-poeug €
gep—ghp—glh-
3. 2byq-f-kp-Sky- usp—[p— ls €

4 e Cu Us Us fa ta ee ay puny p—uils e

Future.
1. Garp d—kghg—bugbu—Eugk. Eugnip—kufbp-kugkh °

ugnep—uSlp—ugkh «

onsp-fie- shee
onnethe- oh
oe Lb y-by—gku—gk e

4+ Neu-uyg-ghu-gl-

ai
Se
 39
IMPERATIVE

Present.
1. Gupte us¢ Afi supF pe Guptkgkp p af gupF Eps
Gap bugk 4 df gupdkugk- Guapdkugkt, fi suipSbugkh,

2. Loew ’ df ee . ucughp ; dpi pawwshusy p °

3 e ZFy, dh: S4qncpe Leykp 9 di sSfqnt.p-

Léygks dp Séygk- Leqykh, Jf Séngkhe

A. leufy ’ df newbie [| eseessrriep 4 i neuwmtfip °
fleugfs /d newyfs ° lewnfit » aif neugtihe

Future.
4. GupFtéuSlin or gp FE a. GupF Eugnep a guptEudlip ’
glu ’ qupt Eayk-. guptbugkh e
2- Locusaflie or poewugke ’ Lecesugiep ° porwusle ?
poemugl ° poemugkh e

3+ 2by 9p or Skqyku, Séqg_. Zkqyinp , SkqSlip » 5h.

& 4
taf e e@

Ae [leupfips or numb iti ’ fleugiep “ neuS ty OY mess

mes [i- upplip ’ aeuoft e

SUBJUNCTIVE

_ The present is formed like that of indicative.

Future.
1. Gupd—fgkd—pyku-fyk» bg bdp-bgkp—[gkh-
2 e Lecwt—uygkil—ayyku—aygk e any oybeabeae wpgb.p—uyght e

oe bq-ocgaed—aegneu—negnee neguedp—negnaep—naegucn °

Ae feuuit—fghl-[5fe-fgb- ———bglelp-bgbe-balh
INFINITIVE
4 ° Gupdt-E;-

2 ° Lecusts—usy »

3e Zbq-aey:
A. Neuae—fy or Ey
 60 | “2
PARTICIPLE

Present.
Gapdoq or Gapdbgoy- Ipeugey: Léqay: Neuutnny-
Past.
Gupthuys |peugkuy. Legkuy (\eukuy-

Future.
Guptkjog or Guptk ib. Lecutinyag or Leeuw -
Lemay or Lequl- Neutb yng or [\ecmtb jb:

CONJUGATION OF SUBSTANTIVE VERBS

Defective verb &S, I am.
INDICATIVE

Present.
G4 I am. 4a, thou art. £, heis. |
b£, we are. Ep, ye are. &£%, they are.
Imperfect.
Lé, | was. £47, thou wast. £7, he was.
bee» we were. Ehes ye were. Efu, they ,
were.
IMPERATIVE

bp» be thou or do thou be.

kip) or Epicp, be ye or do ye be.
 61
SUBJUNCTIVE

| bybsl; Ibe. Aku, thou be. pg&he be.

bgfule, we be. fg&£p,ye be. fgku, they be.
INFINITIVE

tp to be.

PARTICIPLE

Past.

~ “Gay, been or having been.

Future.
G7» which is to be, or about to be.
Comparing this verb with the verb zuap_
¢£,,to move, of the first conjugation, it is
clearly seen, that its conjugation is the Base
of the latter.

— Defective verb 4»-S, I am or I exist.

INDICATIVE

Present.
— Gand, I am. pris y thou art. a i he Is.
Q.adp, We are. gyp, ye are. got, they are.
Imperfect.
Tae thou wast. toe he was.
Gof, they were.
 SU BJUNCTIVE

Future.
Q-acgk, he be, it may be, it would be.
Q-ocgku, they be, they may be.
INFINITIVE

4-7,, to be, to exist.

PARTICIPLE

Present.
payng » being.
The deficiencies of this verb are supplied
by the means of the other substantive verbs.
The word 4+ 1s used sometimes as a sub-
stantive verb, as, slip Af uyp, I have no hus-
band, or I am without a husband, or I am
not married. acul-uy pelaue. sligs he has ne-
ver learned.

Substantive verb |p.t¢5, I am made or

done.
INDICATIVE

Present.
Gyetft, 1 am made. Ayqutufa, thou art
made. Agquif, he is made.
Gyuttfdp, we are made. Fautifp, ye are
made, Aquinfiu, they are made.
 =—S 7
me.

tn.
ree
(aed

* a -

:<*
63
Imperfect.
» Guth fp, 1 was made. Equitkfp, thou wast
made. EquiaL£y, he was made.
— Gquttkanp, we were made. Equitkfp, ye.
were made. /zuuLfu, they were made.
Perfect.
Ga& or Equy, I have been. Ag&p, thou
hast been. £7, he has been.
«Game, or Eqkup, we have been. Fqg&p, or
Enuyp, ye have been. &géu, they have
een.
Future.
LL I shall be. E-gbgfe, thou shalt be.
E-glhgf, he shall be.

IMPERATIVE

Present.
Wh Equity, be thou not. Enfyf: let him be.
Gabpice, be ye. ui Equinhp , be ye not.
Egpyfit, let them be.
SUBJUNCTIVE

The present is formed hike that of the In-

dicative.
Future.
BabglPor Equtufsful; 1 shall be made. Egf-
gf, thou shalt be made. &géy/, he shall
be made.
 i
6h | :

Gabgbep ov Equtufgfdp, we shall be made. —

Enbypp, ye shall be made. Fgfyfiu, they —
shall be made. .
INFINITIVE

bf,» to be, to be made, to be done.

PARTICIPLE

Past.
Gu, been, made, done, having been.
Future.
Gauttk pag or Equiul-;f, which is to be.

Substantive verb | _+t4 Lam, I am made.

1 or done.
INDICATIVE

Present.
Lfapy; Lam. jbifu, thou art. buf, he is.
Lfufup, we are. lupe , ye are. (fulin,
they are.
Imperfect.
LfEf, | was. pbukbp, thou wast. ube,
he was.
Lfubup, we were. bubhp, ye were. ful
fu ,they were.
 at
2

Sa :an
‘vet
yin
oem

a
a1
05

Future.

bob I shall be. thgfu, thou shalt be. ségf,

he shall be.
Lfgrce » we ball be. weabhe or (lSbe » ye shall
be. ;égA%, they shall be.
IMPERATIVE

Present.
7, be thou. Lt pfubps be thou not. (l96 >
let him be.
Lig» or Epacp, be ye. dft pfufep, be ye not.
jlgfim, let them be.
Future.
Lilie or fupPtig or pbgfia, be thou. pbgf
let him be.
Legace » let us be. Ste, or tupSlie » be ye.
jiglm ,\et them be.
SUBJUNCTIVE

Present is like that of the Indicative.

Future.
LFebob-S |seeor may be. ;fufpgf, thou be.
tbbpgf sb € be.
Lfufgfle , we be. tlufgfp, ye be. pupgf ;
they be.
“INFINITIVE

LftF,, to be.

3*
 PARTICIPLE-

Present.
|fing, being. |
Past.
[Euor pb&m,, been, having been.
Future.
|fukrg or pub, which is to be.

FIRST CONJUGATION

Active C pét,, To move.

INDICATIVE

Present.
GuptES, | move. 2zup¢ku, thou movest.
gupFtE, he moves.
GuptEdp, we move. gupéEp, ye move.
gupthi , they move.
Imperfect.
Gupt£fh, | moved or was moving. gap
SE fp, thou movedst or wast moving. zap-
¢E£n7, he moved or was moving.
Guptkup, we moved or were moving.
gupdtE hp, ye moved or were MOVIN. gasp
SE fin, they moved or were moving.
 67
Perfect.
Gupthyp, | moved, supckgkp, thou mo-
vedst. :up¢hwy,he moved.
Gupte gup, we moved. guptkahp, ye mov-
ed. upd E-gfit ‘ they moved.

As we have remarked above, the Preter-

perfect, and Preter-plu-perfect are net pro-
perly formed in the Armenian language, be-
cause when the necessity occurs, they are
accustomed to join the participle to the other
tenses of the verb substantive.
Future.
GuptEghg, 1 shall move. :up¢hugku, thou
shalt move. saypéLugl , he shall move.
GapdEuga.p, we shall move. gupcékulfp,
ye shall move. :uypékugkt%, they shall
move.
IMPERATIVE

Present.
Guptbu, move thou. fi guptEy, move
thou not. sapchugl, let him move.
GuptEglip, move ye. afi 2up¢£p, move ye
not. :upAEugkti, let them move.
The negative particle wf, not, is also
placed with the third person of the present,
and before all the persons of the future in
every conjugation.
 .

68
er
Future. .-
i
aB
ae
t
GaptEudlip or quip Eugku, move thou. emp >=

¢hugl, let him move.

Guptkhugicp, lel us move. zupdékuPlip,
move ye. gup¢hugl, let them move.
A,
We
SUBJUNCTIVE

The present is like that of the Indicative.

Future.
Guptfhgked, 1 move, I may, might, could,
should, would move. g:uap¢fgku, thou
move, etc. zupc¢fgk, he move, etc.
Gupdthgkdp, we move, etc. gupdhgkp, ye
move, etc. zap¢fgku, they move, etc.
The future of the indicative, of the impe-
rative, and of the subjunctive from their af-
finity are adopted by turns in all the four
conjugations.
INFINITIVE

GuptE,, to move.
e
ee
e
ee
eee

PARTICIPLE

Present.
GuyptagOF zuptkgeq, moving, who moves.
Past.
Gap tay or gupdtb-g Eur » having moved.
 69
Future.
Gurpt-Ejaq, which has to move.
All the verbs active and neuter-active,
which in the first person of the perfect end
In €5¢ or wt, are thus conjugated; and also
the verbs Transitive ending in »=gt.

Passive C péty To be moved.

The Passive of the first conjugation Is

formed by changing the ¢ in the last syllable
of the Active into 4; the 4f into 5); the ty
into «yy: besides a few other variations.
INDICATIVE

Present.
Gupt ft, | am moved. gup¢éfu, thou art
moved. zap¢f, he is moved.
Gupéfhdp,we are moved. gupdéfp, ye are
moved. gapéfiu, they are moved.

Imperfect.
Gapt£f, | was moved. gzuap¢ckfp, thou
wast moved. gus tin or guard fiery he was
moved.
GuptEup, we were moved. rupch hp, ye
were moved. gupc¢£ fa, they were moved.
 70
Perfect.
Guptiguy, | have been moved. gupdh
guy, thou hast been moved. guypctfqu,
he has been moved.
Guptigup, we have been moved. gupék_
guyp, ye have been moved. pgapctkguit ,
they have been moved.
Future.
Guyptkguyg , | shall be moved. quip Eughe
thou shalt be moved. guptEugh , he shall
be moved.
GuptEugap, we shall be moved. zupéf_
Sie» ye shall bo moved. gupcFugfi, they
shall be moved.

IMPERATIVE

Present.
Gupdtkuig OF gupékofip, be thou moved.
Afi supb fp, be thou not moved. gupébu_
gl, let him be moved.
Gupdt Egquyicp be ye moved. ffi gupcthp
be ye not moved. 2upékugfi, let them be
moved.
Future.
Gap t Eullip or gap FtASlips be thou moved.
gupt-Eugli , let him be moved.
GuptEugicp ; let us be moved. gupthilip
be ye moved. gupcébugft, let them be
moved.
 71
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present is like that of the Indicative.

Future.
Gupt figful, I shall be moved. gupdt fap
thou shalt be moved. guapd¢éf9f, he shall
be moved.
Guptfygfedp, we shall be moved. sanctf_
ghe» ye Shall be moved. p:ap¢fgftr, they
shall be moved.
| INFINITIVE
GupFt fy or quip FE, , to be moved.

PARTICIPLE

Past.
Guptiuy Or quiptEgh-uy moved, being
moved.

Future.
Gupt-E jag or guupt-E sf which is to be
moved.

In this manner many Neuter-passive and

Common verbs are conjugated.
 SECOND CONJUGATION

Active | -=«+«,, To wash.

INDICATIVE

Present.

Jocuri, [ wash. poem ; thou washest.

pocuttuy y he washeth.
Lecutiunp, We wash, pocmiuyp, ye wash.
pocuttuit ythey wash.
Imperfect.
]acutsuyf, YTwashed or was washing. paces
iuypp, thou washedst or wast washing.
pocuttiuyp yhe washed or was washing.
Jocufimyap ,We washed or were washing.
pocuttiuyfp, ye washed or were washing.
pocuiis ft, they washed or were washing. —
v
<a.

Perfect.
Lacesgf: , I washed. poeugEp thou washedst. 4
poem yhe washed.
Jocuguip , we washed. pocusgfip ye washed. _
pocun fin, they washed.
Future.
Jocwghg, 1 shall wash, pacuugke, thou a. r
wash. pncumgf;, he shall wash. |
Jocungaep, we shall wash. preumufip , ye —
shall wash, prcuugét, they shall wash.
 I Cok

IMPERATIVE

Present and Future.

Jocus ’ pocuudlip » Or poeuug lu ; wash thou. lf:
pocwiup wash thou not. pocuuge, let
him wash.
Laceuugiitp 5 let us wash. pocugE py OF sacs,
Slie, wash ye. pacumygk's ,let them wash.
SUBJUNCTIVE

Future.
Jocuftuyghd, | wash, may wash, might wash,
I could, should, would wash. jrcutiaygke ,
thou wash, etc. pacwiuygl, he wash, etc.
Locating Fup » we wash. pocuttayg&p ¥ “YC
wash, pacutaygkt ,they wash.
INFINITIVE

Jae wie, to Wash.

PARTICIPLE

Present.
Jocugng, washing, who washes.
Past.
[ecungkus, having washed.
Future.
]ocusinuyag »who has to wash.
Thus also are conjugated the verbs,
which in the first person of the Perfect ter-
minate in Huy
'
 7h

Passive | --«t,, To be washed.

INDICATIVE

Present.
Jocuifpd, 1 am washed. pacu‘asfu, thou art
washed. pacuifs, he is washed.
Locwtfdp, we are washed. jacwafp, ye are
washed. sacwi fi, they are washed.
Perfect.
ney, 1 have been washed. jacungup,
: shrehest been washed. poeurgue a ling
been washed.
Jocunup ,we have been washed. jacasgayp ,
ye have been washed. ;acusguts , they have
been washed.
Future.
numguyjg, 1 shall be washed. saceum fu,
i site shall be washed. fpr shall
be washed.
Jocunugnep » we shall be washed. pocusls ’
ye shall be washed. jerwugft, they shall
be washed.

IMPERATIVE

Present and Future.

Locus; pocurgfip or pocusuS (i , be thou w ashed.
gecuwyfi, let him be washed.
 Locaugncp ; let us be washed. preuullip a be
ye washed. sacumgfii, let them be washed.
SUBIJUNCTIVE
Jacatiayg
pl, | may be washed. pacuiuyghu ,
thou may est be washed. prcuttasygf he
may be washed. |
Locating frp » WE May be washed, pieuin a
ghe» ye may be washed. jacusiayg fit, they
may be washed.
INFINITIVE

[acai ,to be washed.

PARTICIPLE

Past.
Lecwykuy,, washed.
Future.
- |acutiuyf:, which is to be washed.
The Passives of the second pe ya
are not so harmonious to the ear, whence
they are sometimes formed by means of the
_verbs substantive, or the actives are adopted
with a passive sense.
 THIRD CONJUGATION

Active Sty, To pour out.

INDICATIVE

Present.
gk-qait, | pour out. g&qaeu, thou pourest
out, $&qa-, he pours out.
db gudp, we pour out. $&gqaep, ye pour
oul. $&qac%, they pour out.
Imperfect.
2kquf:, 1 poured out or was pouring out.
S£qocfp, thou pour’dst out or wast pou-
ring out. s&qy_,he poured out or was
pouring out.
2k-qacmp, we poured out or were pouring
oul. S£qacfp, ye poured out or were pour-
ing oul. $&qafu, they poured out or
were pouring out.
Perfect.
ky, 1 poured out. $k, thou pour’dst
oul. AS&qor $4, he poured out.
Lkqup, we poured out. s4qbe, ye poured
oul. $£_/u, they poured out.
Future.

2k-gby, 1 shall pour out. $&qgk«, thou shalt

pour out. $4q94, he shall pour out.

+_
=
——
es
 if
2kqge.p, we shall pour out. $&yPfAp, ye
shall pour out. $4 g4%, they shall pour
out.
IMPERATIVE

Present and Future

£kq, S&qSlip, Or S&qgku, do thou pour out.
ffi Sk qacps do thou not pour out. s&qg%,
let him pour out.
2Eqgicp, let us pour out. gkgkp, or kav
OT
Rk
5
aa
LETT
GT
Stig, do ye pour out. ft S&qacp, do ye not
pour out. ¢4q96%, let them pour out.
ca
we
ie
iy
it
%ry

SUBJUNCTIVE

Future.
fqoegacd; \ pour out, I may, might, could,
should, would pour out. $&qacgacu, thou
pour out, etc. g&qacgnc, he pour out, etc.
2b qaegncdp, we pour out, etc. gkqacgnep,
ye pour out. $£qaega%, they pour out.
INFINITIVE

2&qn,, to pour out.

PARTICIPLE

Present.
SF qnq, pouring out.
Past.
| 2qkuy, having poured out.

Peo
to
sett
ete?
aypee
+ry
pias
"She . sgSg
o7nA
af 75
iots
etRts.
Je
a
SAS
Fa a
 78 .
Future.
Fung, who has to pour out.
In this manner also are conjugated the
verbs which in the first person of the
Perfect terminate in ») or twy.
Passive <t*t1, To be poured out.
INDICATIVE

Present.
eb quinfl, 1am poured out. $&quipu, thou
art poured out. $474, he is poured out. —
oF quitfip, we are poured out. $hquithp,
ye are poured out. ¢4quufu, they are
poured out.
Perfect.
2kquy, 1 have been poured out. ¢&qup,
thou hast been poured out. ¢Aque, he
has been poured out. ;
2£qup, we have been poured out. ¢&quyp,
ye have been poured out. $&quwi, they
have been poured out.
Future.
LE quyg, 1 shall be poured out. ¢&qgfu,
thou shalt be poured out. $4qg/, he shall
be poured out. ie
2k-ggup,we shall be poured out. Fhe,
ye shall be poured out. $&q9/%, they
shall be poured out.

2
aP C
eeO
ea
 79
IMPERATIVE
Ek qlip or SE qgfiv, be thou poured out. —
" $&ggf!, let him be poured out.
Eb quypricp or SE Slie, be ye poured out.
SEqgf'u, let them be poured out.
INFINITIVE

2E-quinp,, to be poured out.

PARTICIPLE

Past.
2k gkuy, poured out.
| | Future.
Shoiks which is to be poured out.
The deficiencies of the third conjugation
_ passive are supplied from it’s active.

FOURTH CONJUGATION

Common verb {}-««,, To learn.

INDICATIVE

Present.
(leat pl, I learn. ncuustefrs thou learnest.
acuwtf, he learns.
{\ewuifelp, we learn. acuuifp, ye learn.
ncuwipu ,they learn.
 80
Imperfect.
(lev, | learned or was learning. neuus
uke, thou learnedst or wast learning.
nuwtty, he learned or was learning.
(\euwtluwp, we learned or were learning.
nuuitthp, ye learned or were learning.
n_wwth fu, they learned or were learning.
Perfect.
flew, Lhave learned. sump, thou hast
learned. seuw-, he has learned.
fleump, we have learned. scuuyp, ye have
learned. ocuuwt, they have learned.
Future.
(Jeuusyy y | shall learn. ncugfie thou shalt
learn. acugf, he shall learn.
fJeugarp, we shall learn. ncuvlip; ye shall
learn. acoyfis, they shall learn.

IMPERATIVE

Present.
\eufie, learn thou. df acuuifpp, learn thou
not. acugf, let him learn.
(eu prricp ’ do ye learn. lf ncuuitifp ’ do ye
not learn. seugf%, let them learn.
Future.
(\eoPlip, OY mous pPlin, learn thou. acugfi,
let him learn.

$, «‘
t
we
>,
wa
ffP
Po
 ix
:Cai

a
fe
P
S1
oTag
quan:
ia
m ge
Nleugricp ’ let us learn. ncuSfip or acuuilp Srp
do ye learn. acugfz, let them learn.
SUBJUNCTIVE

The Present is like that of the Indicative.

Future.
f\leautfpgpd, I learn, may, might, could,-
should, would learn. acuwifpghe, thou
learn, etc. acuuufrgf, he learn, ete.
Qeuuifghdp, we learn. acumbpghp , ye learn.
acuuilpofits ’ they learn.

INFINITIVE

Q\euufy, OY acuutul-,, to learn.

PARTICIPLE

Present.
(\euuiay, learning, who learns.
Past.
leuk, having learned.
Future.
leuwhljag OY acuwhl;f, who has to learn.
Thus are also conjugated the common
verbs which in the first person of the Per-
fect terminate in 5).
They are at the same time active and
passive.
 82

Conjugations of the Irregular verbs.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.
Yathd, I make. auntky , thou makest. 71) oe
ak, he makes.
UuEdp , we make. untkp, ye make, wa
“ED, they make.
Perfect.
Upeupp, I have made. wpupkp thou hast
made. «aup,he has made.

INFINITIVE

U.xuE,, to make, to do.

PARTICIPLE

Present.
Ugeapngor wnSing, making, who makes.
Past.
Uyeupkuy, having made, making.
Future.
Useul jag, who has to make.

osSe

ee
‘ ee
a
 Bi
Bat:
Taos:
ue

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.
Urifl, I am made. wntfu, thou art made.
wnth, heis made.
Utf-e , we are made. wnifp, ye are made.
unfit, they are made.
Perfect.
— Upenpuy, T have been made. apesprup ,thou
hast been made. apupue, he has been
made.
Uyeupeup , we have been made. eapuspuyp , ye
have been made. wpupuis, they have
been made.
INFINITIVE

Uxif,, to be made.
PARTICIPLE

Past.
U,peupkuy, ( not wpupkghuy, ) made.
Future.
UeiE;f or wntkjny, which is to be made.
 &4
ACTIVE .

INDICATIVE

Present.
Vik, { put. gaéu, thou putst. 7u£, he puts.
\ukdp, we put. gabe, ye put. guka, they
put.
Perfect.
tz» Lhave put. gfe or y&p, thou hast.
put. &z, he has put.
Geup, we have pul. Fzfe, ye have put.
f-yfiu, they have put.
INFINITIVE

|uF,, to put, to place.

PARTICIPLE

Present.
hin, putting.
Past.
Gzbu, having put.
Future.
LE ;oq, who has to put.
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE

Present.
\Vaops, 1 am put. 7ufu, thou art put. zap,
he is put.
 85
‘hufelp, we are put. zifp, ye are put. uf,
they are put.
Perfect.
Geey, | have been put. 4gup, thou hast
been put. gee, he has been put.
Gzmp, we have been put. Eguyp, ye have
been put. £44, they have been put.
INFINITIVE

if,, to be put.
PARTICIPLE

Past.
Geb, (not gpkgtuy )put.
Future.
uk b or gukjag, which is to be put.
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE

Present.
Je-w; I hear. aku, thou hearest. jul, he
hears.
lekup, we hear. jukp, ye hear. juba, they
hear.
Perfect.
Locus, I heard. jocuy, thou heard. pecuse;
he heard.
 86
locus, we heard. (meu, » ye heard. pau .
they heard.
INFINITIVE

Ivé,, to hear.
PARTICIPLE

Present.
Jeoz, hearing, who hears.
Past.
[ecfuz, having heared, hearing.
Future.
le£,-g, who has to hear.

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.
lef; J am heard. jufu, thou art heard. pup;
he or it is heard.
lufdp, we are heard. jufp, ye are heard.
webu, they are heard.
Perfect.
Is formed by means of the Substantive
verb, as,
LocFuy , Eb y gorp OF pac Eyl, I have
been heard. jacku, Egk&p, thou hast been
heard. prtuy Eg, he has been heard.
Ane

“387
LocEuy eEtt acpOF pac E-quup ) we have
been heard. pacEuy Eqkp, ye have been
heard. prcbus, Eqgkt , they have been heard.
INFINITIVE

Yup, to be heard.
PARTICIPLE

Past.
Joc ku, heard.
Future.
ek ft, which is to be heard.
This verb is also regular.

ACTIVE
INDICATIVE

Present.
RtskS; I know. Must sEu y thou know-
esl. Nutt sE , he knows.
Awiuskdp, we know. Xuinskp, ye know.
AuinuséG, they know.
Perfect.
Quitikuy have known. Suifup, thou hast
known. Satkue, he has known.
Quik wp, We have known. SuwtEuyp y ye
have known. Suikwis, they have known.

Meer
 88
IMPERATIVE

Auwinusk,, to know.
PARTICIPLE

Present.
Autinusay, knowing, who knows.
Past.
Quiacg&uy, having known.
Future.
Auiauusk yng y who has to know.

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.
Qutiuss ful, I am known. Niusitus fu thou art
known. Aiwinusf, he is known.
Autuashdp, we are known. Awiushp, ye
are known. Xiuiuusf%, they are known.
Perfect.
Quttncgku, Eqgk,{ have been known. da
iuncgtuy &gk-p, thou hast been known.
Sutacgkuy Egh, he has been known.
Qutincgkuy -qup, we have been known.
Sutin ghuy Eqlp, ye have been known.
Sufincgkuy kgku, they have been known. '
“a
ee
ot
89
INFINITIVE

\ Auiausf,, to be known.
PARTICIPLE

Past.
QutinegEuy, known.
This verb is also regular.

NEUTER

INDICATIVE

Present.
WFquitskd; I sin. dé-quitsku, thou sinnest.
HE-uitssE he Sins.
UF quitsEudp , we sin. t-quitsE p, ye sin. de
qeitsl Dsy they sin.

Perfect.
WEquy, 1 have sinned. /&qup, thou hast
sinned. /E-que, he has sinned.
— Wg, we have sinned. d&quyp, ye have
sinned. d&-qui, they have sinned.
INFINITIVE

WA quitsk,, to sin.
PARTICIPLE

Present.
WF qasigoq, sinning, who sins.
 90
Past, *
WEqocgkuy, having sinned.
Future.
WE qutisE- jog , who has to sin.
This verb is also regular.

NEUTER

INDICATIVE

Present.
Buntbed, I rise. yuntlew ) thou risest. jus
ak, he rises.
Sunibdp, We Vise. yunthp, ye rise. yum
aku, they rise.
Perfect.
Gupluy,1 have been risen, I rose. jus
pup, thou hast been risen. yuphue, he
has been risen.
Saipk-up ; we have been risen. Jurplriusy ’
ye have been risen. juwphut, they have
been risen.
IMPERATIVE

Uf rise thou. df yuwntkp, rise thou not.

Upliz» rise ye. di yunikp ,rise ye not.
INFINITIVE

Sunil-,, to rise, to get up.

 91
PARTICIPLE

Past.
- Buipacghuy, risen, having been risen.
Future.
Zuntkjag ,who is to rise.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.
Sunf; I give. amu, thou givest. ww, he
- gives.
Sup, We give. wuyp, ye give. um, they
give.
Perfect.
Ganz, Ihave given. Euracp, thou hast given.
Eu, he has given.
Sacmp, we have given. Fumep, ye have
given. Eunn% ,they have given.
INFINITIVE

Say» to give.

PARTICIPLE

Present.
- $aenq, giving, who gives.
Past.
Socbus,, having given.
 92
Future.
Suo7, who has to give.

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.
Sac Fuy plaful, I am given. Te [fufu ’
thou art given. unk ,fuf, he is given.
Suckuy jfupdp, we are given, wackuy jb
up; ye are given. wnck-uy j[iufit y they
are given.
Perfect.
Sucay, I have been given. wacwz, thou hast
been given, «mew, he has been given.
Socup; we have been given. mncupps, Ye
have been given. umcu, they have been
given.
INFINITIVE

Suku, ;buk,, to be given.

PARTICIPLE

Past.
Sockuy, given.
Future.
Su, which is to be given.
 93
NEUTER

INDICATIVE

Present.
Quant; Lcome. gue, thou comest. guy, he
cometh.
Qudp, we come. guyp, ye come. gui,
- they come. |
Perfect.
G46,1 was come. Fhfp, thou wast come.
Elin, he was come.
G4yeup, we were come. F4fp, ye were come.
Efi, they were come.
INFINITIVE

4-7, to come.
PARTICIPLE

Past.
G4Fu, come, being come.
Future.
Q.uy27, who is to come.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.
ae
e

(Jemb, | eat. acunku, thou eatest. meme ,

he eats.
 Oh
\\emkdp, we eat. amp, ye eat. ambi,
they eat.
Perfect.
Epp or Epa, have eaten. fFphp, or GE. ¥
pep, thou hast eaten. £4ép, or ZEpuz, 4wy

he has eaten.
YEpeup, we have eaten. 4Epuyp, or LEphps
ye have eaten. 44 p/m or 4k puis, they
have eaten.
INFINITIVE

f\eunE,, to eat.
PARTICIPLE

Present.
Apo, eating, who eats.
Past.
Epku,, eating; having eaten.
Future.
(\eunk-yng ,who has to eat.

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.
f\eunbd; Tam eaten. acmfu, thou art eaten.
nur, he is eaten.
(\cunfelp, we are eaten. acanfp, ye are 2:
nenfir, they are eaten.
 95
‘Perfect.
Gk pkuy Eql,lhave been eaten. Zhphuy_
Et, thou hast been eaten, Zé ph, Fgh,
he has been eaten. :
GEpkuy, Equp, we have been eaten. 4E.
pkuy Eqkp, ye have been eaten, GEpha
L-7ku, they have been eaten.
INFINITIVE

(\enf,, to be eaten.
PARTICIPLE

Past.
Qipluy eaten.
Future.
leukpfor Ep, which is to be eaten.
ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.
(lik; 1 drink. pique, thou drinkest. pi
we, he drinks.
(\eliy E-fp » we drink. puke » ye drink. pore
mh, they drink.
Perfect.
—Urel> I drank. epe&p, thou drankest. ape.
or Supe, he drank.
Ure, we drank. wpefp, ye drank. up
ef, they drank.

Ta
Gtie , Pare
~<!
Ay
.-a
<
Ps,

St
 96
INFINITIVE

(iyk,, to drink.
PARTICIPLE

(‘liyoq, drinking, who drinks.

Past.
Clik, Or Uye&uz, drunk or drunken;
having drunk.
Future.
(iykyeg »who 1s to drink.
The passive is formed with a Substantive
verb.

COMMON

INDICATIVE

Present.

leafs I take. actfe, thou takest. acu,

he takes.
‘f\ecufp , we take. acufip » ye take. nacht ,
they take.
Perfect.
yuyu, I have taken. 4ayup, thou hast
taken. 4usun., he has taken.
tyupeup, we have taken. 4uyuyp, ye have
taken, 4a, they have taken.
 97
INFINITIVE
(\-uE,, to take, to have.
PARTICIPLE

Present.
f\cunz, taking, having, who has.
Past.
Yujfm,, taken, had; taking, having.
Future.
\eikf or achkjog, who has. to take or. to
have.

NEUTER

INDICATIVE

Present.

bplduntf, 1 go. Epfd-uu, thou goest. Fpltay,

- he goes.
Geld aude ; we 20, EFplduy » ye go. Ep[duit
they go.
Perfect.
Gapay, OF suguy, 1 went or Tam gone. sa_
up, thou wentest or art gone. sapue,
he went or is gone.
Qnpmp, we wenl, etc. sapuyp, ye went. ga
pun, they went or they are gone.
 I8
INFINITIVE

beldayp lo go.

PARTICIPLE

Present.
Geld-aq, going, who goes.
Past.
beld-Fuy, gone; going.
Future.
Geldayeg or Ep[d-uyft, who is to go.

VERBS IMPERSONAL

Those verbs are called Impersonal which |

are used only in the third person, as,
U.“1£, it begins to cloud.
Uva , it rains.
§o7f, it rains little.
db gkquunt, ,it comes pouring, it runs over.
Qfcbk,, it snows. |
Qe uy [dE ’ it shines.
Uucoml,, it begins to be day-light.
Uep4s, it blows very hard.
PaypuuulEe , it lightens.
Qurquek pl, it produces fruit.
Inns ,it bellows, it roars.
Quasg hurd ’ it howls.
Pius, it bellows, it roars.
 fy.
Doe

99
U, jzesiey »it clears up.
Ueucomuiuy , it dawns.
GeEfgyattay ,it darkens.
Q-/2b putty , it is become night.
Lacuna it brightens.
POesee casprecsiassy it Srows dusky.
2 puftuy ,it kindles.
[prunuy, it thunders.
3 Usp, itis reported, they say.
GA) it appears, it seems.
(nf, it seems.
qupSf, tis believed, it is thought.
ef, it is noised abroad.
| Luuuiil, or Suuuilfs » It happens, it falls out.
Tunis
SE , it happens.
Lufiy ff, it happens.
Nfunf, it must, it behoves.
Suc Or gucf, it pains.
Uzi E, it becomes, it is fit.
Updtult E, it is convenient, it becomes.
UasStiunp &, it is impossible.
Puupenp £, itis good, it is well.
Jufiun &, it is hard.
ull E, or huidp Eu, it is wished, it wills.
Luipl, E, it must, it is necessary.
Uupls- E, it may be.
Buipn E, it is clear.
Guin E, it is enough, it sufficies.
Quin E, it must.
uyk,&, it is fit, itis proper.
GQLiunp Em, it must, it is necessary.
Opkt & or ophup Eu, ’tis lawful, it allows.
 100
p/[3- &, it is eared for.
Cretan it is expedient.
h zy &, it is suitable, it is convenient, it |
becomes, it is fit.

PREPOSITION

A preposition is an indeclinable word or

particle which placed before a noun changes
either it’s case, or it’s signification.
The prepositions which change the cases
of nouns are called Formers of cases.
The prepositions which change the mean-
ing of nouns by governing their cases, are
called Rulers of cases.
Prepositions '},),’s yand «= ’f form the
Dative and the Ablative.
<}>'ty are placed before the vowels.
l= forms the Dative. :
) forms the Dative. Before a consonant
it ispronounced se» AS, spxbye
O- forms the Accusative. Before a con-
sonant it was formerly pronounced y¢> but
at present it is pronounced py.
[‘+ forms the Dative and the Ablative.
According to the modern usage the Prepo-
sitions forming the cases95 5 and + are writ-
ten prefixed and joined to nouns, and the
olhers detached from them.
 i01

:ToD
i)
A COLLECTION OF PREPOSITIONS

Uz, an.'f,to, unto, towards, at: by, near,

nigh: for, for the sake, on account: on,
upon: under: agamtst: amongst. govern
the dative, the genitive, and the instru-
mentai cases.
(az, with: by: instead: for: under: between:
to, unto, towards: on, upon: amongst. go-
Te
ON
TESS
eee
RR
hae
oe
Saeatai
eee
eh
Sy
hy
eleele eS
Ee
fo

verns the genitive, the dative, the abla-

tive, and sometimes the instrumental.
(aa, according: for: out: without: after. go-
verns the genitive, the dative, and the
ablative.
Ok py or qipl2-, as, like. governs the accu-
sative.
ber 5 bept or beper » US, like, about. sovern
generally the accusative.
(Puppy or (Puig, without, out, unless. go-
verns the genitive.
Yeu, for, in order to, concerning. governs
the genitive.
‘Put, than, much. governs the accusative.
Gals see ("typ :
Uhusor dfinsh., till, untill, to, unto. governs
the dative with a preposition. :
dutig ips, with, by. governs the mstru-
mental.
G-Ep, over, above, upon, more, before, past.
governs generally the accusative, and
sometimes the dative. |
6*
 102 3
ML£., as, like, governs the genitive and the
dative.
Q-actul, as, like. governs the genitive and
the dative.
44, towards. governs the dative.
Ua or Gagitt, towards. govern the dative-
with-preposition.
Qunp, till, untill, unto. governs the instru--
mental.
GrepPs garpPuttuhf, about, around. govern
the circumdative.
Upgvupe, Lup Up Ty y out. sovern the geni-
tive or the accusative with ¢«.
pafuuts, pnfoustinuh, instead, mbehalf. govern
the genitive.
‘Ulpey or ’b tkppy, under. govern the ge-
nitive. ,
'h {Epuy, on, upon. governs the genitive.
bh dep, depy or’ dépy, over, above, go-
vern the dative, or the accusative with
hues
’h SEY or ’f dpPk, in, into, in the middle,
within, between, amongst. govern the ge-
nitive.
'p ApSy, from the middle. governs the ge-
nitive.
’p 2hn%, by. governs the genitive.
9opkin, as, like, governs the genitive.
9Skin, Skinf, ghup, after, behind. govern
the genitive.
ugg OY aspuspuse y for, for the sake, be-
cause of. govern the genitive.
 103
Pp quanXunew OY apumXunsue, for, for the
sake, because, of. govern the genitive.
'P Sunfup, on account, for. governs the ge-
nitive.
Uashs or’ umhe, because of, for, on ac-
count. govern the genitive.
fh wkunw, for. governs the genitive.
Bude or pig uP, on the right side. go-
_ vern the genitive.
h Sos fsIE or eure Susfull jusEe or eUE
uSELE, on the left side. govern the ge-
mitive.
— Pesg or euyg, out, without, besides, except.
__. govern the ablative.
9unn, aside. governs the ablative.
2-af, far, far off: governs the ablative.
Q-aqun, secretly. governs the ablative.
Nepayt, apart, aside. governs the ablative.
*Piuic ,God forbid. governs the ablative.
doy, dips, don, near, nigh, by. govern
the dative.
fz, conjoint, connected, with. governs the
dative.
Onyz., joint, with. governs the dative.
‘fis, like. governs the dative.
— Luhunml, against. governs the dative.
— pofuuplt, instead of: governs the dative.
Usutty, without, out, besides, unless. go-
-_verns the genitive.
— Ue Pfr,in front, before. governs the genilive.
— Sammy, before, from before. governs the
genitive.
 eit *
Ghani.
* \-2

LO4
(iy unw), against. governs the genitive.
(2[Fkp Or uapu[dEp, near, nigh, by. go-
vern the genitive and the dative.
(apy kdt, acgainst. governs the genitive and
the dative.
ie puygess pot putag flit A
in front, against, opposite. govern the ge-
nitive and the dative.
Surny [ulin , before, in front. governs the ge-
nitive and the dative.
Use yutig flats OY yuyun yutuy flair , before,
in front, evidently, publicly. govern the
genitive and the dative.
WE4acop, apart, aside. governs the ablative.
Suyulou, on this side. governs the genitive.
Buyy faye Or yjusuhozs, on that side, “beyond,
behind. govern the genitive.
Sunm) Low, forwards. governs the geni-
tive.
Shin hoyw, back, backward, behind. governs
the genitive.
bh fEp fen, onward. governs the genitive.
h duyp fee, downward, downwards. go-
verns the genitive.
buy fépy ov gkp'f fepys above, higher,
over than, govern the dative and the abla-
tive.
Newbee, as, like. governs generally the ae-
cusative.
beep putty 'p fepy putt, eke 6 lepy puis
above, higher, over than, govern the aceu-
salive.
=
ae
° 105
Ueuwrk, pun, over, above, more than. go-
verns the accusative.
Uigp put, beyond, further. governs the ac-
cusative.
Gun) put or Yes fer pun s befor e, first than.
govern the accusative.
Upaup ny puts OF ao haba! ad pits , out than.
govern the accusative.
Bhiuny puis, after than. governs the accu-
sative.
Some prepositions are rarely placed after
_ the nouns.

ADVERB

An Adverb denotes the circumstances of a

verb, or of an action.

A COLLECTION OF ADVERBS

Wyss uydibin wages qnprybus now, al

present, actually, neti? recently.
Wyk, already, hence, from this time.
—6dW eon or & eE-phy Esta f akeplylusts cult Fy
to-day, in this day.
eng fe, to-morrow.
beEs or yEpiqu, yesterday.
Gouin or freuigh, the day before yes-
terday.
Ping. Ep&h«, in the evening, towards the
evening.
 106
Shekels ebokouse ov yebokpugu, by night, —
in the night, in the night time.
Ollie ee at noon-day.
Lug pad, early, betimes.
Uyeoch or aygocg, in the morning,
Qua a_plifn, tfesqac hu, fsusgacg y alreardy.
SayudSbunl, or aypuneS Fools , henceforth ,
henceforward, hereafter.
Bopdk Skunk, since.
BE unry ghuf , CLILAYELE after, afterwards.
breil or dip[2-, sometimes, now and then,
from time to time.
bep, Ene, ppt, fits when, while,
whilst.
Who, ying pups and, LT quik >=
pukd-, yurlin, always, ever, conti-
nually, every moment, evermore, for ever,
eternally. ?
Fn, ein. fru, unashesn fi, yet, still.
Uhisgka, uju us, when, while, whilst, as
long as.
Whit, till, untill.
OL, sh hu, dfingsk, not, not yet, not
as yel.
Sujudunl, then.
Sujudunt, till then.
UeFuniayt, tafuduntuzy, tnjus Eun, forth-
wilh, very soon, in a moment, immediate-
ly, incontinently.
Quiles, pth aeons, sequlups , sud-
denly, on a sudden, all of a sudden,
unawares, In an unexpected manner.

mt
, fa
ma el «is
7.
 107
; Dinas, E pug any bu frryl[d ; soon, aS SOOn
as, quickly, speedily, readily.
© Abaya], guruyue ,hastily, in haste.
. Suey ) Sacuyplg sac ) presently, shortly -
by and by, forthwith.
3 Lunghe, Sumpe fils, scarce, scarcely.
haha, pul khfof immediately, incontinent-
ly, forthwith, instantly.
Yuga, wing acplii, late, unseason-
ably.
Neg acph iti, scarcely, rarely.
Sasha 5 anes h se artes bpesse. 9 L457 ease ty
asst esesstpesae ?

by little and little, by degrees.

Yuu or euuennilosi ’ her G.
Ueula ,hence; here; in this world.
Usanf, muuineum y hence, from hence.
U.yer» here.
:Uyeebt, here, hitherward; by this way.
U.ynf, thence, from thence.
U.ze >wyputop, there.
Uzz» wien pty wily ausbor or wiluneilogi there.
Ua7ku, thence, there: forthwith.
Vian ,ufipneow, thence, therefrom.
q UZgumuft, thence, from, since.
Buju Anzu, on this side.
| Busyjthojs, on that side.
Uwe, h arp y oul, abroad.
p tb pps, tkppy within, inwardly.
art hs eug) ‘hs gugkusy far, afar, far
off
Er h Guugu & Sf awn, , ir Om afar ’
from a great distance.
 108
You, ’f domy, near, nearly, at hand,
closely.
Yurnpl , f uunaple ; ‘fh: funy ps below, under,
hereunder, beneath.
b dep, ’b fép utigp, up, upon, above,
hereupon.
h {E poco, from above.
flep> acpuilos y where.
{ley acplep , where.
f(\leumkp ,from some place.
UY/Etuyjt ocumkp ,from every places.
usm uSry 5 yum) hack, from before.
Finny, after, back, backward, behind.
BE iunncun, peu foeuk, ‘fs [(Ffhustig ; from
behind.
Bu » op hiyus pur op where, which
way.
Ue» somewhere else, elsewhere, in
another place.
Uyeceum, from elsewhere, from. another
place.
UW fwtg ant, ni. uit unt lh win ub Lacug »
once, at one time.
Gehlby» twice.
Gebge) thrice.
Qapfgu , four times over.
Liyfgu, five times over.
WEgfgu, six umes over.
‘Uw; tus fu wari Dfits , quan frit , first, at
first, the first time, in the first place, at
the beginning, before.
Geyer, minus , secondly, after, then.
 109
Uf— dew, one — anoiher, first
— in the se-
cond place.
P
‘PR wtefgu, putifge asta ently hore often, how
. much time, how many times.

yuguulf, oft, often, mostly, many or se-

4
veral limes, frequently.
We gow dhoQ£, one after another, orderly.
WA ea gdp, one more than another. ~
Pofuuiubjse, sfpofenfu, by turns, recipro-
cally, interchangeably, mutually. |
afin qgSbunk, successively, one after an-
other. |
biphhy, Gplfuuabf, doubly, twice.
espa lus y fE-prsunfits y alfreesesitere cssel wile pes y
again, moreover, once more.
"hb fep96 ov ‘fh dEpia, last, lastly, at last.
Geo ls GPs SEP) unpl, pigbps bp»
funia , seus Ep, pip unke, by cel;
anfrus, Why? wherefore? for why? for
what reason?
— Offas ,what? which?
Sfuipg, feps cpyba, how? in what man-
ner? why?
Ais rs eaupusphy ts»is it not?
‘Pui fot, how much?
b., Fe bebe» by which? how?
UP, Hel —EZE, or — either?
(\’cou, from whence?
bre 4 papduad, when?
: U, J® yes.

a Heroes uiligentt j aE fruhpesiyl i“;

i

peat
fi
Le
ee=
 110 .
wihynzun, truly, verily, certainly, surely,
indeed, in truth, assuredly, infallibly, un-
doubtedly justly, really.
Yupfi pad, very well.
Usp bu ’ wypiE-op ; truly, verily.
Q.pHBb, gig, goggku, almost, nearly, as
it were, pretty near.
0Q'% & ch, so, thus.
Q.acgE , garg [PE, gnc EngEp, [PE pho,
eapel-op y fyb [JE , La aft, perhaps, lest,
it may be.
UfZs, lj: uspelrop ; may it be.
G , as, no, not.
Ge «s, nor, neither.
(js 44, no more.
N's ctu, wdkohfin is never, by no means.
fis fos, nothing.
Uys £4, no more.
WE df cua, lft Epelps ft phghs lft bebe»
no, not, never, by no means.
0% wip, forbear.
‘Puic , God forbid, forbear.
Ufpujt » EF. E[d-, 74» unul , only, but.
Whufinul, ,dpi pin djusju, singly, solely.
WA» dh, one by one.
U E-hoacuf: ’ nepal ’ wend huts ’ wud tush fr’
apart, aside, asunder, separately, singly,
particularly.
U.sz/, behold, lo, see, there.
U.senuuph or usesuufrl; behold, here.
Usucunhh or wen bl ’ behold, there.
Usucuifh or weutnfh, there behold.
 141i
Yul» ehisitrere utter, Wau afetteese wily y eile als j
ee ’ users nfs , wrt rather,
more, than, nay, chiefly.
pasta, by my-self.
“p-Egku, by thy-self.
_ We gku, by our-selves.
QEgki, by your-selves.
U.y¢%, from since, from this time.
pupnfi, by himself.
Qjlvodtu, almost, quite, totally.
Pazapaid fits or enpopad{ily , wholly , totally,
entirely. :
Gunfue Or hurtafti, voluntarily, willingly.
bre£e, ever, at any time.
N-pEe, in some ‘place.
feu, whence, from whence.
Gupf, too, much, most, too much.
pepadt, by himself.
Qpf, freely, for nothing, gratis.
etgtashf, violently, vehemently.
Yogifinuhf ,side-ways, obliquely.
fleqquhf, directly, perpendicularly, in a
straight line.
Qéiaunlpugf , with or by hand.
2 ‘Lough with a sign.
V.ge9gf, by or with kicking.
Luykpli or Suykgf, in Armenian.
bepey eg pha ’ ingHebrew.
2phupka, in the Jewish language.
Sactupli ’ in Greek.
fie ution ) alive,
Ugg: , nationally, with whole family.
 112
UdLub fi, wholly, totally.
pepo or Skéynkur, easily, readily, with-
out trouble, at leisure.
{ius , totally, almost, ever.
Jvumf , severely, cruelly, rudely, hardly.
Yettifuue y before, beforetime, formerly.
hotbe » exactly, sparingly.
Azuiupunfr., truly, indeed, really, certain-
ly.
Th beyslin » softly, gently, slowly, wey
quietly, peaceably.
(uspeap or pupeopunytu , well, 2rightly.
peat, naturally, by nature, radically, ori-
sinally.
Ses Sode or summuyneg before, already :
primitively, formerly.
‘p fiuenl,, partly, in part.
8.,d-, loo, much, too much, very much,
most. |
Rupd utes, worthily, justly.
Yemcomar OY wmnuwecomacg , in the morning.
Zu‘tsanpu, exceedingly, excessively, immo-
derately, extremely.
Pupp hoplt , ipa » hi ‘er nete 1
humanly, as a man.
U. pumps, from W ithout, oulw ardly.
Rujidt Sewn, thenceforth, thenceforward.
‘Lojtisunf, so Much, so many.
U ‘pusig ustisyt y at Once, together.
Pp Supleatigh superficially, carelessly.
Upper uspusy., fast, hastily, quickly, speedily,
soon.

Pe
A

&
a
 113
Npujk4, as, how.
Aegeites opemps opyzsiy as.
dunfop£a ,totally, wholly, altogether.
(uz sfuyp, in Vain, needless, to no purpose.
UO yeteeyry >diversly, otherwise, contrarily.
(iq ude tun, altogether, totally, wholly.
Geu put ghu, more and more.
Ujenbe, vote, so, in this manner.
Uyeykes pojienée, so, thus in that man-
ner. |
U. jibe, Goji, thus, in that manner.
‘Ldivtesyf-w ,in like manner, so, thus.
Uytopftuuh, alike, so, thus.
7

Ufopfiuul, alike, equally, in the same

manner.
Dfupeys npuyeu alias aS, like how.
npoppiuul, as, for example.
Ne badly, sadly, ill, misorably’
cruelly.
U. Jue se » ih] [E1017 US GERI diversly , other-
wise.
Guypuitfr , Jupitus Ga y evidently, clearly,
openly, publicly.
WE4ft, diefiopka, explicitly, plainly, open-
ly, clearly.
Joe ’f yee, publicly, openly.
Qudcrach, ‘fh Sucarh + Ser & fuse usys quil-
fujuzeup ,secretly, in secret, under hand.
Leb Fusjt, fh fitz, silently, tacitly, quietly.
Oh fe pengeuup easily. :

Petfp, entiwpeup, forcibly, by force, vio-

lently.
 114
docupur, hardly, not easily, scarcely.
bh Suph& ,Suphur, necessarily, inevitably.
Bushuntuyy, unwillingly, forcibly, with regret.
Guntuhp, fp funtivhpacg willingly, vo-
luntarily, readily.
Garp ‘hs Qncply, wmuspunguspunncg fussy preesesyesyt y
pup duyp sy’ Gabe, in vain, vainly, to
no purpose, without any reason.
Suite kyu, unfitly, improperly, amiss, ab-
surdly.
Bute knw, ignorantly, unknowingly.
Ustgzuwe, by fraud, fraudulently, deceit-
fully.
pb di-phacg, nakedly.
LEun '. A on foot.
‘“opny., newly, recently, freshly, lately,
just now.
U, jusenp) uyupui, So much, so many.
Uyqsunfs aypeut, So much, so many.
Apsunf, appw, as much, how much, how
many, as far.
dunhiutng unhiuj ’ Apruttezuschiujts , 'f dhusupe ,
we Suuupuuly together , altogether, all
at once, wholly, totally, completely, en-
tirely, in the mean while.
Gaur, much, many, greatly, a great deal,
very, enough.
Buckin, wnruwek,, more, at most, too much,
very much. |
Uwek,Lv, more than.
Yuh, was tpuse hp , uushjus ply fius 5 funct ap:
functs vs y pap dh, pry fius 5 pinpp 'f:
 | AAS
gent, , little, but little, some, somewhat,
something, less, in a small quantity.
PucwheatunyGe, sulliciently, well enough,
duly, tolerably.

CONJUNCTION

A Conjunction is an indeclinable word

which connects the parts of speech together,
or one sense with another.

A COLLECTION OF CONJUNCTIONS

Geo, ~ or az, and, or.

Ger, fol, kh hu, COT usple Yusle » tusleu,
ful ; puuprdlressy y also, too, still, yet, more,
even.
aad, hunt, hunt (JE, [FE , E[d-E, or,
either.
Beeps mmrpesfiny Sesilingytr yeayy” wena
guys vulaj
ypay dpraft, gays EEE ,lf
aufls ’ Npres7te [BE ; pull [FE ’ E[d-E I$ ) but,
only, unless, except, save, nevertheless,
notwithstanding, however, yet, provided,
upon condition that, if not.
@L bh, (Pkuykn, (PEuyknk, though, al-
though, however.
Ht as, though not.
Vs APE, pep os EfA£, no, not.
 116
(V's east y not only. .
UW JY L, uijls L ’ tau Ey ayuliupn
uw , uypupipi £ ;

it is, that is to say, towit.

Npabes bees begle (Is npmpba usfis He seg
ujh [(I-E, as, if it were.
(ou apace, as, how.
Opfiuah fifi, qupopfitiml, as, for example.
Ug) & apes ay pe, Ey ee
wp» unpuphh, then, therefore, in conse- |
quence, now.
Uj gh, rather.
Of , puligt, sfesssile lis apiybe afr; ofrrifesesttresly
alts wplarie gh ’ wufls at » tus afr, npad{SEanke ’
fins, for, because, that, whereas, foras-
muchas, in order to, to the end that, since.
fep, where.
Ve , that.
Dep, nc pl its , wep ts » eseageus ac pl itis) ous
acplift ’ neuufs ’ fuss TY] y wuyuyT mse ey
uilfits lel ’ lpi Erb» talfits bel y egurie. oe
wl, then, therefore, wherefore, in or by
consequence, for this reason.
"Put ’ pelts [PE ’ wrists whist esse essary » pur
tL, tus , [3-riq, (FE, than, rather, at most,
on the contrary.
Usa; , fish, dfiusal: ; ail unt, gf, ats f., So
a till, untill.
» Efd£, ful [JE y easaayess [3E y eLreegess E{IE
or anne {FE ,if.
Urges (P-L ns, otherwise.
9.E fd 2 ntl, y gitlewsy at least.
OL, EIDKk, hk (Fb, gh, euy, punt; op, that.
 INTERJECTION

An interjection expresses the passions of

| the soul.

A COLLECTION OF INTERJECTIONS

Pee eee (FC, jathaps) bgt 196,

boyfie, af, 62, would to God, may it be!
fh°> aq, af (IE, guigl , tfus oh! oh! won-
derful! see! o God!
NN! ts ads sy as Ass bSs pS) fas fui fogs
PTT ecssfrusries ’ win bun ’ uses E-qucl ) gupel 5
oh! alas! woe be to! poor! wretch that!
tess yaa fas? aS nS) oh joy!

Sugeie nS» JES» ESE, SE? Sm) uy BP,

a! ah!
Uoy> fs four, uyfi, 0! fie! pish!
Urs » Suraj y on, Susy come, come on,
cheer, well well.
fou7» “ieee
Us, chp, bring, come.
b4, Fy ep, come, come bring.
ttre
~ J

Ys* *

>

4
®
¥
4
 ii9

SYNTAX

Syntax is the due conjunction or con-

nexion of the parts of speech.
Substantives agree with each other in
three ways.
4. When another substantive is added to
express and explain the former more fully,
as, RB heron cones oe maw epee Sait bpd. with
Cleopatra his daughter. Gar qlqk=smp« py,
memewe fen. he has given Cleopatra his
daughter. GpRkp ys;berk beprules yer
nd eh hepuy fit. to visit his brethren the
children of Israel.
2. When one thing is said to belong to
another, as, Gépp Supp Deumeut Pape
annus apeerny ora ape ny ULE rw aw dam.
the book of the generation of Jesus Christ,
the son of David, the son of Abraam. Suyft
flusyac(d fri anupl-uy pis tyyoopperem [leEweseleQt wn’
gave the apostles witness of the resurrection
of the Lord.
3. When a substantive or gerund like a
verb governs another substantive, as, 84a
ids sgheedad otTale addead Gob yn nw [TeLeste Xo thupunne [dustin
after that we have received the knowledge of
the truth. {Aeon soeSm [lefts acuncguitlee "hetc
whofe” oping hs 2b [P-aftaun ustE Tussle 2 pbuye
 120
Ei. thou teachest all the Jews which are
among the Gentiles to forsake Moses. Pruyg
prynpenjyh Gayhayen(linh of (Paggh- but the
blasphemy. against the (Holy) Ghost shall
not be forgiven.

Substantives agree with Adjectives when

governed by the same, as, hq Sumuhwpeps
lub fu auth: app uf” eperustithe- geile « unto us
they did minister the things, which are now
reported. GStngqu esLstL2f3 EfA12.p « disobedient
to parents. Gabgir ppdnce ’b Sanday. a reed
shaken with the wind. Qbgkgb4 (fp oluuw_
“Ey, fe Luggp 'f hipuhacp. that is pleasant
to the sight, and good for food. Ge’b f=
ewtey gpfsuenping ng vwloms, and of the chief
women not a few. Gurku bap dh ’b Sb. he
saw a man which was blind from his birth.
Ge Uepet Ep Mu S s00709 mae JSyt wie awed y fe
wpSolend, awfend. and Abram was very
rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold. Presyg
fpuph; Ewph Bp wb bode, Lo thytobh Ept«or-
but Rachel was beautiful and well-favored.
() alpine ‘h Sumecunnu ; Vi ub, hf Sunlp le
perdu. sound in faith, in charity, in pa-
tience. Ge L$ h sb) E-nfigfs dbp Te
enp» but he that is greatest among you shall
be your servant. Uprmetpadtayh japthe Bopuse
the youngest of his sons.
The Comparatives govern generally the
Accusative wilh the preposition s#*%, as, 94

_
‘ :‘ Oz =
cakes
 i231
heupttqopwmnpmdpese auth oly Eegkp. for thou
art much mightier than we. (Jrs 46% 42 ed
‘nets E annin. a greater than Jonas is here.
Also the Middle nouns govern different
cases, as, Usa U.ged? Eqt fept- yh + Gud.
behold, the man (Adam) is become as one
of us. ie upp luge quads fer ‘bh Beets ect 508_
Steg. how can he be clean that 1s born of a
woman ? Ge ds Skah ful E spepuwnetegtep mn
ive ’p +9. though he be not far from every
one of us. QO ey £95 im wsb ay woeleape ng untrufr.
but other of the Apostles saw I none.

CONCORDANCE OF ADJECTIVES WITH

SUBSTANTIVES

1. The adjective may be placed before

or after the substantive; joined, or divided
from it.
2. The adjective may or may not be of the
same case or number with the substantive.
3. The governing preposition may be
placed either before the substantive or adjec-
tive, or before both being repeated.

Examples.
Uitte wth he Soup foese ote Frsee fetts UYeunedoa N

by the word of God, which liveth and abideth

: of ever. [Pe Smut he Tool Leadob ladyht he. wich,
gmp fanpatrwer. by a greater and more per-
 122
fect tabernacle, not made with hands. "pp f& 4
pry Reptny qmputensh Innes upon the smooth of ;
q

his neck. Gp bugku gfe Leaps ‘h opined ooh 4

7
a=nf- seethe his flesh a the holy place. Want if

wb bavi yore [tewbse. for all the migh-

ly works. ‘paspduit JGpocouglh TL 0 Wsonheoe
wew eebey Qf(dbibw;. returned they unto
Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet. Ge
héwlheSw hu puils quijuu gacguiul, Thi ytop gue
and he will shew him greater works than
these. Ge pend Easy Yuewoeud oy express _
eS
Pe
lh
K
eee
enifls ve)econ 6 Op IL § a SES 0% fe $40 BOM fh qual “ar
per. and the Lord plagued Pharaoh and his
house with great plagues. ighenL feggiee ont
veep fawn ad Sud hbugko qusupespiacebes ipl-a
hfg funputufin jeuy hogdanl. the half-cur-
tain that remaineth, shal! hang over the back-
side of the tabernacle. Qlep & pufghtsqoteemu_
ee xml LSE, be yfbmwthe poeWL Syoph,
Foyfe xan. §4tin5- for they shall hear of
thy great name, and of thy strong hand, and
of thy stretched-out arm. Gt hf dp op ac.
bEp oho bean) “a100 peEewey woh als Jed woh eny o there
came a woman having an alabaster-box of
ointment of spikenard, very precious. S&ufs

regtinys T saw also the Lord sitting upon a

throne, high and lifted up. Ships yon off
14see BL op fe »hadidhead hopacuutiifgl a. Lord, wilt
thou slay also a righteous nation? Jr Suprsny
Jeqwenph be iguennt iiphieut gho.o deliver me
[from the deceitful and unjust man. Prayy ye
 123
= aheseguep byestts ns ap heap Sturquibg by tygo pile

7 eguste Fess Ge fe. 4 UF [d-acuop thusupl pfu. but

the tongue can no man tame: it is an unruly
evil, full of deadly poison. Sacuddietiu wba
wow i soup dase » with divers and
strange doctrines. Ye Supe tqtpy wet.
wlagh. of the promise made unto our fathers.
*h gee putisy bpjeey Ltphy Lbostg Summunnku
gf wd&tejs eos. in the mouth of two or
three witnesses every word may be estac
blished. Uxy bp «Sey Lty5epfepe5- Noah was
six hundred years old. pepl. cwapiocs Suob
wow. about fifteen furlongs off. "bh f&-ysu
tacd. in the six hundredth and first year,
in the first month. 9408 ¢ay gpbogts dus
Aunbgfp. fe ous woul, ways wes ye dg whether
ye sold the land for so much ? and she said,
yea, for so much. Yvyg usyjtuypop. such a
one as this Is. Of qopa-fhpwhy wjumpuby "fs
AE niwg wnpu pfufpgfi. that even such mghty
works are wrought by his hands. {3-pu? «4,
fewSi Bay hank yupde denad
petet. what is
thy country ? and of what people art thou?
Dred pwn ametwnm gunnfpp. whith what judge-
ment ye judge. O fy foow B fly fal 4 Pug
pekguux EG fel what is my trespass, what is
my sin ? dutty bpd St peds alten y he ZSoot eyeo60_
pitfrowm— Stpmpegtwm adwJ&. wilh the elders,
and with a certain orator named Tertulus.
Gehan pkey wnt uit ls U4bequu- and
found a certain Jew named Aquila. ’h $e.
 nai
nM
ee

12
ack dpogl. from one shepherd. O Fate bee
Wed cam pla Suunryuipg eh , fe obese bo meow
ae ene40Opeweete fuplutup qguunk-ugkh. Kvery great
matter they shall bring unto thee: but every
small matter they shall judge. ‘yes* unuiph
wien bath bi guibhuykuy by age fips 5
Epfiwepte. but now they desire a better
country, that is, an heavenly. Yruttg fpfp
fuqXEypy- doubting nothing. ’p guy eur
gupuldnh. the next sabbath (or sabbath-
day. ) Uyiede pulbfep peusgilop. with many
other words. Ue wyEpufafp. by the other
kine. *h ppt sey fam paseponteyfrie fs suiplug
éipog- in turning away every one of you
from his iniquities. "h gépuy dhe ocpocp 'f
jE pugs upon some mountain.

Notwithstanding the great licence in the

use of adjectives the following rules must
be generally observed.
1. The adjective placed after the sub-
stantive must agree with it in number and
case, as, purple p di Sunlk- Sop ; with great
siones. qgopaeld firtup wyuupufp » such nughty
works.
2. The adjective placed before a substan-
live does not agree with it, excepting the
monosyllable adjectives, as, dé-Sudi-S& pus
pulp , with great stones. uspuupprufs qopne,
(Phip, such mighty works, wyode eutipeg »
 125
with other words. ’f upeaw nkgqea, in the
holy place.
3. When a. verb or participle is before
the substantive and after the adjective, the
adjective agrees readily with the substantive,
as, mune aspuen] glut gopne[d-Funlp , he
armeth with divine force. essen Ses flcied ofr
thay gopae[d Funke ) armed with divine fe
orce.
A. An adjective with the article or the
letter distinctive of the person, placed before
a substantive, agrees with it in number and
in case, but not always, aS, JeSunt hus
eniuple pnifis Le whdEniuy apo funputiusch , by

a greater and more perfect tabernacle, not

made with hands.
5. When there are many substantives be-
fore one adjective only, the adjective is in
the plural, and agrees with them, as, Yes
encghe Soiftunl[d-uft ubpljhp Lb gkokogbhp
puyleyaes.p Saul and Jonathan (were) lovely
and pleasant.
6. The governing preposition Is joined to
the case which precedes it, whether sub-
stantive or adjective, as, putin uttrleeay pb | oe
uk, from the mount called. ’f shupysy ak
quacopl, thigucnpl, , from the deceitful and
unjust man,
7. When the adjectives or substantives
placed before are joined with the conjunction
t-, and, the governing preposition is applied
to all, as, juttley & L putaponn fe putts as
rau Funutgoald ft, to an inheritance
 126
incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth
not away - 'f Stungqguigaeld fcr fe bh Sb qacifi
apl-uint ,unto obedience and sprinkling of
the blood.
8. When the adjective or substantive
placed before is simple, and many substan-
lives or adjectives follow, the governing pre-
position governs the first word, and the se-
cond and third which follow; however not
always, as “A sup funpspypags (fp eutify be
"bb gopsay, from evil thoughts, words, and
wor ks. qeayyy wpptimsky be quibeuengy the
bloody and deceitful man.

CONCORDANCE
OF PRONOUNS

The personal pronouns £u,1, gar, thou,

(ipa, he or himself, are substantives, andas
substantives agree with adjectives, as, Wan
abn hl-gS we apusy of you hypocrites.
hipi signifies sometimes self, as, Ge fugit
hiupy. Ed: | myself also am a man. |
The definitive pronouns wu, gus, tu, he
(she, it) are substantives, and so agree with
adjectives, as, “hapa: ykunfiupy- these last.
Ge hil! fiupEutip unpus wrung eh. or else
let these same here say.
The definitive pronouns vat, goju, taj,
this, that, same, are adjectives, and so agree
wilh substanlives, as, "Pp wayi Or "fr walle wa
cncp-on this day, or inthe course of this day,
 427
or to-day. (uu gilts opfiiuhf. in the like
manner. 'p tilfit quityacasy- of the same
lump. Sapagay[I- ‘fb nj ufthgp. nto that
very destruction let him fall. Ge adfita usjendph
quidi Gusts sprfd- fp SEY unt-uy. and besides
this, gwing all diligence.
The definitive pronouns ay, this, ay,
avis, that, are generally adjectives, but some-
times substantives, as, Offas gopdkgkp
quyy- What is this that thou hast done ? Y je
Fu Shin tiyp. upycogl Ly. these are the
generations of the sons of Noah. 8ayu Ep
fncu mpurenee fps on these two command-
ments. Qypeag qesyur pure bhilk-ustu A
wpuplu; Ep. who had made this conspira-
cy. GIAE E-giusy fig pum gubfu JE & fs IE
wnphly. whether there hath been any such
_ thing as this great thing is 2’ swpkwgy pag
sey tguk . of this thy wickedness. (g@afz
spree fl. by this epistle. (‘uun estlEr“Lsers ts gus
Lpgu apucghh as pum wll Tas je whois
~ ayunphl. according to all these words, and
according to all this vision. Gpwtfi ap uyask
quits ‘ app wpbae (dE estos Uses blessed is he
that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy.
Bugg & aye aiuk of this generation. Ua

afiip Sun ayfg pag ugangbh jfriupg. the life of

these fifty thy servants. WhggFdt ff Sfeuth
pael[d Ful urssurifs [fle Juye tLe. shall I re-
cover of this disease? Say Wufulu® gop
me prasrgaslils »« . “flsus Yeu [2 fuuit he ppp
hfs wampkwy. this Moses, whom they re-
 128
used... the same did God send to be a ruler
and a deliverer.
The possessive pronouns A; my,pa, thy,
di-p, our, 2Ep, your, fep, lis, his own, are
adjectives. When they are without substan-
tives, receive either the articles -, »,%, or
the adverbs went, whet, as, Pw & wists
fuss he bb ey94 ae ae. peg. all things come:
of thee, and thine own have we given <a
Yeu Jbcpuyogu. he also. hath =
from his own works, as God did from lus.
The pronouns possessive derived feltyft
or fly fir, my, 2Epuyft or 2Epafu, your s,
are put before the substantives.
The pronoun relative op, who, which,
what, that, is substantive, and in different
manners agrees with antecedent and follow-
ng nouns, as, Uyse' spm)p as ukwutifgkh,
L uhwiSu apap as pubgkt, Kyes that they
should not see, and ears that they should not
hear. [ecwe 'b tiiuk spurts op ‘fh i aoe
wn Bhuoce Sie using» heard him concern-
ing the faith in Christ. 96 dfi fins Efbugh
& flpuy bf gopog pacpy. uvlp, that none
of these things which ye have spoken come
upon me. pod” funy pl fb plu unite ps he ap
hush iprafu wna 'f pei lf: quuponeguitkp
gh ypkuv, give to him that asketh thee, and
from him that would borrow of thee turn not
thou @way. ’h tfus fui mca pe TT fuor
oF gas pur dig npypenifis + qe En. Fusing.
 | 429

EB ypae funy, hath in these last days spok-

enunto us by his son, whom he hath appoint-
ed heir of all things, by whom also he made
the worlds. Who being the brightness of his
glory. Ge ujesblr asy WP adubu Uswpoifs ati
HiT jis aysiu eset yheedbe miiupl-asg qlee SEp ’
and Moses told Aaron all the words of the
Lord who had sent him. Ge edits app

and all the men of lus house, born in the

house, and bought with money of the stran-
ger, were circumcised with him. Sapng packs
b faghp Eplebey Ebp, which thou wentest
to seek. (ieag gpesapifae its QAquunay fuuntluwy
pug. qaSut tenga, whose blood Pilate had
mingled with their sacrifices. Ue og sfiuunne
geay’f {bits GEugaaf, to whom coming, as
unto a living stone. Nipy vbpifi bep 'f tft,
whose seed is initself. Ge dagqadfl-ghi, ag
guunyl op vase, ond gathered, some more,
some less.
The articles-distinctive-of the persons «
of the first, ~ of the second, % of the third,
besides showing the persons joined to the
terminations of words, have also the force
of the English articles a and the, and give
energy and ornament, as, S4p & Quaspzus
wyt-un (without any article) Lord and Master,
but with the article « so, GS&pu hk Qaspyus
leunu, it may have three senses: 1°. I who
 130
am @ Lord and a Master. 2°. This Lord and
Master. 3°. My — and Master. So Shor
fy a Hare ’ Thou who art a Lord
my « Master. 2°.That Lord and Master.
3°. Thy Lord mi Master. Likewise 4pm &.
upqunykut, 1°. His Lord and Master,
2". That Lord and Master. 3°. The Lord and
the Master, Qjp qSbu Ejkuy ku VYppuiyg
bupuykb, after whom is the King of Israel
come out ? Sbgfe attusmuiun Ey he opm auuprs
¢unti-ay, this is a desert place, and the time
is NOW past. Gras bre Ea,* ful opay cE.
hhpy, what is the cause wherefore ye are
come? GEE pip ipuyu puymp quyy wninkh
pug septs qlius pbufgf, if they do these things
in a green tree, what shall be done in the dry?
Ue gon gepebe en ofpkybs qr ubpkgkp
qbuuasut, take now thy son, thine only son
Isaac, whom thou lovest. Upurupfitu iupys
di-p, our outward man. Ofis fgk ’fp dieak
poy: jeuntké,, what the rising from the dead
should mean? Whhtkgquyicp ’f patting as,
putig fuunuopungy uypaghy , depart (1 pray
aoe: from the tents ofthese wicked men. Bux
putige peyogunl, Eh Ej;ngu id a WE-q of these
men who have companied pigUS. (Yfaspaaye
qlune ju he gga, qushiat ‘a A ghyps who

maketh the dumb, or deaf, or the seeing, or

the blind ? Ghayp "6 Supuutifus, come unto
the marriage. Bop Fug bdubd, in the midst
whereof I dwell. 8k ppgack unm Qrayfou uf
pet, qa F-uy. ubpl dtAo iupunne [dPFash the
 151
elder unto tire well-beloved Gaius, vhom I love
in the truth. OF nip Fults fg ld; Th HEnt.p wiley.
f9&e, that where Lam, there ye may be also.
Gop qacqg watku, that thou doest. pect
garth fheyEgkp, to whom thou bearest wit-
ness. fits um. &bgu kif, being yet present
with you. Sap taju wnt , what things
soever he doeth. Sap uuye unt, which
this man hath done. SFuuripgl p qn pum.

ee Sep gh ee ery tells epee jer,

dE iky fin’ d&g, see ye him whom the Lord
hath chosen, that there is none like him
among alltie people. (i'f & ap uukg gpkq,
wiio it is that saith to thee. Cig npaulLh
Susdiupduh & ayy. fuouful, before whom also I
sreak freely. 9 fiz fuaiuany ars fap Sf wyunppl;
pylsanfaiuk
urge , of the princes of this world
that come to nought. Gfaipg aydily mbeues
aE, but by what means he now seeth. flpujbu
hk haitfuarts wukf, as 1 have also told you
in time past. pes JE 9 ‘ls [gia unpus HE pd ,
hyp & le qussugne, but he that lacketh these
things 1s blind, and cannot see afar off.

CONCORDANCE OF VERB

The verb which is not a participle, or

infinitive, is governed by a nominative, as,
:
; hp, inthe beginning God created the heaven
and the earth. Ge Ephbp bp atukphajld- be

a
oe
Ee
PE
¥ ~dlae i
4
 a2
wtiyunnuun, Und the earth was without
form, and vaid. Ge Lagh Yeu Sy rep
'b dE puy Jacpg, and the Spirit of God moved
upon the face of the waters.
The participle and the infinitive are often
governed by a genilive, as, Yafu Stashfi,
alfiiss ste LE thin krusy wun. ‘snus fib upuspdusg
they are delivered ere the midwives come in
unto them. PeeetZecsy Eplufyg fh [Suttle ga
peu a) oe fe ad Ausjls Jephupy > the

heaven was opened, and the Holy Ghost de-

scended.... and a voice came from heaven.
In like manner are governed the preter-
perfect, and the preter-plu-perfect tenses
formed by a participle, and a substantiveverb,
as, Ge as gpnbp Bushode [dE (pespEyusy

fun? fupry goqugkuy bp guna, for Jacob

knew not that Rachel had stolen them. rea
pute gape buy & Dili fb haguill usipuiieg PT oe
wb pul gpurniuunch there lie in wait for him
of them more than forty men.
The accusative cannot properly govern a
verb, but is subject to it, as, Ge apg apade
Sfuoolt ary E-fp Yeunedoa ; ng wespunfilp Sus
Sip fry nuljeny® Te wp u[d-1 fut” paphs
apf Xuaspumupae {PEGE bef Kinusg abiayy pais
‘nfutung, forasmuch then as we are the off-
spring of God, we ought not to think that
the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or
stone, graven by art and man’s device.
‘The nominative of nouns agrees gene-
 139
rally in number with a verb which is nota
participle or infinitive, excepting those with-
out singular number, or collective, as, Bu
pee euify tse yt ng Xuituusl fits Ser 3 there

arose another generation after them, which

knew not the Lord. G4 dpuguit gang.
[PFfictin , fh furtbigue, aft pee fu Jbepuiputt.
shep peqaeu fuouky ungu, the multitude came
together, and were confounded because that
every man heard then speak in his own lan-
. guage. Be Angaidacpyts uslfis acl Supa

Ebay, be. qeuplitunyfioping. gunkfuunpus and

the people waited for Zacharias, and mar-
velled that he tarried so long.
The nouns joined with the conjunction &,
and sometimes agree, sometimes not, as, be

acgnp i. E>p,and the man increased excee-

dingly, and had much cattle, and maid-ser-
vants, and men-servants, and camels, and
asses. baka ff cusp Seas17.h nsfucs fe Foe» Ser
nu p hk. ugupitkauyp, | have oxen, and ass-
es, flocks, and men-servants, and women-
servants.
_ When the noun or, pronoun is only one,
ihe verb must be ofthe same person, as, Gu
dfuuji Fireg Frey Eh Se unpus nop Efi, I was
left alone ; where had they been?
- When the persons are different the verb
agrees with the first, as, Qpaspid geuygl-dp
uk digg po kh Fqeuge pay kh kphppayu
| 8
 154

guiipgkidp pkg, shall 1, and thy mother and

thy brethren, indeed come to bow down our-
selves to thee to the earth ? apt gae bk
tus dpuys bykp , between thee and him alone.
GIZt Eu, he E{dk bapa womb puspogk_
geup, whether it were I or they, so we preach.
Sometimes the verb is supposed, as, Ee
fuse, Le pa uunkeg Shs lef he ynpop ab
ning pay ulkukpfi dip, we are the clay,
and thou our Potter; and we all are the
work of thy hand.
The verb active governs generally the ac-
cusative, as, Ge exspoass yt Jeans quip

eu preusyt glu. eu fr fe Ey eis sessgt gunuus , sO

God created man in his own image; in the
image of God created he him; male and fe-
male created he tiem. Ge wthbug Yowacas
qi pfu Jee pug wpl_ Ey , fe E-y wails

qeiupyh gop unk ,andthe Lord God plant-

ed a garden eastward im Eden; and there
he put the man whom he had formed.
Sometimes the letter 4 a sign of the ac-
cusalive is supposed, as, ‘Ger wnuuy undies
Eustis Ie Qaens he quill-usjts [ius he giveth
to all, life, and breath, and all things. Ge
wit. lp: 'h hogy Laps ; he Eby pur usplaps is p
du, and he took one of his ribs, and closed
up the flesh instead thereof.
The verb active governs secondly another
accusalive, as, hac ga untku gpkg, whom
makest thou thyself? ly oe qo wukt
 155
qGpunce ,saying that there is another king,
one Jesus.
The verbs active as well as the neuter and
passive govern often their roots in the accu-
salive, as, Usp jusfol tahoe ufspl-ofs gpg
I have loved thee with an everlasting love.
Ueiiuskugkt qudof[d-di-S, they shall be great-
ly ashamed.
The verb passive governs generally the
ablative, as, Of (99 op mui gisele 'h Gf
uG ,that it might be fulfilled which was spok-
en of the Lord. a fb mun witunfs owns
Muinush, for the tree is known by his fruit.
Awash gpl, b Xatasfl zplagu, |
know my (sheep) and am known of mine.
The infinitive sometimes is noun, and
sometimes verb.
The preposition ’; put before an infinitive
has often the signification of an adverb j»,.
gud’, Shs y when as, “pb wk-uutisk je q.plg
ef phpkugh’f dune pep, when he seeth thee,
he will be glad in his heart.
The infinitive or the gerund with its verb
increases the signification of it, as, f\ethy
ncul yp mpi wus he hath whereof to glory.
UAIZE PFugucoplypad (Fugucopkugku, ‘fs

depey dep, hut wppkyi] unppkogku dig;

shalt thou indeed reign over us? or shalt
thou indeed have dominion over us ?

ee
eee
Pe
¢a‘
 156

CONCORDANCE OF PREPOSITIONS.
e
=ae

Prepositions sometimes are put after the

nouns; they change their places, and are re-
doubled, as, Nye Swat ay Eft JUvanesy
fpurcutig fépay, who knowing the judqe-
ment of God. Ut fs suunXunu any | Subs
nuuhnapy fit t Say Sapae[d butt CT Ed ae give
none occasion to the adversary to speak re-
proachfully. DSF Ep[d usyfiu gugqacdp fb
Lpkifg uftunfy, bof muynctl fos Eljaubinfig
qYurcqaup bk gPorinpeuy many of the Jews
and religious proselytes followed Paul and
Bar nabas. Gab Tessts Fun! qgeupleiug goku
Ep[d-uyp, but ever follow that which 1s good.
Saptunl ‘fh wpEumbu ipapdacld Fuiig fh SED
wihwifghp, when ye fall into divers tempta-
tions. gunnacy fis fia Susy finfuustiul pu
guupery, that render evil for good.
Adjectives are often used as adverbs, as,
WE suduiji hurpyuglp , cry aloud. Gewgze
puld atta fiu > [dE [d-hu pun Loy fits : they
ran and returned. |
On the contrary sometimes adverbs are
used as adjectives, as, Gq Gapus osfaup he
wupfurn. yyt, and had much cattle.
Negative adverbs -,, 4 and 4, no, not,
sometimes are put after verbs, as, Ge /uaq"
yb (Ful[Puskpd kyl. yXyuhu nif, be apa
Ny ng’ mfigs fyb tus 2b, and the swine,
though he divide the hoof, and be cloven-
 137
footed, yet ye cheweth not the cud: he is
unclean to you.
ACCENTS, OR NOTES OF PROSODY

A. Ghou or QE pinuiguits (‘) as, Oui

i.5
pug, Eu $ Ait sE utter. 3 puny “iS lf , rif y

poe |
2°. Pacfd- or eld utiyuits (*) QS, Tusfu Eph
mee pa ey epee caplet cary! |
3. Qaupryh OY ayrpruul, (°) as, fy glare»
icp s According to modern usage it is em-
ployed as an interrogative point, and as a
note of admiration.
A’. Gphupg ()> as, eulebs fain» Gpnr-
; wast Gpecuug ET:

5" Uscq () as, S$ tuugqutie. pg tnl[F fre,

U'redes = It is put on the syllable to make
it short.
6°. (eau. é*) as, [Bf [B-ang: It is put
by some moderns upon the letter « to mark
its pronunciation as a /:
7. Usyeu[d-eupy (’). It is rarely used.
8°. Gt[d-wifin,, the mark of division of a
word (.)-
PUNCTUATION

There are three Points in the Armenian.

A". Yurrpushp-ur (5)
2”. WpPubpbun (.)
3. WE pulGun (4)
 13S

OTHRR MARKS

°. Wuhuhka (). tis put on the head

of ihe letter &, when it forms a preposition, i
Z
as, hs usr fr:

2°. Qannfe (=) mark of abbreviation, as, J

*
y
Us (Usunews ). Uy ( Yeuneda )- “fa

5 amd ‘ Rib (Kpbunnup). SB (Ske):

3°. Usa(+) which is one of the three
columns of a « entire; it is put sometimes
to mark an entire uw, as, ussursiily (epenus
purl) ’ agua; (capetspresprusly )¢
A’, Gphoapkwh (") which marks the vo-
wels omitted, or the words shortened, as,
ata AS Bos" (Bof
(eugene):
cs bushing
Suitukn
= Qaninm ag fp The sign, or substitute
ifs word, as, SS (upfuups)+
7. bushung bp» Cyper.
The letters of the Armenian Alphabet are
used as the Numbers, generally with a
line on the letter, so

ta; i. x, 100.
=» 2. if; 200.
Fs 3. 7 300.
7a A. hy 400.
E, 5. > 500.
i» 6. wy 600.
£ 3 7. o? 700.
fi 8, iq» 800.
[Zs 9, iE 900.
F. 10 = 1000,
h> 20 sre 2000.
Bb 30 if; 3000
fs 40. ia 4000.
a, 50. fs 5000.
h, 60 Fs 6000.
a 70 £5 7000.
Z, 80 Ps 8000
rE 90 oe 9000

NB. o and being recent letters, are

not included in the numeration.
 144

VERSE

The antient Armenian Verses or Songs

were not rhymed, as the following for ex-
ample.

belt e Ephful Ephfp, Ephukp L Sfpuiif

bel’ safactatby qhuplpph Eqgkeuplu.
[ig rgb guts fag png byuinky,
Geb egy yqunnutubhbh fugkp-
‘Lu Sup OL nc“.
Ueyes (26 peng nculp dnpiacu,
Ge ushnchpt Efiu wipe uhachp

But now they are rhymed generally and

are composed from five Syllables to fifteen.
The following few lines are specimens with
their own translation in prose.
of 5 Syllables.
ULr munaed Sfunce

Ulerd_ end Apijlui

Ulpn bf pupkybin:
Jesus, whose name is a love, bind thou
my heart of stone with thy love.
 of 6 Syllables.
Gaba, Supt witihius fu F
Gefuuceop piuayfi:

Having been the bride of the immortal

celestial Bridegroom.
of 7 Syllables.
Uphagup pee. dppgtus
*h Sain frufr puuunn[st :

Valiantly fight thou in the public combat.

of 8 Syllables.
Mie queuncilis sped ayer pres

b yk plinufung b'f gk ppb

Love thou instruction, by which thou
wilt obtain honor from Heaven, and on
earth.

of 9 Syllables.
behaXElD wquectifr Orp ust t1syt y
‘Lop Uyfui ures ysl L Lt peep aaa &

Thou dove, ever flying through the air,

the Ark of the new Noah is thy dwelling.
 of 10 Syllables.

U J¥°-r Eplefs estes ‘hh fupdurtig ,

To-day the Invisible appears from on

high; the knowledge of all creatures is dis-
covered.

of 14 Syllables.

Puctaucap Cunng EnitEguit Sunbhp |

Cp fuanapy guetnid , wile susan encpe
sfissshyss

Flowers of rational Plants appeared of |

various tints, and delicious odour.

of 12 Syllables.

Papapusrh Ef” fpuwyoctin nypuybe fonputn ,

Pine [d-Funlp huyach , exits essedps. guptact ,
etn ueslyst ¢ |

1 am a hemisphere round as a pavilion,

by nature firm, in reality moveable invisibly.

of 13 Syllables.

Qhasac itt npouubaits peu Sauk pays quid ple

huang ’
 144
Usipaplay Jeph fiue “ai. Unupagt ail

The roar of thunder having diffused the i

rain of life, is recovered to the heavens,

returning to his Origin.

of 14 Syllables.
Pracipre we Fuse ny | Lo feupys }
meu iL

Ueplg Gigi g[s poem pl

Let us ery aloud in joyful tidings address-
ing thee personally, O Church, daughter
of lofty Sion.

of 15 Syllables.

Neb fEpay Sacpgpin gra] unkydutuhbp

qupuspua So ’
DPF ft Socpu Yeuquiifin ’ SUutipu apy fu
Yeunedny:

Thou, who brooding on the waters didst

make creation, descending in the waters of
ihe Baptismal fount, dost give birth to the
Sons of God.
 Lee bint
aie
1 —
i WA le A *
yey
ba fe Ry — Se are ae ttt ae rien
pe
8ca arte Ce iene hee a ee ; PA. Oy Ey Re opr
mE pela
‘tie, j mre So AA a
rip Per ae ae
Ripe ewY ey
Se watancy
+ a Se eee
anette antalien aki
ey We
 Hav 1 9
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