ASTUDYMATERI

AL

ON

PAPER-1

CI
VILPROCEDURECODEAND
LI
MITATI
ONACT
(
PAPERCODE:K-501)

I
NDRAPRASTHALAW COLLEGE,
GREATER
NOI
DA.
 UNI
T-1

PRELI
MINARY,DEFI
NITI
ONS,
SUI
TSOFCI
VILNATURE,
PRI
NCI
PLESOF
RES-
JUDI
CATA AND RES-
SUBJUDI
CE,FOREI
GN JUDGEMENT,PLACE
OFSUI
NG.

TheCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eini
tspr
eambl
e,quot
ed,“
AnActt
oconsol
i
dat
eand
amendt
hel
awsr
elat
ingt
othepr
ocedur
eoft
heCour
tsofCi
vi
lJudi
cat
ure.
” Ci
vi
l
Pr
ocedur
eCodei
sapr
ocedur
all
aw ,asdi
sti
ngui
shedf
rom t
hesubst
ant
ivel
aw.I
f
y
ouhav
edoubt
sregar
dingt
heconceptofsubst
ant
ivel
aw &pr
ocedur
all
aw,don’
t
wor
ryIwi
l
lexpl
ain/cl
ari
fyt
hem f
ory
ou.i
t’
seasy
.Subst
ant
ivel
awgi
vesusr
ightor
def
inesar
ightwhi
l
epr
ocedur
all
awgi
vesusmeansandpr
ocedur
esbywhi
cht
hose
r
ight
scanbeenf
orced.pr
ocedur
all
awshel
pst
oimpl
ement
,admi
nist
ersubst
ant
ive
l
aws.f
orexampl
e,t
heI
ndi
anPenalCode(
1860)i
sasubst
ant
ivel
awi
ncr
imi
nall
aw.
t
he l
aw ofCont
ract,t
ransf
erofpr
oper
ty,negot
iabl
einst
rument
set
c.Ar
ethe
exampl
esofsubst
ant
ivel
awi
nci
vi
llaw.Whi
l
eCodeofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
eandt
he
l
aw ofEv
idencear
eexampl
esofcr
imi
nal pr
ocedur
all
aw butTheCodeofci
vi
l
pr
ocedur
eisapr
ocedur
all
aw i
nci
vi
llaw.Pr
ocedur
all
aw nei
thercr
eat
esnort
akes
awayanyr
ight
.Itonl
y 
hel
psi
npr
ovi
ngor
 i
mpl
ement
ingt
he'
Subst
ant
iveLaw'
andt
he
pur
posei
stodel
i
verj
ust
ice.

Thel
aw ofpr
ocedur
eisal
socal
l
edt
he“
law ofact
ion”
.Iti
sthatbr
anchwhi
ch
gov
ernst
hepr
ocessofl
i
tigat
ion.
 I
fwei
nter
prett
het
erm act
ion,i
tcanbebot
hci
vi
l
andcr
imi
nalbutt
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,1908speci
fi
cal
l
ytal
ksaboutt
heci
vi
l
act
ion.Codeofci
vi
lpr
ocedur
e pr
ovi
des“
themodeofpr
oceedi
ngsbywhi
chal
egal
r
ighti
senf
orced.

Enumer
ati
ngonwhatcomesundert
heumbr
ell
aoft
hepr
ocedur
all
aw,i
tincl
udes
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
ts,
proceedi
ngi
nthecour
t,i
ssueofpr
ocesseswhi
chi
ncl
udes
summons,war
rant
s,et
c,pl
eadi
ngs,t
ri
al pr
ocedur
e,r
ecor
ding of ev
idence,
appear
anceofpar
ti
es,adv
ocat
es,pr
osecut
ors,et
c,j
udgementoft
hecour
ts,cost
s,
r
evi
ew,r
evi
sion,appeal
s et
c.,and f
inal
l
ythe execut
ion ofdecr
ee oror
deror
puni
shmenti
ncr
imi
nal
cases.

 
theCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
ecar
ri
eswi
thi
tsel
ftheessenceoft
heci
vi
lpr
ocedur
al
r
ight
soft
heci
ti
zenswhi
chenabl
est
hem t
ocl
aimt
hei
rri
ghtandcauseofact
ionwi
th
i
tsv
iol
ati
ont
her
eofexpedi
ent
lyandwi
thbestef
for
tti
l
lendoft
hesui
ttomeett
he
endsofj
ust
ice.
 

TheCodecont
ains158Sect
ionsand51Or
der
s.

Ext
ent
,Appl
i
cabi
li
tyandCommencement
:

 
Itext
endst
othewhol
e ofI
ndi
a,exceptt
heSt
ateofJammu&Kashmi
r,andt
heSt
ate
ofNagal
andandTr
ibalAr
eas.I
tal
soext
endst
otheAmi
ndi
viI
slands,t
heEast
Godav
ariandVi
shakhapat
nam Agenci
esi
ntheSt
ateofAr
unachalPr
adeshand 
the
Uni
on Ter
ri
tor
iesofLakshadweep.Thepr
ovi
sionsoft
heCodehav
eal
so been
ext
endedt
otheSchedul
eAr
easbyt
heamendmentActof1976.Thi
sActi
sef
fect
ive
f
rom 01day
 ofJanuar
y1909.

Expl
anat
ion 
.-
Int
hiscl
ause,"
tr
ibalar
eas"meanst
het
err
it
ori
eswhi
ch,i
mmedi
atel
y
bef
oret
he21stdayofJanuar
y,1972,wer
eincl
udedi
nthet
ri
balar
easofAssam as
r
efer
redt
oinpar
agr
aph20oft
heSi
xthSchedul
etot
heConst
it
uti
on.

NOTE:JammuandKashmi
rReor
gani
sat
ionAct
,2019camei
ntof
orceonOct
ober31
l
asty
earandt
heer
stwhi
l
est
atewasr
eor
gani
sedi
ntoUni
ont
err
it
ori
esofJammu
andKashmi
randLadakh.

Al
lthecent
rall
awswhi
char
eappl
i
cabl
etoot
herpar
tsoft
hecount
ryar
enow
appl
i
cabl
etoJammuandKashmi
rfr
om Oct
ober31.

Composi
ti
onofCode:

Thebodyoft
heCodecont
aini
ngsect
ionsi
sfundament
alandcannotbeamended
exceptbyt
heLegi
slat
urewhi
l
etheFi
rstSchedul
eoft
heCode,
cont
aini
ngOr
der
sand
Rul
es,canbeamendedbyt
heHi
ghCour
ts.Thesect
ionsandRul
esmustber
ead
t
oget
her
 andhar
moni
ousl
yconst
rued,
buti
frul
esar
einconsi
stentwi
tht
hesect
ions,
t
hel
att
erwi
l
lpr
evai
l
.

DEFI
NITI
ONS

Sect
ion2oft
hecodeofci
vi
lpr
ocedur
eisadef
ini
ti
oncl
ause.Pr
esent
ly,
ther
e
ar
e20def
ini
ti
onscl
ausesi
nal
l
.Weshal
lst
udyt
hem onebyone.Def
ini
ti
oncl
ausei
s
t
hedi
cti
onar
ytot
hewor
dusedi
nthest
atut
ewhi
chi
susef
uli
nint
erpr
eti
ngt
he
st
atut
e.I
tgi
vest
hemeani
ngoft
hatwor
dint
hephr
aser
elat
edt
othest
atut
e.
Obj
ect
soft
hiscl
ausear
etopr
ovi
def
orpr
operi
nter
pret
ati
on oft
heenact
ment&t
o
shor
tent
hel
anguageoft
heenact
ingpar
t.Pr
esent
ly,
ther
ear
e20def
ini
ti
onscl
auses
i
nal
l
.Weshal
lst
udyt
hem onebyone.

2(
1)CODE:"Code"i
ncl
udesr
ules

Thecodeofci
vi
lpr
ocedur
ehas2par
ts.Themai
nbodyoft
hecodei
sint
hesect
ions
andt
her
ulesr
efer
stomat
ter
sofmer
emachi
ner
ywhi
cht
hehi
ghcour
tmayadaott
o
l
ocalcondi
ti
ons.Thus hi
gh cour
t ar
e al
l
owed t
o modi
fyt
he r
ules as per
ci
rcumst
ances.

2(
2)DECREE"decr
ee"meanst
hef
ormalex
pressi
onofanadj
udi
cat
ionwhi
ch,
sof
ar
asr
egar
dst
heCour
texpr
essi
ngi
t,concl
usi
vel
ydet
ermi
nest
her
ight
soft
hepar
ti
es
wi
thr
egar
dtoal
loranyoft
hemat
ter
sincont
rov
ersyi
nthesui
tandmaybeei
ther
pr
eli
minar
yorf
inal
.Itshal
lbedeemedt
oincl
udet
her
eject
ionofapl
aintandt
he
det
ermi
nat
ionofanyquest
ionwi
thi
nsect
ion47orsect
ion144,
butshal
lnoti
ncl
ude-

(
a)anyadj
udi
cat
ionf
rom whi
chanappeal
li
esasanappeal
from anor
der
,or

(
b)anyor
derofdi
smi
ssal
fordef
aul
t.

Expl
anat
ion:

Adecr
eei
spr
eli
minar
ywher
efur
therpr
oceedi
ngshav
etobet
akenbef
oret
hesui
t
can becompl
etel
y di
sposed of
.Iti
sfi
nalwhen such adj
udi
cat
ion compl
etel
y
di
sposesoft
hesui
t.I
tmaybepar
tl
ypr
eli
minar
yandpar
tl
yfi
nal
.

Cl
asses/Ty
pesofDecr
eesDecr
ee
Pr
eli
minar
y Decr
ee 
Final
 
Decr
ee 
Par
tl
y 
Prel
i
minar
y & 
Par
tl
y 
 Fi
nal
 
Decr
ee

I
. 
Prel
imi
nar
y Decr
ee:

 
Wher
eanadj
udi
cat
iondeci
dest
her
ight
soft
hepar
ti
eswi
thr
egar
dtoal
loranyof
t
hemat
ter
sincont
rov
ersyi
nthesui
t,butdoesnotcompl
etel
ydi
sposeoft
hesui
t,i
t
i
saPr
eli
minar
yDecr
ee.

Pr
eli
minar
y decr
ee 
i
s onl
y 
a st
age 
i
n wor
king 
out
 t
he 
ri
ght
s of
 t
he 
par
ti
es,
 
whi
ch 
are 
t
o 
be 
fi
nal
l
yadj
udi
cat
edbyaf
inal
decr
ee

Pr
ovi
sionsi
ntheCodef
orpassi
ngoft
hePr
eli
minar
yDecr
ees:

a.
Sui
ts 
for
 possessi
on 
and 
mesne 
prof
it
; 
Order
 20 
Rul
e 12

b.
Admi
nist
rat
ive 
Sui
ts;
 
Order
 20 
Rul
e 13

c.
Sui
ts 
for
 ,
Pre-
empt
ion;
 
Order
 20 
Rul
e 14

d.
Sui
ts 
for
 di
ssol
uti
on 
of 
Par
tner
shi
p; 
Order
 20 
Rul
e 15

e.
Sui
tsf
or 
account
s bet
ween 
pri
nci
pal
 
and 
agent
; 
Order
 20 
Rul
e 16

 
f.
Sui
ts 
for
 par
ti
ti
on 
and 
separ
ate 
possessi
on;
 
Order
 20 
Rul
e 18

g.
Sui
ts 
for
 f
orecl
osur
e of
 a 
mor
tgage;
 
Order
 34 
Rul
es 
2-
3f
or 
account
s bet
ween 
pri
nci
pal
 
and 
agent
; 
Order
 20 
Rul
e 16

Besi
desabov
etheCour
thasapowert
opassapr
eli
minar
ydecr
eei
ncasesnot
expr
essl
ypr
ovi
dedi
ntheCode.

I
nPhoolChandVsGopalLalA.
I.
R.1967,
S.C.1470,

 
theApexCour
thasdeci
dedt
hat"
C.P.
C.doesnot
prohi
bit
spassi
ngofmor
ethatone
pr
eli
minar
ydecr
ee,i
fci
rcumst
ancesj
ust
if
ythesameandi
tmaybenecessar
ytodo
so.
”

I
I.
 Fi
nal
 Decr
ee 
:
 
Adecr
eemaybef
inal
in 
twoway
s-

a.Whennoappeali
sfi
l
ledagai
nstt
hedecr
eewi
thi
nthepr
escr
ibedper
iodort
he
mat
terhasbeendeci
dedbyt
hedecr
eeoft
hehi
ghestCour
t;

b.
Whent
hedecr
eesof
arasr
egar
dst
heCour
tpassi
ngi
t,compl
etel
ydi
sposeoft
he
sui
t.

"
Afi
naldecr
eei
sonewhi
chcompl
etel
ydi
sposesoft
hesui
tandf
inal
l
yset
tl
esal
l
t
he 
quest
ionsi
ncont
rov
ersybet
weent
hepat
ti
esandnot
hingf
urt
her
 r
emai
nst
obe
deci
dedt
her
eaf
ter
.

Undert
hespeci
alci
rcumst
ances,mor
ethanonef
inal
 
decr
eescanbepassedi
n t
he
samesui
t,e.
g.Wher
etwoormor
ecausesof
 act
ionsar
ejoi
nedt
oget
her
,ther
ecan
bemor
ethan 
onef
inal
decr
ee.

I
II
.Par
tl
yPr
eli
minar
yandPar
tl
yFi
nalDecr
ee:

 
Forexampl
e,i
nasui
tforpossessi
onofi
mmov
eabl
epr
oper
tywi
thmesnespr
ofi
ts,
t
heCour
t-

a)
decr
ees 
possessi
on 
of 
the 
proper
ty,
 
and

b)
dir
ect
s an 
enqui
ryi
ntot
he 
mesne 
prof
it
s.

Thef
ormerpar
toft
hedecr
eei
sfi
nal
l
ywhi
l
ethel
aterpar
tis 
onl
ypr
eli
minar
y
because t
he Fi
nalDecr
ee f
ormesne pr
ofi
ts can be dr
awn onl
y af
terenqui
ry
and 
ascer
tai
nmentoft
hedueamount
.Insuchacase,ev
ent
hought
hedecr
eei
s
onl
y 
one,
iti
sPar
tl
yPr
eli
minar
yandPar
tl
yFi
nal
.

Essent
ial
Element
sofadecr
ee:

 
Thedeci
sionofaCour
tcanbet
ermedasa"
decr
ee"upont
hesat
isf
act
ionoft
he
f
oll
owi
ngel
ement
s:-

I
.Ther
e must
 be 
an 
adj
udi
cat
ion 

I
I.
Suchadj
udi
cat
ionmusthav
ebeengi
veni
na 
sui
t
I
II
.I
t 
musthav
edet
ermi
nedt
her
ight
sof
 t
hepar
ti
esi
i
iwi
thr
egar
dto 
allor
 any
 oft
he
mat
teri
ncont
rov
ersyi
nthesui
t.

I
V.Such 
det
ermi
nat
ionmust
 be 
of 
a concl
usi
ve 
nat
ure 
 and

V.
Ther
e mustbef
ormal
 
expr
essi
onv
 of
 such 
adj
udi
cat
ion

2(
3)"
Decr
ee-
Hol
der
"

 
meansanyper
soni
nwhosef
avouradecr
eehasbeenpassedoranor
dercapabl
eof
execut
ionhasbeenmade

i
nBaj
ir
aov
ersuskashi
rao,AI
R,1978,Bom 350case,t
hecour
thel
dthatadecr
ee-
hol
deri
sonewhosenamei
sinscr
ibedont
hedecr
eeandi
nwhosef
avoursuch
decr
eehasbeenpassed.

2(
4)"
dist
ri
ct"meanst
hel
ocall
i
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofapr
inci
palCi
vi
lCour
tof
or
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
on(
her
einaf
tercal
l
eda"
Dist
ri
ctCour
t")
,andi
ncl
udest
hel
ocal
l
i
mit
soft
heor
dinar
yor
igi
nal
civ
ilj
uri
sdi
cti
onofaHi
ghCour
t:

{
Subs.byAct2of1951,
s.4.
}

2(
5)"
for
eignCour
t"meansaCour
tsi
tuat
eout
sideI
ndi
aandnotest
abl
i
shedor
cont
inuedbyt
heaut
hor
it
yoft
heCent
ral
Gov
ernment
:]

2(
6)"f
orei
gnj
udgment"meanst
hej
udgmentofaf
orei
gnCour
t

2(
7)"
Gov
ernmentPl
eader
"incl
udesanyof
fi
cerappoi
ntedbyt
heSt
ateGov
ernment
t
o per
for
m al
loranyoft
hef
unct
ionsexpr
essl
yimposed byt
hisCodeont
he
Gov
ernmentPl
eaderand al
so any pl
eaderact
ing undert
he di
rect
ions oft
he
Gov
ernmentPl
eader
.

2(
7A)"Hi
ghCour
t",
inr
elat
iont
otheAndamanandNi
cobarI
slands,
meanst
heHi
gh
Cour
tinCal
cut
ta.

2(
7B)"
Indi
a",
excepti
nsect
ions1,
29,
43,
44,
{Ins.
byAct42of1953,
s.4andSch.
II
I.
}
[
44A,
]78,79,32,83and87A,meanst
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
aexcl
udi
ngt
heSt
ateof
JammuandKashmi
r.
2(
8)"
Judge"meanst
hepr
esi
dingof
fi
cerofaCi
vi
lCour
t.

2(
9)"j
udgment"meanst
hest
atementgi
venbyt
heJudgeoft
hegr
oundsofa
decr
eeoror
der
.

2(
10)"
judgment
-debt
or"meansanyper
sonagai
nstwhom adecr
eehasbeenpassed
oranor
dercapabl
eofexecut
ionhasbeenmade.

2(
11)"l
egalr
epr
esent
ati
ve"meansaper
sonwhoi
nlawr
epr
esent
stheest
ateofa
deceasedper
son,andi
ncl
udesanyper
sonwhoi
nter
meddl
eswi
tht
heest
ateoft
he
deceasedandwher
eapar
tysuesori
ssuedi
nar
epr
esent
ati
vechar
act
ert
heper
son
onwhom t
heest
atedev
olv
esont
hedeat
hoft
hepar
tysosui
ngorsued.

2(
12)"mesnepr
ofi
ts"ofpr
oper
tymeanst
hosepr
ofi
tswhi
cht
heper
soni
nwr
ongf
ul
possessi
onofsuchpr
oper
tyact
ual
l
yrecei
vedormi
ghtwi
thor
dinar
ydi
l
igencehav
e
r
ecei
vedt
her
efr
om,t
oget
herwi
thi
nter
estonsuchpr
ofi
ts,butshal
lnoti
ncl
ude
pr
ofi
tsduet
oimpr
ovement
smadebyt
heper
soni
nwr
ongf
ulpossessi
on.

2(
13)"
mov
abl
epr
oper
ty"i
ncl
udesgr
owi
ngcr
ops.

2(
14)"
order
"meanst
hef
ormalex
pressi
onofanydeci
sionofaCi
vi
lCour
twhi
chi
s
notadecr
ee.

2(
15)"
pleader
"meansanyper
sonent
it
ledt
oappearandpl
eadf
oranot
heri
nCour
t,
andi
ncl
udesanadv
ocat
e,av
aki
landanat
tor
neyofaHi
ghCour
t.

2(
16)"
prescr
ibed"meanspr
escr
ibedbyr
ules.

2(
17)"publ
icof
fi
cer"meansaper
sonf
all
i
ngunderanyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngdescr
ipt
ions,
namel
y:
-

(
a)ev
eryJudge;

(
b)ev
erymemberoft
heI
ndi
anCi
vi
lSer
vice;
(
c)ev
erycommi
ssi
onedorgazet
tedof
fi
ceri
nthemi
l
itar
y{Subs.byAct35of1934,
s.
2andSch.
,for"ornav
al"
.}[
nav
alorai
r]f
orcesof{
Subs.byt
heA.
O.1950f
or"
His
Maj
est
y".
}[t
heUni
on]{
Thewor
ds"
incl
udi
ngHi
sMaj
est
y'
sIndi
anMar
ineSer
vice"
r
ep.
byAct35of1934,
s.2.
}whi
l
eser
vingundert
heGov
ernment
;

(
d)ev
eryof
fi
cerofaCour
tofJust
icewhosedut
yiti
s,assuchof
fi
cer
,toi
nvest
igat
e
orr
epor
tonanymat
terofl
aworf
act
,ort
omake,
aut
hent
icat
eorkeepanydocument
,
ort
otakechar
geordi
sposeofanypr
oper
ty,
ort
oexecut
eanyj
udi
cialpr
ocess,
ort
o
admi
nist
eranyoat
h,ort
oint
erpr
et,ort
opr
eser
veor
der
,int
heCour
t,andev
ery
per
sonespeci
all
yaut
hor
izedbyaCour
tofJust
icet
oper
for
m anyofsuchdut
ies;

(
e)ev
eryper
sonwhohol
dsanyof
fi
cebyv
irt
ueofwhi
chhei
sempower
edt
opl
aceor
keepanyper
soni
nconf
inement
;

(
f)ev
eryof
fi
ceroft
heGov
ernmentwhosedut
yiti
s,assuchof
fi
cer
,topr
event
of
fences,t
ogi
vei
nfor
mat
ionofof
fences,t
obr
ingof
fender
stoj
ust
ice,ort
opr
otect
t
hepubl
i
cheal
th,
saf
etyorconv
eni
ence;

(
g)ev
eryof
fi
cerwhosedut
yiti
s,assuchof
fi
cer
,tot
ake,
recei
ve,
keeporexpendany
pr
oper
tyon behal
foft
heGov
ernment
,ort
o make anysur
vey
,assessmentor
cont
ractonbehal
foft
heGov
ernment
,ort
oexecut
eany r
evenue-
process,ort
o
i
nvest
igat
e,ort
orepor
ton,anymat
teraf
fect
ingt
hepecuni
aryi
nter
est
soft
he
Gov
ernmentort
omake,
aut
hent
icat
eorkeepanydocumentr
elat
ingt
othepecuni
ary
i
nter
est
soft
heGov
ernment
,ort
opr
eventt
hei
nfr
act
ionofanyl
awf
ort
hepr
otect
ion
oft
hepecuni
aryi
nter
est
soft
heGov
ernment
;and

(
h)ev
eryof
fi
ceri
ntheser
viceorpayoft
heGov
ernment
,orr
emuner
atedbyf
eesor
commi
ssi
onf
ort
heper
for
manceofanypubl
i
cdut
y.

2(
18)"
rul
es"meansr
ulesandf
ormscont
ainedi
ntheFi
rstSchedul
eormadeunder
sect
ion122orsect
ion125:
2(
19)"
shar
einacor
por
ati
on"shal
lbedeemedt
oincl
udest
ock,debent
urest
ock,
debent
uresorbonds:
and

2(
20)"
signed"
,sav
eint
hecaseofaj
udgmentordecr
ee,
incl
udesst
amped.

{
Cl.
(21)whi
chwasi
ns.byt
heA.
O.1950,
rep.byAct2of1951,
s.4.
}

SUI
TSOFCI
VILNATURE

Ther
ear
esev
eralpat
hst
haty
oucanchoosei
fyourr
ight
sgetv
iol
ated.amongt
he
ot
her
,themai
ntwobr
anchesofl
aw ar
eCr
imi
nalCaseandCi
vi
lSui
t.Gener
all
y,a
per
soncanchoosebet
weenacr
imi
nalcaseandaci
vi
lsui
t.Cr
imi
nalcasepuni
shes
t
hewr
ongdoerbyi
mpr
isonmentandf
ineont
heot
herhandci
vi
lsui
tor
der
sfor
compensat
ionorspeci
fi
crel
i
ef.Tost
artaci
vi
lsui
tthesubj
ectmat
terorsui
tmust
beasui
tofci
vi
lnat
ure,
ther
efor
eiti
simpor
tantt
ounder
standt
het
erm 
Sui
tsofCi
vi
l
Nat
ure.
 TheCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,1908dealwi
thsui
tsofci
vi
lnat
ure.Let
’shav
ea
l
ooki
ntoi
t.

I
nCPCsui
tsofci
vi
lnat
uremeans 
asui
tthati
spr
esent
edbef
oreaCi
vi
lCour
tfor
adj
udi
cat
ionofaci
vi
lmat
ter
,mor
especi
fi
cal
lyt
odet
ermi
net
her
ightofpr
oper
tyor
of
fi
ce.

Her
ein bot
h phr
ases,
 “r
ightt
o pr
oper
ty”and “
ri
ghtt
o of
fi
ce”deser
ves mor
e
cl
ari
fi
cat
ion. “
Right t
o pr
oper
ty” means and i
ncl
udes mov
abl
e,i
mmov
abl
e,
 
i
ntel
l
ect
ual
,inher
it
abl
e pr
oper
ty and pr
oper
tyt
hatar
ise outofany cont
ract
,
agr
eement
,li
ti
gat
ion,oroutofanyot
herci
vi
lri
ght
s.Asopposedt
o,“
ri
ghtt
oof
fi
ce”
meansar
ightt
ohol
daposi
ti
onandexer
ciset
hepoweroft
hatposi
ti
on.I
tcoul
dbea
j
obpost
,ar
eli
gious,
oranysecul
arpost
.

Sect
ion9

Pr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ingt
o“sui
tsofci
vi
lnat
ure”hav
ebeenl
aiddowni
nsect
ion9ofCPC.
I
treads“
Cour
tshal
lhav
ethej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
otr
yal
lsui
tsofci
vi
lnat
ureexceptt
hoseof
whi
cht
hei
rcogni
zancei
sexpr
essl
yori
mpl
i
edl
ybar
red.
”
I
nthel
andmar
kcase,
 
ShankarNar
ayanPot
tivKSr
eedev
i,(
1998)3SCC751 
the
apexcour
thel
dthat”
iti
sobv
ioust
hati
nal
lty
peofci
vi
ldi
sput
eci
vi
lcour
tshav
e
i
nher
it
edj
uri
sdi
cti
onaspersect
ion9oft
heCPCunl
essapar
tofJur
isdi
cti
oni
s
car
vedoutf
rom suchj
uri
sdi
cti
on,ex
pressl
yorbynecessar
yimpl
i
cat
ionbyany
st
atut
orypr
ovi
sionconf
err
edonanyot
hert
ri
bunal
oraut
hor
it
y.”

 
Ci
vi
lSui
texampl
es

Fol
lowi
ngar
ethesui
tsofci
vi
lnat
ure

 sui
trel
ati
ngt
opr
oper
ty.

 sui
tfordamageofci
vi
lwr
ong.

 sui
tforSpeci
fi
cRel
i
ef.

 sui
tfordamagef
orbr
eachofcont
ract
.

 sui
tforr
ent
.

Butt
hesear
enotsui
tsofci
vi
lnat
ure,

 Asui
tforadecl
arat
ionofamemberofcast
eref
rai
nedf
rom i
nvi
tat
iont
oa
cast
edi
nner
.

 Asui
tforexpul
sionofamemberf
rom cast
e.

 Sui
tsi
nvol
vi
ngpur
elyr
eli
giouscer
emoni
es.

RESJUDI
CATAANDRESSUBJUDI
CE

I
nLat
i ResJudi
n,
  cat
a meansamat
tert
hathasbeenj
udged.Whenacasehas
al
readybeendeci
dedandt
hef
inalj
udgementbeengi
vensucht
hatt
hemat
teri
sno
l
ongersubj
ectt
oappeal
,thedoct
ri
neofr
esj
udi
cat
abar
sorpr
ecl
udescont
inued
l
i
tigat
ionofsuchmat
terbet
weent
hesamepar
ti
es.

Ont
heot SubJudi
herhand,
  ce 
means‘
underj
udgment
’.I
timpl
i
est
hatamat
teri
s
bei
ngconsi
der
edbycour
torj
udge.I
nascenar
iowhent
woormor
ecasesar
efi
l
ed
bet
weent
hesamepar
ti
esont
hesamesubj
ectmat
ter
,thecompet
entcour
thast
he
powert
ost
aypr
oceedi
ngs.So,
thedoct
ri
neofResSubJudi
cemeansst
ayofsui
t.

I
nor
dert
oensur
ethatt
hecour
ts’
timei
sef
fect
ivel
yusedaswel
lasj
ust
icef
oral
lis
obt
ained,
thesedoct
ri
nespl
ayani
mpor
tantr
ole.Theydot
hisbyensur
ingt
hatasui
t
endsaf
tert
hej
udgmenti
spassedandt
hatt
hesamesui
tont
hesamesubj
ect
mat
teri
snotf
il
edmul
ti
plet
imes.Thi
sensur
essmoot
hfunct
ioni
ngoft
hej
udi
ciar
y.

ResJudi
cat
a

I
ncaseof
 ResJudi
cat
a,amat
teroncedeci
dedcannotber
aisedagai
n,ei
theri
nthe
samecour
tori
nadi
ff
erentcour
t.Thi
siswhyi
tisal
socal
l
edas‘
cl
aim pr
ecl
usi
on’
as
i
tpr
ecl
udesorpr
ohi
bit
sanyf
urt
hercl
aimsaf
tert
hef
inalj
udgment
.Iti
sacommon
l
awpr
act
icemeantt
obarr
e-l
i
tigat
ionofcasesbet
weent
hesamepar
ti
esi
nthecour
t.

Thedoct
ri
neof
 ResJudi
cat
a comef
rom t
hef
ullmaxi
m‘Resj
udi
cat
apr
over
it
ate
acci
pit
ur’  
.TheconceptofResJudi
cat
a ev
olv
ed f
rom t
heEngl
i
sh Common Law
sy
stem,and was der
ived f
rom t
he ov
err
idi
ng conceptof j
udi
cialeconomy
,
consi
stency
,andf
inal
i
ty.Fr
om t
hecommonl
aw,i
tgoti
ncl
udedi
ntheCodeofCi
vi
l
Pr
ocedur
e,whi
chwasl
aterasawhol
ewasadopt
edbyt
heI
ndi
anl
egal
syst
em.

Pur
poseof
 Resj
udi
cat
a

ResJudi
cat
a ai
mst
opr
event
;

1.I
njust
icet
othepar
ti
esofacaset
hathasbeensupposedl
yconcl
udedby
pr
ovi
dingcl
osur
etoaj
udgmentandpr
ecl
udi
nganyf
urt
hercl
aims
2.Unnecessar
ywast
eofcour
tresour
ces
3.Mul
ti
ply
ingofj
udgment
sasf
urt
hercl
aimswoul
dleadt
osev
eralv
ari
ed
j
udgement
sont
hesamemat
terwhi
chwi
l
lleadt
oconf
usi
on
4.Recov
eryofdamagesf
rom t
hedef
endantt
wicef
ort
hesamei
njur
y

Resj
udi
cat
a i
ncl
udes

 Cl
aim pr
ecl
usi
on:i
tfocusesonbar
ri
ngasui
tfr
om bei
ngbr
oughtagai
non
al
egalcauseofact
ion,t
hathasal
readybeen,f
inal
l
ydeci
dedbet
weent
he
par
ti
es.
          
 
  I
ssuepr
ecl
usi
on:
 bar
sther
e-l
i
tigat
ionoff
act
uali
ssuest
hathav
eal
ready
beennecessar
il
ydet
ermi
nedbyaj
udgeaspar
tofear
li
ercl
aim.

Thoughi
tmustbenot
edt
hat
,thi
sdoesn’
tincl
udet
hepr
ocessofappeal
,asan
appeali
sconsi
der
edt
heappr
opr
iat
ewayt
ochal
l
engeaj
udgement
.Oncet
heappeal
pr
ocess i
s exhaust
ed orbar
red byl
i
mit
ati
on,t r
he es j
udi
cat
a wi
l
lappl
ytot
he
deci
sion.Ther
efor
e,i
tsappl
i
cat
ioni
sonl
yont
hef
inal
deci
sionpostappeal
s.

Maxi
ms

Doct
ri
neofr
esj
udi
cat
aorr
uleofconcl
usi
vej
udgementi
sbasedont
hef
oll
owi
ng

t
hreemaxi
ms:

1.Nemodebetl
isvexar
ipr
oeadem causa–nomant
obev
exedt
wicef
ort
he

samecause.

2.I
nter
estr
epubl
icaeutsi
tfi
nisl
i
tium–i
tisi
nthei
nter
estoft
hest
atet
hat

t
her
eshoul
dbeendt
oli
ti
gat
ion.

3.Rej
udi
cat
apr
over
it
ateocci
pit
ur–aj
udi
cialdeci
sionshoul
dbeaccept
edas

cor
rect
.

I
nthecaseof
 AshokKumarvNat
ionalI
nsur
anceCompany
 1998,
 
theSupr
eme

Cour
tobser
vedt
hatt
hef
ir
stl
egalmaxi
mtakescar
eoft
hepr
ivat
eint
erestandt
he

nextt
wooft
hel
argeri
nter
estoft
hesoci
ety
.
ResJudi
cat
a underI
ndi
anl
aw

Resj
udi
cat
a ort
her
uleofconcl
usi
venessoft
hej
udgmenthasbeenembodi
edi
nthe

I
ndi
anl
awunderSect
ion11oft
hecodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,1908.I
tenact
sthatonce

amat
teri
sfi
nal
l
ydeci
dedbyacompet
entCour
t,nopar
tycanbeper
mit
tedt
oreopen

i
tinasubsequentl
i
tigat
ion.Sect
ion11st
atest
hat
;

“
NoCour
tshal
ltr
yanysui
tori
ssuei
nwhi
cht
hemat
terdi
rect
lyandsubst
ant
ial
l
yin

i
ssuehasbeendi
rect
lyandsubst
ant
ial
l
yini
ssuei
naf
ormersui
tbet
weent
hesame

par
ti
es,orbet
weenpar
ti
esunderwhom t
heyoranyoft
hem cl
aim,l
i
tigat
ingunder

t
hesamet
it
le,i
naCour
tcompet
entt
otr
ysuchsubsequentsui
tort
hesui
tinwhi
ch

suchi
ssuehasbeensubsequent
lyr
aised,andhasbeenhear
dandf
inal
l
ydeci
dedby

suchCour
t.
”

I
nthe case of
 Sat
yadhy
an Ghosalv.Deor
ji
n Debi
,Hon’
ble Just
ice Das Gupt
a

expl
ainedt
hedoct
ri
neof
 ResJudi
cat
a as;

“
Thepr
inci
pleofr
esj
udi
cat
aisbasedont
heneedofgi
vi
ngaf
inal
i
tyt
ojudi
ci
al

deci
sions.Whati
tsay
sist
hatoncear
esi
sjudi
cat
a,i
tshal
lnotbeadj
udgedagai
n.

Pr
imar
il
yitappl
i
esasbet
weenpastl
i
tigat
ionandf
utur
eli
ti
gat
ion.Whenamat
ter
,

whet
heronaquest
ionoff
actoraquest
ionofl
aw,hasbeendeci
dedbet
weent
wo

par
ti
esi
nonesui
torpr
oceedi
ngandt
hedeci
sioni
sfi
nal
,ei
therbecausenoappeal

wast
akent
oahi
gherCour
torbecauset
heappealwasdi
smi
ssed,ornoappeall
i
es,

nei
therpar
tywi
l
lbeal
l
owedi
naf
utur
esui
torpr
oceedi
ngbet
weent
hesamepar
ti
es

t
ocanv
asst
hemat
teragai
n.”
  
I
ngr
edi
ent
sandessent
ial
sofsect
ion11

 Accor
dingt
othi
ssect
ion,
nocour
tshal
ltr
yanysui
tori
ssuei
nwhi
ch:

1.Themat
teri
nissue(
dir
ect
lyandsubst
ant
ial
l
y)hasbeendi
rect
lyand

subst
ant
ial
l
yini
ssuei
naf
ormersui
t

2.Suchmat
teri
nthef
ormersui
thadbeenbet
weent
hesamepar
ti
esor

bet
weenpar
ti
escl
aimi
ng 
undert
hem

3.Themat
termustbel
i
tigat
edundert
hesamet
it
lei
nacour
tcompet
ent

t
otr
ysuchsui
torasui
tinwhi
cht
hemat
terhasbeensubsequent
ly

r
aisedandhasbeenhear
dandf
inal
l
ydeci
dedbysuchcour
t

 Mandat
oryPr
ovi
sion:

1.Fur
ther
,itmustbenot
edt
hatSect
ion11i
samandat
orypr
ovi
sionand

notdi
rect
oryi
nnat
ure.Theonl
yexcept
ioni
nwhi
chaf
ormersui
tcan

beav
oidedi
sbyt
aki
ngr
ecour
seof
 Sect
ion44 
oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idence

Act
,1872ongr
oundsoff
raudorcol
l
usi
on.

2.Thesamewasdi
scussedi
nthecaseof
  
Bel
iRam andBr
other
sv

Chaudr
iMohammadAf
zal
,wher
ethecour
thel
dthatwheni
twas

est
abl
i
shedt
hatt
heguar
dianoft
hemi
norhadact
edi
ncol
l
usi
onwi
th

t
hedef
endant
,itdoesn’
toper
ateas 
resj
udi
cat
a andcanbesetasi
de
 byi
nvoki
ngSect
ion44oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.

3.Fur
ther
,int
he case of
 Jal
l
urVenkat
a Seshay
yav
.Tahdav
iconda

Kot
eswar
aRao,1937 
thecour
thel
dthat
,gr
ossnegl
i
gencei
nfor
mer

sui
tdoesn’
tamountt
ofr
audorcol
l
usi
onandt
husact
sasbart
o

subsequentsui
t.

 Thef
oll
owi
ngar
eal
sot
obet
akeni
ntoaccount
:

1.f
ormersui
tdenot
esasui
twhi
chhasbeendeci
dedpr
iort
othesui
tin

quest
ion,andnoti
fitwaspr
iort
othi
ssui
t.i
.e.Thecut
-of
fisdat
eof

j
udgementandnott
hedat
eofi
nst
it
uti
onoft
hesui
t.

2.compet
encyofacour
tist
obedeci
ded,i
rr
espect
iveoft
her
ightt
o

appeal
from af
ormersui
t.

3.t
hemat
terr
efer
redt
oint
hissui
tmusthav
ebeenal
l
egedbyonepar
ty

andei
theraccept
edorr
efusedbyt
heot
herpar
ty(
expr
essl
y/i
mpl
i
edl
y).

4.anymat
terwhi
ch mi
ghtoroughtt
o hav
e been made gr
ound of

at
tack/
def
encei
nsuchf
ormersui
tshal
lbedeemedt
ohav
ebeena

mat
terdi
rect
lyandsubst
ant
ial
l
yini
ssuei
nsuchsui
t(const
ruct
iver
es

j
udi
cat
a).

5.i
fanyr
eli
efwascl
aimedi
npl
aintandwasnotgr
ant
edexpr
essl
y,i
t
 woul
dbedeemedt
ohav
ebeenr
efusedi
nsuchf
ormersui
t.

6.when per
sonsl
i
tigat
ebonaf
idei
nrespectofapubl
i
c/pr
ivat
eri
ght

cl
aimedi
ncommonf
ort
hemsel
vesandot
her
s,al
lper
sonsi
nter
est
ed

f
ort
hepur
poseofsect
ion11,wi
l
lbedeemedascl
aimi
ngunder

per
sonsl
i
tigat
ing,

7.i
tisal
sot
ober
emember
edt
hat
,acour
tofl
i
mit
edj
uri
sdi
cti
onwher
e

t
hef
ormersui
twasi
nst
it
utedanddeci
dedupon,shal
loper
ateasr
es

j
udi
cat
a,ev
eni
fthecour
tofl
i
mit
edj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
snotcompet
entt
otr
y

t
hesubsequentsui
t.

8.t
hissect
ion11appl
i
est
oex
ecut
ionpr
oceedi
ngsal
so.

 Publ
icI
nter
estLi
ti
gat
ions:

1.I
ncaseofr
esj
udi
cat
a,aPubl
i
cInt
erestLi
ti
gat
ioncanbeappl
i
cabl
e

onl
ywhent
hef
ormersui
twasbonaf
idei
nnat
ureandt
hati
twi
l
lnotact

asashi
eldi
ncaseswher
epubl
i
cgoodi
sthr
eat
enedorquest
ioned.

2.I
nthecaseof
 Rur
all
it
igat
ionandEnt
it
lementKendr
avSt
ateofUt
tar

Pr
adesh,t
heSupr
emeCour
tobser
vedt
hatt
hewr
itpet
it
ionbef
ore

t
hem wasnotani
nter
-par
tydi
sput
eandt
hecont
rov
ersyi
nitwas

whet
hermi
ningwast
obeal
l
owedornot
.Thusi
twasamat
tert
hat

deci
dedt
hesoci
alsaf
etyandpr
ovi
dinghazar
dousf
reeenv
ironment
.It
 wasf
urt
herdi
scussedbyt
hecour
tthatt
hismat
terwasof 
grav
epubl
i
c

i
mpor
tanceandt
her
efor
e,r
 esj
udi
cat
a coul
dnotbeusedasashi
eld.

3.Fur
theri
nthecaseof
 RamdasNay
akvUni
onofI
ndi
a,cour
tobser
ved

t
hat
,byi
nvoki
ngr
ejudi
cat
a,i
twashi
ght
imef
ort
hecour
ttoend

r
epet
it
ivel
i
tigat
ionscomi
ngundert
hegr
abofpubl
i
cint
erestl
i
tigat
ions.

Cases

1.I
n Sl
ochanaAmmav.Nar
ayanaNai
r 
1994,t
hecour
thel
d,t
hedoct
ri
neof
 r
es

j
udi
cat
a appl
i
est
oquasi
judi
cial
proceedi
ngsbef
oret
ri
bunal
sal
so.

2.I
nthecaseof
 Govi
ndaswamyv.Kast
uriAmmal
 1998,
itwashel
dbyt
hecour
t

t
hat
,the doct
ri  
ne ofr
es j
udi
cat
a appl
i
es t
othe pl
aint
if
fas wel
las t
he

def
endant
.

3.Thecour
thel
dint
hecaseof
 Umay
alAchivMPM Ramanat
hanChet
ti
ar 
that

t
hecor
rect
nessorot
her
wiseofaj
udi
cialdeci
sionhasno bear
ing upon

whet
herornoti
toper
atesasr
esj
udi
cat
a.

Appl
icat
ionsof
 r
esj
udi
cat
a

 Thedoct
ri
neof
 r
esj
udi
cat
a canbei
nvokedev
eni
nthesubsequentst
ageof

t
hesamepr
oceedi
ngs.I
nthecaseof
  
Y.B.Pat
il 
v.Y.
L.Pat
il
,thecour
thel
d

t
hatonceanor
deri
smadei
nthecour
seoft
hepr
oceedi
ngs,
itbecomesf
inal
 andt
her
efor
ewoul
dbebi
ndi
ngupont
hepar
ti
esatanysubsequentst
agesof

t
hesamepr
oceedi
ngs.

 Thi
sdoct
ri
necanal
soappl
yagai
nstco-
def
endant
s.I
nthecaseof
 Mahaboob

SahabvSy
edI
smai
l,t
hecour
thel
dthef
oll
owi
ngf
ourcondi
ti
onsmustbe

sat
isf
iedf
ort
heappl
i
cat
i r
onof esj
udi
cat
a:

1.t
her
emustbeaconf
li
ctofi
nter
estbet
weent
hedef
endant
sconcer
ned.

2.i
tmustbenecessar
ytodeci
desuchconf
li
cts,i
nor
dert
ogi
ver
eli
eft
o

t
hepl
aint
if
f

3.t
hequest
ionsbet
weent
hedef
endant
stobef
inal
l
ydeci
ded.

4.co-
def
endant
stobenecessar
yandpr
operpar
ti
est
othesui
t.

 Fur
ther
,thi
sdoct
ri
necanbeappl
i
edev
enbet
weenco-
plai
nti
ff
s.I
nthecase

of
 I
ft
ikhar
 Ahmedv.Sy
edMehar
ban 
Ali
,thecour
thel
dthati
fthef
oll
owi
ng

f
ourcondi
ti
onsar
esat
isf
iedr
esj
udi
cat
awi
l
lbeappl
i
cabl
e:

1.t
her
emustbeaconf
li
ctofi
nter
estbet
weent
heco-
plai
nti
ff
s

2.i
tmustbenecessar
ytodeci
desuchconf
li
cts,i
nor
dert
ogi
ver
eli
eft
o

t
hepl
aint
if
f

3.t
hequest
ionsbet
weent
hepl
aint
if
fst
obef
inal
l
ydeci
ded.
Non-
appl
icat
ionofr
esj
udi
cat
a

1.Habeascor
pus 
pet
it
ions:I
nthecaseof
 Suni
lDut
tvUni
onofI
ndi
a,i
twashel
d

t
hathabeascor
pus,f
il
edunderf
reshgr
oundsandchangedci
rcumst
ances

wi
l
lnotbebar
redbyapr
evi
oussuchpet
it
ion.

2.Di
smi
ssalofwr
itpet
it
i n 
oni l
i
mine:
 I
n Puj
ariBaivMadanGopal
,
 i
twashel
d

r
esj
udi
cat
anotappl
i
cabl
ewhendi
smi
ssedi
nli
mine(wi
thoutspeaki
ngor
der
s)

orongr
oundsofl
achesorav
ail
abi
l
ityofal
ter
nat
eremedi
es.

3.Mat
tercol
l
ater
all
yandi
nci
dent
all
yini
ssuedoesn’
toper
ateasr
esj
udi
cat
aas

di
scussedi
nthecaseof
 Say
edMohammadvMusaUmmer

4.Resj
udi
cat
a notappl
i
cabl
etoi
tpr
oceedi
ngsorf
ixi
ngoff
airr
entpr
oceedi
ngs

ResSubJudi
ce

Whent
woormor
ecasesar
efi
l
edbet
weent
hesamepar
ti
esont
hesamesubj
ect

mat
ter
,int
woormor
edi
ff
erentCour
ts,t
hecompet
entcour
thaspowert
o“St
ay

Pr
oceedi
ngs”ofanot
herCour
t.Thedoct
ri
neofr
essubj
udi
ceai
mst
opr
eventcour
ts

ofconcur
rentj
uri
sdi
cti
onf
rom si
mul
taneousl
yent
ert
aini
ngandadj
udi
cat
ingupon

t
wopar
all
ell
i
tigat
ionswi
thr
espectt
othesamecauseofact
ion,samesubj
ect

mat
terandsamer
eli
efcl
aimed.

Appl
icat
ionof
 ResSubJudi
ce 
inI
ndi
a
Sect
ion10ofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eCodedef
ines‘
Stayofsui
t’asf
oll
ows:

“
NoCour
ttopr
oceedwi
tht
rai
lofanysui
tinwhi
cht
hemat
teri
nissue,
isal
sodi
rect
ly

andsubst
ant
ial
l
yini
ssue.I
npr
evi
ousl
yinst
it
utedsui
tbet
weent
hesamepar
ti
es,or

bet
weenpar
ti
esunderwhom t
heyoranyoft
hem cl
aim,l
i
tigat
ingundert
hesame

t
it
le,wher
esuch sui
tispendi
ng i
n sameoranyot
herCour
t,i
nIndi
a,Hav
ing

j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ogr
antr
eli
efcl
aimed.Expl
anat
ion:Thependencyofasui
tinaFor
eign

Cour
tdoesn’
tpr
ecl
udet
heCour
tsi
nIndi
afr
om,
try
ingasui
tfoundedonsamecause

ofact
ion.
”

ScopeandObj
ect
iveofsect
ion10

1.Scope:Sect
ion10deal
swi
tht
heconceptofResSubJudi
ce.

1.Obj
ect
ive:Theobj
ectofSect
ion10i
stopr
eventCour
tsofconcur
rent

j
uri
sdi
cti
onf
rom si
mul
taneousl
y,t
ryi
ngt
wopar
all
elcases,
inr
espectof

samemat
teri
nissue.Thet
wof
oldobj
ect
sar
e:

1.Av
oidwast
ingCour
tResour
ces.

2.Av
oidConf
li
cti
ngdeci
sions.

Condi
ti
onsoressent
ial
s

 Themat
teri
nissuei
nbot
hthecasesar
etobesubst
ant
ial
l
ythesame
  Pr
evi
ousl
yinst
it
utedsui
tmustbependi
ngi
nthesameoranyot
hercour
t

compet
entt
ogr
ant
:

1.Rel
i
efcl
aimedi
nthesui
t.

2.Rel
i
efcl
aimedi
nsubsequentt
hesui
t.

 Sui
tst
othepar
ti
esar
etobet
hesameorbet
weenpar
ti
esunderwhom t
heyor

anyoft
hem cl
aim,
li
ti
gat
ingundert
hesamet
it
le.

 Pendencyofsui
tinFor
eignCour
tdoesn’
tact
ivat
eSect
ion10CPC.

 I
fsui
tispendi
ngbef
oreaCour
tandsubsequent
lyanappl
i
cat
ioni
sfi
l
ed

bef
oreaThasi
l
dhar
,itdoesn’
tinv
okeSect
ion10asThasi
l
dhari
snota“
Cour
t”

 Forpur
poseofi
nst
it
uti
on,t
hedat
eofpr
esent
ati
onofpl
aintandnott
hedat
e

ofadmi
ssi
oni
sconsi
der
ed.Thet
erm sui
tincl
udesappeal
.

 Anydecr
eepassedi
nvi
olat
ionofSect
ion10i
snul
landv
oid.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion:Papi
ta,anagentofBabi
taatDel
hiagr
eedt
osel
lBabi
ta’
sgoodsi
n

Chennai
.Papi
ta,t
heagentf
il
essui
tforbal
anceofaccount
sinChennai
.Babi
tasues

t
heagentPapi
taf
oraccount
sandhi
snegl
i
gencei
nDel
hi;whi
l
ecasei
spendi
ngi
n

Chennai
.Int
hiscase,Del
hiCour
tispr
ecl
udedf
rom conduct
ingt
rai
landPapi
tacan

pet
it
ionChennai
Cour
ttodi
rectst
ayofpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstDel
hiCour
t.
Cases

 Escor
tsConst
.Equi
pment
sLt
dVAct
ionConstEqui
pment
sLt
d 1998

1.Fact
s:Thedef
endanthadf
il
edf
orst
ayofpr
esentsui
t,anappl
i
cat
ion

u/
s10CPC,ongr
oundt
hatt
hemat
teri
ncont
rov
ersyi
spendi
ngi
n

JamshedpurCour
tal
so.Thi
swasopposedbypl
aint
if
fongr
oundt
hat
,

t
hedef
endant
shadr
aisedi
ssueofj
uri
sdi
cti
onofJamshedpurCour
tto

ent
ert
ainsamesui
t;andt
hatappl
i
cat
ionu/
s10CPCcanbef
il
edi
nthe

pr
esentsui
t,onl
yifobj
ect
ionwi
thr
espectt
olackofj
uri
sdi
cti
onwas

wi
thdr
awni
nJamshedpurCour
t.

2.Judgment
:Cour
thel
dthatt
hecondi
ti
onsr
equi
sit
etoi
nvokeS.
10CPC

ar
e:

1.Mat
teri
nissuei
nbot
hthesui
tst
obesubst
ant
ial
l
ythesame.

2.Sui
ttobebet
weent
hesamepar
ti
esorpar
ti
esl
i
tigat
ingunder

t
hem

3.Pr
evi
ousl
yinst
it
utedsui
ttobei
nthesameCour
toradi
ff
erent

Cour
t,whi
chhasj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ogr
antt
her
eli
efasked.

4.Ther
eis not
hing t
othe ef
fectt
hatdef
endantshoul
d not

quest
iont
hecompet
encyofpr
evi
ousl
yCour
tint
hepr
evi
ousl
y
 i
nst
it
utedsui
t,andt
her
eremai
nst
hef
actt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fin

t
hei
rdef
enseagai
nstS.
10CPC,hadnotst
atedt
heJamshedpur

Cour
tiscompet
ent
.Thusr
eli
efwasgr
ant
edt
othedef
endant
.

 DeesPi
stonLt
d VSt
ateBankofI
ndi
a1991:I
nthi
scase,i
twashel
dthat
.

whenamat
teri
sbef
oreacompet
entCi
vi
lCour
t,t
heNat
ional
Commi
ssi
onwi
l
l

notent
ert
ainapet
it
ioni
nrespectofi
dent
icalsubj
ectmat
terunderConsumer

Pr
otect
ionAct
.

 I
ndi
an Bank V Mahar
asht
ra St
ate Co-
Oper
ati
ve Mar
ket
ing

Feder
ati
on 
1998:
 Thecour
tint
hiscasehel
dthat
,theobj
ectofpr
ohi
bit
ioni
n

S.
10CPC,
ist
o,pr
eventcour
tsofconcur
rentJur
isdi
cti
onf
rom si
mul
taneousl
y

t
ryi
ngt
wopar
all
elcasesav
oidi
nconsi
stentf
indi
ngsont
hemat
teri
nissue.

Concl
usi
on

Wi
tht
heev
er-
incr
easi
ngcasesi
nthecour
tsandt
hehei
ght
enedbur
denont
hecour
ts

becauseofsev
eralf
ri
vol
ousand r
epet
it
ivesui
ts,i
tisi
nev
itabl
ethatt
o ensur
e

smoot
hfunct
ioni
ngoft
hej
udi
cialsy
stem aswel
lasf
orpr
ovi
dingj
ust
icet
oneedy

par
ti
est
hatt
heset
wodoct
ri
nesar
eri
gor
ousl
yimpl
ement
ed.Thesedoct
ri
nesar
enot

andmustnotbeusedf
ort
hepur
poseofav
oidanceofj
ust
ice.Rat
her
,thepur
posei
s

t
omaket
hej
udi
ciar
ymor
eef
fi
cient
.

Thedoct
ri
neof
 ResSubJudi
ce 
oper
atesasast
ayf
rom t
hesamesubj
ectmat
teri
n

i
ssuebei
ngpar
all
eli
nst
it
utedi
ntwodi
ff
erentCour
tsandt
het
winobj
ect
ivesof
Sect
ion10CPCar
e,Av
oidi
ngconf
li
cti
ngdeci
sionsandf
indi
ngs.Av
oidi
ngwast
ageof

Cour
tresour
cesandt
ime.

Thedoct
ri
neof
 ResJudi
cat
a,ont
heot
herhand,ai
mst
oensur
ethatamat
teronce

cl
osedaf
terexhaust
ionofal
lremedi
esi
snotr
e-opened.Thi
sisi
mpor
tantasi
fit

wer
enoti
npl
ace,t
hecaseswoul
dgooni
nper
pet
uit
yandt
her
ewoul
dbeno

concl
usi
oni
nanymat
ter
.

FOREI
GNJUDGMENTS

The I
ndi
an Code ofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,1908 (
CPC)l
ays down t
he pr
ocedur
efor

enf
orcementoff
orei
gnj
udgment
sanddecr
eesi
nIndi
a. 
CPC,1908haddef
inedt
he

f
oll
owi
ngas-

 Sect
ion2(
5)“
for
eignCour
t”meansaCour
  tsi
tuat
eout
sideI
ndi
aandnot

est
abl
i
shedorcont
inuedbyt
heaut
hor
it
yoft
heCent
ralGov
ernment

 Sect
ion2(
6)“
for
eignj
udgment
”meanst
  hej
udgmentofaf
orei
gnCour
t.

Nat
ureandScopeofFor
eignJudgment
s

Sect
ion13embodi
est
hepr
inci
pl ofr
e  esj
udi
cat
a i
nfor
eignj
udgment
s.I
tembodi
es

t
hepr
inci
pleofPr
ivat
eInt
ernat
ionall
awt
hataj
udgmentdel
i
ver
edbyaf
orei
gncour
t

ofcompet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
oncanbeex
ecut
edandenf
orcedi
nIndi
a.
Obj
ectofRecogni
zingFor
eignJudgment
s

Thej
udgmentofaf
orei
gncour
tisenf
orcedont
hepr
inci
plet
hatwher
eaf
orei
gn

cour
tofcompet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
onhasadj
udi
cat
eduponacl
aim,al
egalobl
i
gat
ion

ar
isest
osat
isf
ythatcl
aimi
nthecount
rywher
ethej
udgmentneededt
obeenf
orced.

Ther
ulesofpr
ivat
eint
ernat
ionall
awofeachst
atedi
ff
eri
nmanyr
espect
,butbyt
he

comi
tyofnat
ionscer
tai
nrul
esar
erecogni
zedascommont
oci
vi
li
zedJur
isdi
cti
ons.

Thr
oughpar
toft
hej
udi
cialsy
stem ofeachst
atet
hesecommonr
uleshav
ebeen

adopt
edt
oadj
udi
cat
eupondi
sput
esi
nvol
vi
ngaf
orei
gnel
ementandt
oenf
orce

j
udgment
soff
orei
gncour
ts,orasar
esul
tofI
nter
nat
ionalconv
ent
ions.Sucha

r
ecogni
ti
oni
saccor
dednotasanactofcour
tesybutonconsi
der
ati
onofbasi
c

pr
inci
pleofj
ust
ice,equi
tyandgoodconsci
ence.Anawar
enessoff
orei
gnl
awi
nthe

par
all
elj
uri
sdi
cti
onwoul
dbeausef
ulgui
del
i
nei
ndet
ermi
ningournot
ionsofj
ust
ice

andpubl
i
cpol
i
cy.Wear
eaSov
erei
gnNat
ionwi
thi
nourt
err
it
orybut“i
tisnot

der
ogat
ionofsov
erei
gnt
ytot
akeaccount
soff
orei
gnl
aw”
.

Wear
“ enotpr
ovi
nci
alast
o sayt
hatever
ysol
uti
onoft
hepr
obl
em i
swr
ong

becausewedealwi
thi
tot
her
wiseathome”

Ther
efor
e,weshal
lnotbr
ushasi
def
orei
gnj
udi
cialpr
ocessunl
essdoi
ngso,“
woul
d

v
iol
atesomef
undament
alpr
inci
pleofj
ust
ice&deep-
root
edt
radi
ti
onsofcommon

weal
”.

Jur
isdi
cti
onofFor
eignCour
ts
I
n Pr
ivat
eInt
ernat
ionalLaw,unl
ess a f
orei
gn cour
t has j
uri
sdi
cti
on i
nthe

i
nter
nat
ionalsense,aj
udgmentdel
i
ver
edbyt
hatcour
twoul
dnotber
ecogni
zedi
n

I
ndi
a[5]
.Buti
tconsi
der
sonl
ythet
err
it
ori
alcompet
enceofcour
tov
ert
hesubj
ect
-

mat
teranddef
endant
.It
scompet
enceorj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
nanyot
hersensei
snot

r
egar
dedasmat
eri
albyt
hecour
tint
hiscount
ry.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
ofor
eignj
udgment
s

Sect
ion14st
atest
hepr
esumpt
iont
hatanI
ndi
ancour
ttakeswhenadocument

supposi
ngt
obeacer
ti
fi
edcopyofaf
orei
gnj
udgmenti
spr
esent
edbef
orei
t.The

I
ndi
anCour
tspr
esumet
hataf
orei
gnCour
tofcompet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
onpr
onouncedt
he

j
udgmentunl
ess t
he cont
rar
yappear
s on t
he r
ecor
d,butbypr
ovi
ng wantof

j
uri
sdi
cti
onmayov
err
ulesuchpr
esumpt
ion.

Sect
ion14.Pr
esumpt
ionast
ofor
eignj
udgment TheCour
s–  tshal
lpr
esume,upon

t
hepr
oduct
ionofanydocumentpur
por
ti
ngt
o beacer
ti
fi
edcopyofaf
orei
gn

j
udgment
,thatsuchj
udgmentwaspr
onouncedbyaCour
ttocompet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
on,

unl
esst
hecont
rar
yappear
sont
her
ecor
d;butsuchpr
esumpt
ionmaybedi
spl
aced

bypr
ovi
ngwantofj
uri
sdi
cti
on.

Concl
usi
venessofFor
eignJudgment
s

Sect
ion13l
aysdownt
hef
undament
alr
uleswhi
chshoul
dnotbev
iol
atedbyany

f
orei
gncour
tinpassi
ngadecr
eeorj
udgment
.Thedecr
eeorj
udgmentoff
orei
gn

cour
twi
l
lbeconcl
usi
veexceptwher
eitcomesunderanyoft
hecl
auses(
a)t
o(f
)of
Sect
ion13.

13.
When f
orei
gn j
udgment not concl
usi
ve.
-A f
orei
gn j
udgment shal
lbe

concl
usi
veast
oanymat
tert
her
ebydi
rect
lyadj
udi
cat
eduponbet
weent
he

samepar
ti
esorbet
weenpar
ti
esunderwhom t
heyoranyoft
hem cl
aim

l
i
tigat
ingundert
hesamet
it
leexcept
,—

(
a)Wher
eithasnotbeenpr
onouncedbyaCour
tofcompet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
on;

(
b)Wher
eithasnotbeengi
venont
hemer
it
soft
hecase;

(
c)Wher
eitappear
sont
hef
aceoft
hepr
oceedi
ngst
obef
oundedonani
ncor
rect

v
iewofi
nter
nat
ionall
aworar
efusalt
orecogni
zet
hel
awofI
ndi
aincasesi
nwhi
ch

suchl
awi
sappl
i
cabl
e;

(
d)Wher
ethepr
oceedi
ngsi
nwhi
cht
hej
udgmentwasobt
ainedar
eopposedt
o

nat
uralj
ust
ice;

(
e)Wher
eithasbeenobt
ainedbyf
raud;

(
f)Wer
eitsust
ainsacl
aimf
oundedonabr
eachofanyl
awi
nfor
cei
nIndi
a. 

I
n Br
ij
lalRamj
idasv
.Gov
indr
am Gor
dhandasSeksar
ia,Supr
emeCour
t 
hel
dthat

Sect
ion 13 speaks notonl
y of“
Judgment
”but“
any mat
tert
her
eby di
rect
ly

adj
udi
cat
edupon”
.Thewor
d‘any
’cl
ear
lyshowst
hatal
ltheadj
udi
cat
ivepar
tsoft
he

j
udgmentar
eequal
l
yconcl
usi
ve.
For
eignJudgment
swhencannotbeEnf
orcedi
nIndi
a

Bef
oreenf
orci
ngaf
orei
gnj
udgmentordecr
ee,t
hepar
tyenf
orci
ngi
tmustensur
e

t
hatt
hef
orei
gnj
udgmentordecr
eemustnotf
allundert
hese6cases.I
fthef
orei
gn

j
udgmentordecr
ee f
all
sunderanyoft
hese t
est
s,i
twi
l
lnotbe r
egar
ded as

concl
usi
veandhencenotenf
orceabl
einI
ndi
a.UnderSect
ion13,
ther
ear
esi
xcases

whenaf
orei
gnj
udgmentshal
lnotbeconcl
usi
ve.Si
xtest
sar
edi
scussedbel
ow.

For
eignJudgmentnotbyacompet
entcour
t

I
tisabasi
cfundament
alpr
inci
pleofl
awt
hatt
hej
udgmentoror
derpassedbyt
he

cour
twhi
chhasnoj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
svoi
d.Thus,aj
udgmentofaf
orei
gncour
ttobe

concl
usi
vebet
weent
hepar
ti
esmustbeaj
udgmentpr
onouncedbyacour
tof

compet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
on.Suchj
udgmentmustbebyacour
tcompet
entbot
hbyl
awof

t
hest
atewhi
chhasconst
it
utedi
tandi
nani
nter
nat
ionalsenseandi
tmusthav
e

di
rect
lyadj
udi
cat
edupont
hemat
terwhi
chi
spl Resj
eadedas  udi
cat
a.

I
nthecaseof
 R.
M.V.Vel
lachiAchiv
.R.
M.A.Ramanat
hanChet
ti
ari
,
 twasal
l
egedby

t
her
espondentt
hatsi
ncehewasnotasubj
ectoft
hef
orei
gncount
ry,andt
hathe

hadnotsubmi
tt
edt
othej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heFor
eignCour
t(Si
ngapor
eCour
t),t
he

decr
eecoul
dnotbeexecut
edi
nIndi
a.TheAppel
l
ant
,indef
enseoft
hisar
gument
,

st
atedt
hatt
heRespondentwasapar
tnerofaf
ir
m whi
chwasdoi
ngbusi
nessi
n

Si
ngapor
eandhadi
nst
it
utedv
ari
oussui
tsi
ntheSi
ngapor
eCour
ts.Ther
efor
e,t
he

Respondenthadaccept
edt
heSi
ngapor
eCour
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
on.TheCour
thel
dthati
t

wast
hef
ir
m whi
chhadaccept
edt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hef
orei
gnCour
tandt
he
Respondent
,inani
ndi
vi
dualcapaci
ty,hadnotaccept
edt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
on.Thus,Hi
gh

Cour
thel
dthatt
hedecr
eeagai
nstt
heRespondentwasnotexecut
abl
e.

PROPOSI
TION

UnderSect
ion13(
a)ofCPC,
thef
oll
owi
ngpr
oposi
ti
onmaybel
aid

I
ncaseofact
ions-
in-
per
sonam,af
orei
gncour
tmaypassanor
derorj
udgment

agai
nstanI
ndi
andef
endant
,whoi
sser
vedwi
tht
hesummonsbuther
emai
nsex

par
te.Buti
tmaybeenf
orceabl
eagai
nstsuchI
ndi
andef
endant
,byf
ulf
il
li
nganyof

t
hef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons.

 I
ftheper
soni
sasubj
ectoft
hef
orei
gncount
ryi
nwhi
cht
hej
udgmentor

decr
eehasbeenobt
ainedagai
nsthi
m onpr
ioroccasi
ons.

 I
ftheper
soni
sar
esi
denti
nfor
eigncount
rywhent
heact
ioni
scommenced.

 I
faper
sonsel
ect
sthef
orei
gnCour
tfort
aki
ngact
ioni
nthecapaci
tyofa

pl
aint
if
f,i
nwhi
chhei
ssuedl
ater

 I
fthepar
tyonbei
ngsummonedv
olunt
ari
l
yappear
sbef
oret
hef
orei
gncour
t

 I
fbyanagr
eementaper
sonhascont
ract
edt
osubmi
thi
msel
ftot
heCour
tin

whi
cht
hej
udgmenti
sobt
ained.

For
eignJudgment
snotonMer
it
s
I
nor
deraf
orei
gnj
udgmentt
ooper
at ResJudi
eas  cat
a,i
tmusthav
ebeengi
venon

mer
it
soft
hecase.Aj
udgmenti
ssai
dtohav
ebeengi
venonmer
it
swhenaf
ter

t
aki
ngev
idenceandaf
terappl
yi
nghi
smi
ndr
egar
dingt
het
rut
horf
alsi
tyofcase.

TheAct
ualt
estf
ordeci
dingwhet
hert
hej
udgmenthasbeengi
venonmer
it
sornoti
s

t
oseewhet
heri
twasmer
elypassedasamat
terofcour
se,orbywayofpenal
tyof

anyconductoft
hedef
endant
,ori
sbaseduponaconsi
der
ati
onoft
het
rut
horf
alsi
ty

oft
hepl
aint
if
f”scl
aim.

I
nthecaseof
 Gur
dasMannv
.Mohi
nderSi
nghBr
ar,t
hePunj
ab&Har
ayanaHi
gh

Cour
thel
dthatanexpar
tej
udgmentanddecr
eewhi
chdi
dnotshowt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
f

hadl
edev
idencet
opr
ovehi
scl
aim bef
oret
heCour
t,wasnotexecut
abl
eunder

Sect
ion13(
b)oft
heCPCsi
ncei
twasnotpassedont
hemer
it
soft
hecl
aim.

PROPOSI
TION

UnderSect
ion13(
b)ofCPCt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
oposi
ti
onmaybel
aid

Aj
udgmentordecr
eepassedbyaFor
eignCour
tagai
nstanI
ndi
andef
endant
,who

has 
remai
nex-
par
te,maynotbeenf
orceabl
eagai
nsthi
m,unl
essi
tcanbeshown

t
hatt
hesai
djudgmentwaspassedaf
teri
nvest
igat
ioni
ntot
hepl
aint
if
f’
scl
aim.

For
eignJudgment
sagai
nstI
nter
nat
ionalorI
ndi
anLaw

AJudgmentwhi
chi
scont
rar
ytot
hebasi
cfundament
alr
ulesofI
nter
nat
ionall
awor
ar
efusal
tor
ecogni
zet
hel
awofI
ndi
awher
esuchl
awi
sappl
i
cabl
eisnotconcl
usi
ve.

Wher
easui
tinst
it
utedi
nEngl
andont
hebasi
sofcont
ractmadei
nIndi
a,t
heEngl
i
sh

cour
ter
roneousl
yappl
i
edEngl
i
shl
aw,t
hus,t
hej
udgmentoft
hecour
tiscov
eredby

t
hiscl
auseast
hegener
alpr
inci
pleofPr
ivat
eInt
ernat
ionalLawi
sthatt
her
ight
sand

l
i
abi
l
iti
esofpar
ti
est
oacont
ractar
egov
ernedbyt
hepl
acewher
ethecont
racti
s

l
made(exl
ocicont
ract
us)
.

I
nthecaseof
 I&GI
nvest
mentTr
ustv
.Raj
aofKhal
ikot
e,asui
  twasf
il
edundert
he

Engl
i
shJur
isdi
cti
ont
oav
oidt
heconsequencesoft
heOr
issaMoneyLender
sAct
.

The Cour
thel
dthatt
he j
udgmentwas passed on an i
ncor
rectv
iew oft
he

i
nter
nat
ionall
aw.TheCour
tfur
therobser
vedt
hat
,al
thought
hej
udgmentwasbased

ont
heav
ermenti
nthepl
aintt
hatt
heI
ndi
anl
awdi
dnotappl
y,howev
er,
ther
ewasno

“
ref
usal
”tor
ecogni
set
hel
ocall
awsbyt
heCour
t.

PROPOSI
TION

UnderSect
ion13(
c)ofCPC,
thef
oll
owi
ngpr
oposi
ti
onmaybel
aid

 Aj
udgmentpassedbyaf
orei
gnCour
tuponacl
aimf
ori
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,

si
tuat
ed i
nthe I
ndi
an t
err
it
orymaynotbe enf
orceabl
e si
nce i
tvi
olat
es

I
nter
nat
ionalLaw.

 Aj
udgmentpassedbyt
hef
orei
gnCour
t,wher
ebef
oreacont
rar
yIndi
anl
aw

hadbeenshown,butt
heCour
thadr
efusedt
orecogni
zesuchl
aw,t
hent
hat

Judgmentordecr
eemaynotbeenf
orceabl
e,exceptwher
ethepr
operl
awof
 cont
racti
sthef
orei
gnl
aw.

For
eignJudgment
sopposedt
othepr
inci
pleofNat
uralJust
ice

I
tist
he essence ofa j
udgmentofcour
tthati
tmustbe obt
ained af
terdue

obser
vanceoft
hej
udi
cialpr
ocedur
ei.
e.,t
hecour
trender
ingt
hej
udgmentmust

obser
vet
hemi
nimum r
equi
rement
sofnat
uralj
ust
ice.I
tmustbecomposedof

i
mpar
ti
alper
sons,whomustacti
naf
airandj
ust
if
iedmanner
,wi
thoutbi
as,andi
n

goodf
ait
h,i
tmustgi
ver
easonabl
enot
icet
othepar
ti
est
othedi
sput
eandeachpar
ty

shoul
dbegi
venequaloppor
tuni
tyofpr
esent
ingt
hei
rcase.Aj
udgmentwhi
chsuf
fer
s

f
rom suchi
nfi
rmi
ti
esont
hepar
tofaj
udgewi
l
lber
egar
dedasanul
l
ityandt
het
ri
al

cor
“ am nonj
udi
ce”

I
nthecaseof
 Lal
jiRaj
a&Sonsv
.Fi
rm Hansr
ajNat am[
hur 16]
,theSupr
emeCour
t

hel
dthatj
ustbecauset
hesui
twasdecr
eedex-
par
te,al
thought
hedef
endant
swer
e

ser
vedwi
tht
hesummons,
doesnotmeant
hatt
hej
udgmentwasopposedt
onat
ural

j
ust
ice.

PROPOSI
TION

UnderSect
ion13(
d)ofCPC,
thef
oll
owi
ngpr
oposi
ti
onmaybel
aid

Thef
orei
gncour
tmustf
oll
ow t
hepr
inci
pleofnat
uralj
ust
icewhi
l
edel
i
ver
ingt
he

j
udgment
.Judgementmustbei
mpar
ti
al,gi
venf
air
ly,mor
eov
er,t
hepar
ti
est
othe

di
sput
eshoul
dbegi
venappr
opr
iat
enot
iceoft
hei
nit
iat
ionofl
egalpr
oceedi
ngs.
Equaloppor
tuni
tyofpr
esent
ingt
hei
rcase,i
nor
dert
oav
oidanyal
l
egat
ionofnot

f
ulf
il
li
ngt
hepr
inci
plesofnat
uralj
ust
icei
ncaset
hej
udgmentordecr
eecomest
othe

I
ndi
ancour
tforenf
orcement
.Unl
esst
hisi
sdonet
hej
udgmentordecr
eepassedby

af
orei
gnCour
tmayv
iol
atet
hePr
inci
plesofNat
ural
Just
ice.

 For
eignj
udgmentobt
ainedbyf
raud

I
tisawel
lset
tl
edpr
inci
pleofPr
ivat
eInt
ernat
ionalLawt
hati
ffor
eignj
udgment
sar
e

obt
ainedbyf
raud,
itwi
l
lnotoper
ateasr
esj
udi
cat
a.

I
thasbeensai
d“Fr
audandJust
icenev
erDwel
ltoget
her
”(f
rausetj
usnunquam

cohabi
tant
);or“Fr
audanddecei
toughtt
obenef
i f
tnone”(rausetdol
usnemi
ni

pat
roci
nar
idebent
).

I
nthecaseof
 Sat
yav
.Tej
aSi t
ngh heSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatsi
ncet
hepl
aint
if
fhad

mi
sledt
hef
orei
gncour
tast
oit
shav
ingj
uri
sdi
cti
onov
ert
hemat
ter
,al
thoughi
tcoul
d

nothav
ehadt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
on,t
hej
udgmentanddecr
eewasobt
ainedbyf
raudand

hencei
nconcl
usi
ve.

I
n S.
P.Chengal
var
ayaNai
duv
.Jagannat
h  
Supr
emeCour
t 
hel
dthati
tiswel
lset
tl
ed

pr
oposi
ti
onofl
awt
hataj
udgmentordecr
eeobt
ainedbypl
ayi
ngf
raudont
hecour
t

i
sanul
l
ityandnonesti
ntheey
esofl
aw.

PROPOSI
TION
UnderSect
ion13(
e)ofCPC,
thef
oll
owi
ngpr
oposi
ti
onmaybel
aid

Wher
ethe pl
aint
if
fmi
sleadst
he For
eign cour
tand t
he j
udgmentordecr
ee i
s

obt
ainedont
hatbasi
s,t
hesai
dJudgmentmaynotbeenf
orceabl
e,howev
er,i
fther
e

i
ssomeer
rori
nthej
udgmentt
hent
heI
ndi
ancour
tswi
l
lnotsi
tasaCour
tofappeal

t
orect
if
ythemi
stakeorer
ror
.

 For
eignJudgment
sfoundedonbr
eachofI
ndi
anLaw

Whenal
awi
nfor
cei
nIndi
aiswr
ongl
yconst
ruedsoast
ofor
mther
easoni
ngbehi
nd

aj
udgmentdel
i
ver
edbyaf
orei
gncour
t,i
nsuchcasest
heenf
orceabi
l
ityoft
he

f
orei
gnj
udgmenti
nIndi
ancour
tswi
l
lbeunderquest
ion.

Chi
naShi
ppi
ngDev
elopmentCo.Li
mit
edv
.Lany
ardFoodsLi
mit  
ed,
wher
eint
he

Hi
ghCour
thel
dthatapet
it
ionf
orwi
ndi
ngupofanI
ndi
ancompanywoul
dbe

mai
ntai
nabl
eont
hebasi
sofj
udgmentoff
orei
gnCour
t.I
nthi
scase,t
hef
orei
gn

companydel
i
ver
edcar
got
otheI
ndi
ancompanyi
ncompl
i
ancewi
thr
equest
smade

byt
heI
ndi
ancompanyandi
nthepr
ocesst
hef
orei
gncompanyhadi
ncur
redcer
tai
n

l
i
abi
l
iti
est
owar
dst
hir
dpar
ti
esandi
thadt
opaycer
tai
namounti
nlegalpr
oceedi
ngs

andt
her
efor
e,i
nter
msoft
hel
ett
erofi
ndemni
tyi
ssuedbyt
her
espondentI
ndi
an

company
,thef
orei
gncompanycl
aimedt
heamountf
rom t
her
espondentI
ndi
an

company
,whi
chdeni
edi
tsl
i
abi
l
ityandt
her
efor
ethef
orei
gnpet
it
ionercompany

i
nit
iat
edl
egalpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstt
heI
ndi
ancompanyi
ntheEngl
i
shCour
tsas

pr
ovi
dedi
ntheLet
terofI
ndemni
ty.Ther
espondentI
ndi
ancompanydi
dnotf
il
e

def
enceandt
her
efor
etheEngl
i
shCour
tpassedex-
par
teor
derawar
dingacer
tai
n
amounti
nfav
oroft
hepet
it
ionerf
orei
gncompanyonconsi
der
ati
onofev
idenceand

onmer
it
soft
hecl
aimf
il
edbyt
hef
orei
gncompany
.Byanot
icei
ssuedunder

sect
ions433and434oft
heCompani
esAct
,1956,t
hepet
it
ionerf
orei
gncompany

cal
l
edupont
her
espondentI
ndi
ancompanyt
opayt
heamountdueundert
heor
der

oft
heEngl
i
shCour
t.
 

Af
tert
her
espondentI
ndi
ancompanyf
ail
edt
ohonourt
heamount
,thepet
it
ioner

For
eignCompanyf
il
edapet
it
ionf
orwi
ndi
ngupoft
heI
ndi
ancompany
.Int
heabov
e

ci
rcumst
ancessi
ncet
her
ecor
dsoft
hecasemani
fest
lyr
eveal
edt
hatt
her
espondent

I
ndi
an companywasunabl
eto payi
tsdebt
s,t
he pet
it
ion f
orwi
ndi
ng up was

admi
tt
edv
ideor
derdat
ed4.
4.2007undersect
ions433and434oft
heCompani
es

Act
,1956.

PROPOSI
TION

UnderSect
ion13(
f)ofCPC,
thef
oll
owi
ngpr
oposi
ti
onmaybel
aid

Aj
udgmentpassedbyaf
orei
gncour
t,whi
chbr
eachesanyl
awi
nfor
cei
nIndi
amay

notbeenf
orceabl
e,exceptwher
eiti
sbasedonacont
racthav
ingadi
ff
erent“
proper

l
awoft
hecont
ract
”.

Enf
orcementofFor
eignJudgment
s

Af
orei
gnJudgmentwhi
chi
sconcl
usi
veanddoesnotf
allwi
thi
nsect
ion13(
a)t
o(f
),

maybeenf
orcedi
nIndi
ainei
theroft
hef
oll
owi
ngway
s.
Byi
nst
it
uti
ngexecut
ionpr
oceedi
ngs

Af
orei
gn Judgmentmaybe enf
orced bypr
oceedi
ngs i
n execut
ion i
n cer
tai
n

speci
fi
edcasesment
ionedi
nSect
ion44-
Aoft
heCPC.

Sect
ion44A–Execut
ionofdecr
eespassedbyCour
tsi
nreci
procat
ingt
err
it
or.
y-(
1)

Wher
eacer
ti
fi
edcopyofadecr
eeofanyoft
hesuper
iorcour
tsofanyr
eci
procat
ing

t
err
it
oryhasbeenf
il
edi
naDi
str
ictCour
t,t
hedecr
eemaybeexecut
edi
nIndi
aasi
fit

hadbeenpassedbyt
heDi
str
ictCour
t.

(
2)Toget
herwi
tht
hecer
ti
fi
edcopyoft
hedecr
eeshal
lbef
il
edacer
ti
fi
cat
efr
om

suchsuper
iorcour
tst
ati
ngt
heext
ent
,ifany
,towhi
cht
hedecr
eehasbeensat
isf
ied

oradj
ust
edandsuchcer
ti
fi
cat
eshal
l
,fort
hepur
posesofpr
oceedi
ngsundert
his

sect
ion,
beconcl
usi
vepr
oofoft
heext
entofsuchsat
isf
act
ionoradj
ust
ment
.

(
3)Thepr
ovi
sionsofsect
ion47shal
lasf
rom t
hef
il
ingoft
hecer
ti
fi
edcopyoft
he

decr
eeappl
ytot
hepr
oceedi
ngsofaDi
str
ictCour
texecut
ingadecr
eeundert
his

sect
ion,andt
heDi
str
ictCour
tshal
lref
useexecut
ionofanysuchdecr
ee,i
fiti
s

shownt
othesat
isf
act
ion oft
heCour
tthatt
hedecr
eef
all
swi
thi
nanyoft
he

except
ionsspeci
fi
edi
ncl
auses(
a)t
o(f
)ofsect
ion13.

Expl
anat
ionI
: 
“Reci
procat
ingt
err
it
ory
”meansanycount
ryort
err
it
oryout
sideI
ndi
a

whi
cht
heCent
ralGov
ernmentmay
,bynot
if
icat
ioni
ntheOf
fi
cialGazet
te,decl
aret
o

bear
eci
procat
ingt
err
it
oryf
ort
hepur
posesoft
hissect
ion,and“
Super
iorCour
ts”
,

wi
thr
efer
encet
oanysucht
err
it
ory
,meanssuchcour
tsasmaybespeci
fi
edi
nthe
sai
dnot
if
icat
ion.

Expl
anat
ionI
I:“
Decr
ee”
 wi
thr
efer
encet
oasuper
iorCour
tmeansanydecr
eeor

j
udgmentofsuchcour
tunderwhi
chasum ofmoneyi
spay
abl
e,notbei
ngasum

pay
abl
einr
espectoft
axesorot
herchar
gesofal
i
kenat
ureori
nrespectofaf
ineor

ot
herpenal
ti
es,butshal
linnocasei
ncl
udeanar
bit
rat
ionawar
d,ev
eni
fsuchan

awar
disenf
orceabl
easadecr
eeorj
udgment
.

TheLi
stoft
heReci
procat
ingTer
ri
tor
iesaspert
hePr
ovi
sionsofSect
ion44Aof

t
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,1908

1.Uni
tedKi
ngdom

2.Si
ngapor
e

3.Bangl
adesh

4.UAE

5.Mal
aysi
a

6.Tr
ini
dad&Tobago

7.NewZeal
and

8.TheCookI
slands(
incl
udi
ngNi
ue)
andTheTr
ustTer
ri
tor
iesofWest
ernSamoa
 9.HongKong

10.
PapuaandNewGui
nea

11.
Fij
i

12.
Aden.

Mol
ojiNarSi
nghRaov
sShankarSar
anSupr
emeCour
t 
hel
d t
hataf
orei
gnj
udgment

whi
chdoesnotar
isef
rom t
heor
derofasuper
iorcour
tofar
eci
procat
ingt
err
it
ory

cannotbeexecut
edi
nIndi
a. 
Itr
uledt
hataf
reshsui
twi
l
lhav
etobef
il
edi
nIndi
aon

t
hebasi
soft
hef
orei
gnj
udgment
.”

Ther
efor
eUnderSect
ion44Aoft
heCPC,
adecr
eeorj
udgmentofanyoft
heSuper
ior

Cour
tsofanyr
eci
procat
ingt
err
it
oryar
eexecut
abl
easadecr
eeorj
udgmentpassed

byt
hedomest
icCour
t.Thej
udgment
,oncedecl
ared,
wil
lbeexecut
edi
naccor
dance

wi
thsect
ion51oft
heCode.Ther
eaf
ter
,thecour
tmayor
dermeasur
essuchas

at
tachmentandsal
eofpr
oper
tyorat
tachmentwi
thoutsal
e,andi
nsomecases

ar
rest(
ifneeded)i
nenf
orcementofadecr
ee.Thi
sisdonebyt
hemet
hodsdi
scussed

bel
ow.

Byi
nst
it
uti
ngasui
tonsuchf
orei
gnj
udgment

Wher
eaj
udgmentordecr
eei
snotofasuper
iorcour
tofar
eci
procat
ingt
err
it
ory
,a

sui
thast
obef
il
edi
nacour
tofcompet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
nIndi
aonsuchf
orei
gn
j
udgment
.Thegener
alpr
inci
pleofl
awi
sthatanydeci
sionofaf
orei
gncour
t,t
ri
bunal

oranyot
herquasi
-j
udi
cialaut
hor
it
yisnotenf
orceabl
einacount
ryunl
esssuch

deci
sioni
sembodi
edi
nadecr
eeofacour
toft
hatcount
ry.I
nsuchasui
t,t
hecour
t

cannotgoi
ntot
hemer
it
soft
heor
igi
nalcl
aim andi
tshal
lbeconcl
usi
veast
oany

mat
tert
her
ebydi
rect
lyadj
udi
cat
edbet
weent
hesamepar
ti
es.Suchasui
tmustbe

f
il
edwi
thi
naper
iodof3y
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
eofj
udgment
.

I
n Mar
ineGeot
echni
csLLCv/
sCoast
alMar
ineConst
ruct
ion&Engi
neer
ingLt
d.,
 the

BombayHi
ghCour
tobser
vedt
hati
ncaseofadecr
eef
rom anon-
reci
procat
ing

f
orei
gn t
err
it
ory
,the decr
ee-
hol
dershoul
dfi
l
e,i
n a domest
icI
ndi
an cour
tof

compet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
on,asui
tont
hatf
orei
gndecr
eeoront
heor
igi
nal
,under
lyi
ng

causeofact
ion,
orbot
h.

Howev
er,
inbot
hthe 
cases,
thedecr
eehast
opasst
het
estofSect
ion13CPCwhi
ch

speci
fi
es cer
tai
n except
ions under whi
ch t
he f
orei
gn j
udgment becomes

i
nconcl
usi
veandi
sther
efor
enotex
ecut
abl
eorenf
orceabl
einI
ndi
a.

For
eignAwar
d

Anawar
dpassedbyf
orei
gnar
bit
rat
ori
senf
orceabl
einacount
rywher
eitwasmade

andcanal
sobeenf
orcedi
nIndi
a.Cour
tsmayr
efert
oCPCoranyot
herst
atut
ewhi
l
e

consi
der
ingt
hepr
ocedur
etobef
oll
owedf
orenf
orcementoff
orei
gnawar
dsunder

For
eignAwar
ds(
Recogni
ti
onandEnf
orcement
)Act(
45of1961)

Ef
fectofFor
eignJudgment
Af
orei
gnj
udgmenti
sconcl
usi
vef
oranymat
teradj
udi
cat
edbet
weent
hepar
ti
es.

Such j
udgmenti
s concl
usi
ve and woul
d cr
eat
e Res j
udi
cat
a bet
ween t
he same

par
ti
esorbet
weenpar
ti
esunderwhom t
heyoranyoft
hecl
aims.

Li
mit
ati
onper
iodf
orEnf
orcementofFor
eignJudgment
s

Aspert
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heCode,f
orei
gnj
udgment
sfr
om r
eci
procat
ingt
err
it
ori
es

ar
eenf
orceabl
einI
ndi
aint
hesamemannerast
hedecr
eespassedbyI
ndi
ancour
ts.

TheLi
mit
ati
onAct
,1963pr
escr
ibest
het
imel
i
mitf
orexecut
ionofaf
orei
gndecr
ee

andf
orf
il
ingofasui
tint
hecaseofj
udgmentpassedbyf
orei
gncour
t.

•Thr
eey
ear
s,commenci
ngf
rom t
hedat
eoft
hedecr
eeorwher
eadat
eisf
ixedf
or

per
for
mance;
incaseofadecr
eegr
ant
ingamandat
oryi
njunct
ion;
and

•Twel
vey
ear
sforexecut
ionofanyot
herdecr
eecommenci
ngf
rom t
hedat
ewhen

t
hedecr
eebecomesenf
orceabl
eorwher
ethedecr
eedi
rect
sanypay
mentofmoney

ort
hedel
i
ver
yofanypr
oper
tyt
obemadeatacer
tai
ndat
e,whendef
aul
tinmaki
ng

t
hepay
mentordel
i
ver
yinr
espectofwhi
chex
ecut
ioni
ssought
,takespl
ace.

Aj
udgmentobt
ainedf
rom anon-
reci
procat
ingt
err
it
orycanbeenf
orcedbyf
il
inga

newsui
tinanI
ndi
ancour
tforwhi
chal
i
mit
ati
onper
iodof3y
ear
shasbeenspeci
fi
ed

undert
heLi
mit
ati
onAct
,1963commenci
ngf
rom t
hedat
eoft
hesai
djudgment

passedbyf
orei
gncour
t.

For
eigncur
rencyconv
ersi
onr
ate
I
nadecr
eepassedbyf
orei
gncour
t,t
heamountawar
dedi
sgener
all
yinaf
orei
gn

cur
rency
.Ther
efor
e,whi
l
eenf
orci
ngt
hef
orei
gndecr
eei
nIndi
a,t
heamounthast
obe

conv
ert
edi
ntoI
ndi
ancur
rency
.In 
For s.ONGC 
asolv i
t washel
dthatt
hedat
eoft
he

decr
eeshoul
dbeusedf
ort
hecal
cul
ati
on.

Conf
il
ctbet
weenDomest
icJudgment&For
eignJudgment

Thepr
inci
pleof
 r
esj
udi
cat
a embodi
edi
ntheCodepr
ohi
bit
sacour
tofcompet
ent

j
uri
sdi
cti
onf
rom t
ryi
ngasui
tonamat
tert
hathasbeensubst
ant
ial
l
ydeci
dedi
na

pr
iorsui
tbet
weent
hesamepar
ti
es.Ther
efor
e,adecr
eeorj
udgmentpassedbya

super
iorcour
tofaf
orei
gncount
rycannotbeenf
orcedi
nIndi
aifi
tcont
radi
ctsan

ear
li
erconcl
usi
vej
udgmentpassedbyacompet
entcour
tinasui
tbet
weent
hesame

par
ti
es.Af
orei
gnj
udgmentpassedbyacour
tofanon-
reci
procat
ingcount
rycan

onl
ybeenf
orcedbyf
il
inganew sui
tinI
ndi
awher
ethef
orei
gndecr
eei
smer
elya

pi
eceofev
idencewi
thper
suasi
vev
alue.Ther
efor
e,t
hej
udgmentdebt
orcanr
aise

t
hecl
aim ofr
esj
udi
cat
aandst
ayt
hesui
tatt
hepr
eli
minar
yst
age.

Concl
usi
on

Ther
efor
e,t
heabov
edi
scussi
onoft
hel
egali
ssuesi
nvol
vedi
nenf
orcementof

f
orei
gndecr
eesi
nIndi
aemphasi
zest
heneedf
ort
heI
ndi
anbusi
nesssect
orsnott
o

t
reatt
hesummonsr
ecei
vedf
rom f
orei
gncour
tscasual
l
y.Rat
her
,tocont
endata

l
aterst
aget
hatt
hef
orei
gndeci
sion/
decr
eei
snotbasedon“
mer
it
”orcont
rar
ytot
he

pr
ovi
sionsoft
heI
ndi
anCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eCode,mayt
urnoutt
obeunsaf
eandmay

j
eopar
dizet
hepr
otect
iveumbr
ell
awhi
cht
heI
ndi
ancompani
esar
esoaccust
omed
t
owhi
l
edeal
i
ngwi
thl
i
tigat
ionsi
nIndi
ancour
ts.

Wher
eaj
udgmentoradecr
eei
spassedbyaf
orei
gnCour
tagai
nstanI
ndi
an

def
endant
,thej
udgmentordecr
eemaynotbeenf
orceabl
eagai
nsthi
m duet
othe

oper
ati
onofSect
ion13ofCPC.I
tcanbeseent
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fhast
ocomet
othe

I
ndi
ancour
tst
oei
thergett
hef
orei
gnj
udgmentexecut
edorenf
orcedi
nIndi
aunder

Sect
ion44Aorf
il
eaf
reshsui
tinI
ndi
ancour
tsupont
hef
orei
gnj
udgmentf
ori
ts

enf
orcement
.Ther
efor
ebyget
ti
ngadecr
eei
nthef
orei
gncour
t,t
hepl
aint
if
fonl
y

av
oidst
hei
nconv
eni
enceofl
eadi
ngev
idencei
ntheI
ndi
anCour
tsbutr
unsamuch

bi
ggerr
iskunderSect
ion13.Ther
efor
e,i
tisadv
isabl
eforaf
orei
gnpl
aint
if
fto

i
nst
it
ute cl
aims i
nIndi
ait
sel
fwher
ethe def
endanti
sinI
ndi
a as gener
all
y

i
nter
nat
ional t
ransact
ions i
nvol
ve mor
e of document
ary ev
idence and t
hat

compar
ati
vel
yleadi
ngofev
idencemaynotbet
hati
nconv
eni
ent
,itmaybeadv
isabl
e

t
oav
oidt
her
iskunderSect
ion13andf
il
ecl
aimsi
nIndi
ait
sel
f.

Hence,wecanconcl
udet
hataj
udgmentoff
orei
gncour
tcr
eat
esest
oppelorr
es

j
udi
cat
abet
weensamepar
ti
es,pr
ovi
dedsuchj
udgmenti
snotsubj
ectt
oat
tack

underanyoft
hecl
auses(
a)t
o(f
)ofSect
ion13oft
heCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eCode.I
fany

cl
aimi
smadebyanypar
tyandsubsequent
lyabandonedatt
het
ri
alofasui
tandi
f

t
hedecr
eeorj
udgmenti
nthatsui
timpl
i
est
hatcl
aim hasnotmetwi
thaccept
anceat

t
hehandsoft
hecour
t,t
hent
hecour
tmustbedeemedt
ohav
edi
rect
lyadj
udi
cat
ed

agai
nsti
t.

KI
NDSOFJURI
SDI
CTI
ONANDPLACEOFSUI
NG:SEC-
15TOSEC-
20
Ther
ear
ebasi
cal
l
ythr
eeki
ndsofj
uri
sdi
cti
onsont
hebasi
sofwhi
cht
hepl
aceof
sui
ngmaybedet
ermi
ned.

Thesear
e

1.Pecuni
aryJur
isdi
cti
on

2.Ter
ri
tor
ial
Jur
isdi
cti
ons,
and

3.Subj
ectMat
terJur
isdi
cti
ons

I
fthemat
terputf
ort
hbyt
hel
i
tigantf
oradj
udi
cat
ioni
nfr
ontoft
hecour
t,andt
he
cour
thav
eal
lthese(
pecuni
ary
,ter
ri
tor
ialandSubj
ect
-Mat
ter
)jur
isdi
cti
on,t
henonl
y
t
hatcour
tcant
ryt
hemat
ter
ssobr
oughtbyt
hel
i
tigant
s.I
ncase,
thecour
tdoesnot
hav
eanyoft
heabov
ement
ionedj
uri
sdi
cti
onandst
il
ltr
ythesui
t,i
twi
l
lbeei
ther
t
ermedasi
rr
egul
arexer
ciseofj
uri
sdi
cti
onorl
ackofj
uri
sdi
cti
onwhi
chmayt
urnt
he
deci
sionv
oidorv
oidabl
edependi
ngupont
hesi
tuat
ions.TheconceptofI
rr
egul
ar
Exer
ciseofJur
isdi
cti
onandLackofJur
isdi
cti
onwi
l
lbedi
scussedsepar
atel
yatt
he
end.

Pecuni
aryJur
isdi
cti
on:Sec-
15

Ev
erysui
tshal
lbei
nst
it
utedi
ntheCour
toft
hel
owestgr
adecompet
entt
otr
yit
.

Thewor
dcompet
entt
otr
yindi
cat
ethecompet
encyoft
hecour
twi
thr
espectt
othe
pecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
on.I
tmeans,t
hecour
tsofl
owestgr
adewhohast
hej
uri
sdi
cti
on
wi
thr
espectt
opecuni
aryv
alueshal
ltr
ythesui
tatf
ir
st.

Now,t
hebi
ggestquest
ioni
s,whowi
l
ldet
ermi
net
hev
aluat
ionoft
hesui
tfort
he
pur
poseofdet
ermi
ningt
hepecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
t.I
ngener
al,i
tist
he
v
aluat
iondonebyt
hepl
aint
if
fisconsi
der
edf
ort
hepur
poseofdet
ermi
ningt
he
pecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
t,unl
esst
hecour
tfr
om t
hev
eryf
aceoft
hesui
tfi
nd
i
tincor
rect
.So,
ift
hecour
tfi
ndst
hatt
hev
aluat
iondonebyt
hepl
aint
if
fisnotcor
rect
,
t
hati
sei
therunder
val
uedorov
erv
alued,
thecour
twi
l
ldot
hev
aluat
ionanddi
rectt
he
par
tyt
oappr
oacht
heappr
opr
iat
efor
um.
So,pr
ima f
aci
e,i
tist
he pl
aint
if
f’
sval
uat
ion i
nthe pl
aintt
hatdet
ermi
nes t
he
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tandnott
heamountf
orwhi
chul
ti
mat
elydecr
eemaybe
passed.Thus,i
fthepecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tofl
owestgr
adei
s,say
,Rs.
10,
000/
-andt
hepl
aint
if
ffi
l
edasui
tforaccount
swher
eint
hepl
aint
if
fval
uat
ionof
t
hesui
tiswel
lwi
thi
nthepecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tbutcour
tlat
terf
indson
t
aki
ngt
heaccount
sthatRs.15,
000/
-ar
edue,t
hecour
tisnotdepr
ivedofi
ts
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
opassadecr
eef
ort
hatamount
.

Usual
l
y,acour
twi
l
lacceptav
aluat
ionoft
hepl
aint
if
fint
hepl
aintandpr
oceedt
o
deci
det
hemat
teronmer
it
sont
hatbasi
s,howev
er,
thatdoesnotmeant
hatpl
aint
if
f
i
nal
lcasesar
eatl
i
ber
tyt
oassi
gnanyar
bit
rar
yval
uet
othesui
t,andt
ochooset
he
cour
tinwhi
chhewant
stof
il
ethesui
t.

I
fitappear
stot
hecour
tthatt
hev
aluat
ioni
sfal
sel
ymadei
nthepl
aintf
ort
he
pur
poseofav
oidi
ngt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hepr
opercour
t,t
hecour
tmayr
equi
ret
he
pl
aint
if
ftopr
ovet
hatt
hev
aluat
ionar
epr
oper
.

Nexti
mpor
tantquest
ioni
sthest
atusofdeci
siongi
venbyt
hecour
twhodoesnot
hav
ethepecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
nthemat
ter
.Thati
s,whati
ftheCour
tpr
oceeded
wi
tht
hemat
terandl
atercomet
oknowt
hati
tdi
dnothav
ethepecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
on.
(
Themat
terwi
l
lbedeal
tunderheadi
ng–i
rr
egul
arexer
ciseofj
uri
sdi
cti
on)
.

Ter
ri
tor
ialJur
isdi
cti
on:Sec-16ToSec-
20

I
mmov
abl
ePr
oper
ty:Sec-16-
18

Sect
ions16:Sui
tst
o bei
nst
it
uted wher
esubj
ect
-mat
tersi
tuat
eSubj
ectt
othe
pecuni
aryorot
herl
i
mit
ati
onspr
escr
ibedbyanyl
aw,
sui
ts-

(
a)f
ort
her
ecov
eryofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tywi
thorwi
thoutr
entorpr
ofi
ts,

(
b)f
ort
hepar
ti
ti
onofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,
(
c)f
orf
orecl
osur
e,sal
eorr
edempt
ioni
nthecaseofamor
tgageoforchar
geupon
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,

(
d)f
ort
hedet
ermi
nat
ionofanyot
herr
ightt
oori
nter
esti
nimmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,

(
e)f
orcompensat
ionf
orwr
ongt
oimmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,

(
f)f
ort
her
ecov
eryofmov
abl
epr
oper
tyact
ual
l
yunderdi
str
aintorat
tachment
,shal
l
bei
nst
it
utedi
ntheCour
twi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
sofwhosej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
hepr
oper
tyi
s
si
tuat
e:

Pr
ovi
ded t
hatasui
tto obt
ainr
eli
efr
espect
ing,orcompensat
ionf
orwr
ong t
o,
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyhel
dbyoronbehal
foft
hedef
endant
,maywher
ether
eli
ef
soughtcanbeent
ir
elyobt
ainedt
hroughhi
sper
sonalobedi
encebei
nst
it
utedei
ther
i
ntheCour
twi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
sofwhosej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
hepr
oper
tyi
ssi
tuat
e,ori
n
t
heCour
twi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
sofwhosej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
hedef
endantact
ual
l
yand
v
olunt
ari
l
yresi
des,
orcar
ri
esonbusi
ness,
orper
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n.

Expl
anat
ion 
-Int
hissect
ion“
proper
ty”meanspr
oper
tysi
tuat
einI
ndi
a.

Sect
ion17:Sui
tsf
ori
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tysi
tuat
ewi
thi
njur
isdi
cti
onofdi
ff
erent
Cour
ts
Wher
easui
tist
oobt
ainr
eli
efr
espect
ing,
orcompensat
ionf
orwr
ongt
o,i
mmov
abl
e
pr
oper
tysi
tuat
ewi
thi
nthej
uri
sdi
cti
onofdi
ff
erentCour
t,t
hesui
tmaybei
nst
it
utedi
n
anyCour
twi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
sofwhosej
uri
sdi
cti
onanypor
ti
onoft
hepr
oper
tyi
s
si
tuat
e:

Pr
ovi
dedt
hat
,inr
espectoft
hev
alueoft
hesubj
ectmat
teroft
hesui
t,t
heent
ir
e
cl
aimi
scogni
zabl
ebysuchCour
t.

Sect
ion18:Pl
aceofi
nst
it
uti
onofsui
twher
elocall
i
mit
sofj
uri
sdi
cti
onofCour
tsar
e
uncer
tai
n
(
1)Wher
eiti
sal
l
egedt
obeuncer
tai
nwi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onof
whi
choft
woormor
eCour
tsanyi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyi
ssi
tuat
e,anyoneoft
hose
Cour
tsmay
,ifsat
isf
iedt
hatt
her
eisgr
oundf
ort
heal
l
egeduncer
tai
nty
,recor
da
st
atementt
othatef
fectandt
her
euponpr
oceedt
oent
ert
ainanddi
sposeofanysui
t
r
elat
ingt
othatpr
oper
ty,
andi
tsdecr
eei
nthesui
tshal
lhav
ethesameef
fectasi
fthe
pr
oper
tywer
esi
tuat
ewi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
sofi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
on:Pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hesui
t
i
sonewi
thr
espectt
owhi
cht
heCour
tiscompet
entasr
egar
dst
henat
ureandv
alue
oft
hesui
ttoexer
cisej
uri
sdi
cti
on.

(
2)Wher
east
atementhasnotbeenr
ecor
dedundersub-
sect
ion(
1),
andobj
ect
ioni
s
t
akenbef
oreanAppel
l
ateorRev
isi
onalCour
tthatadecr
eeoror
deri
nasui
trel
ati
ng
t
osuchpr
oper
tywasmadebyaCour
tnothav
ingj
uri
sdi
cti
onwher
ethepr
oper
tyi
s
si
tuat
e,t
heAppel
l
ateorRev
isi
onalCour
tshal
lnotal
l
ow t
heobj
ect
ionunl
essi
nit
s
opi
niont
her
ewas,
att
het
imeoft
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
hesui
t,nor
easonabl
egr
oundf
or
uncer
tai
ntyast
otheCour
thav
ingj
uri
sdi
cti
onwi
thr
espectt
her
etoandt
her
ehas
beenaconsequentf
ail
ureofj
ust
ice.

Mov
abl
ePr
oper
ty–Sect
ion19

Sect
ion19:Sui
tsf
orcompensat
ionf
orwr
ongst
oper
sonormov
abl
es

Wher
easui
tisf
orcompensat
ionf
orwr
ongdonet
otheper
sonort
omov
abl
e
pr
oper
ty,
ift
hewr
ongwasdonewi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofoneCour
t
andt
hedef
endantr
esi
des,orcar
ri
esonbusi
ness,orper
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n,
wi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofanot
herCour
t,t
hesui
tmaybei
nst
it
uted
att
heopt
ionoft
hepl
aint
if
finei
theroft
hesai
dCour
ts.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions:
-
(
a)A,
resi
dingi
nDel
hi,
beat
sBi
nCal
cut
ta.BmaysueAei
theri
nCal
cut
taori
nDel
hi.

(
b)A,
resi
dingi
nDel
hi,
publ
i
shesi
nCal
cut
tast
atement
sdef
amat
oryofB.

BmaysueAei
theri
nCal
cut
taori
nDel
hi.

Ot
herSui
ts:Sect
ion20
Sect
ion20:Ot
hersui
tst
obei
nst
it
utedwher
edef
endant
sresi
deorcauseofact
ion
ar
ises
Subj
ectt
othel
i
mit
ati
onsaf
oresai
d,ev
erysui
tshal
lbei
nst
it
utedi
nCour
twi
thi
nthe
l
ocal
li
mit
sofwhosej
uri
sdi
cti
on-

(
a)t
hedef
endant
,oreachoft
hedef
endant
swher
ether
ear
emor
ethanone,att
he
t
imeoft
hecommencementoft
hesui
t,act
ual
l
yandv
olunt
ari
l
yresi
des,
orcar
ri
eson
busi
ness,
orper
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n;or

(
b)anyoft
hedef
endant
s,wher
ether
ear
emor
ethanone,att
het
imeoft
he
commencementoft
hesui
tact
ual
l
yandv
olunt
ari
l
yresi
des,
orcar
ri
esonbusi
ness,
or
per
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n,pr
ovi
dedt
hati
nsuchcaseei
thert
hel
eav
eoft
heCour
tis
gi
ven,ort
hedef
endant
swhodonotr
esi
de,orcar
ryonbusi
ness,orper
sonal
l
ywor
k
f
orgai
n,asaf
oresai
d,acqui
escei
nsuchi
nst
it
uti
on;
or

(
c)t
hecauseofact
ion,
whol
l
yori
npar
t,ar
ises.

Expl
anat
ion-
A cor
por
ati
on shal
lbedeemed t
o car
ryon busi
nessati
tssol
eor
pr
inci
palof
fi
cei
nIndi
aor
,inr
espectofanycauseofact
ionar
isi
ngatanypl
ace
wher
eithasal
soasubor
dinat
eof
fi
ce,
atsuchpl
ace.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions:
-
(
a)Ai
sat
radesmani
nCal
cut
ta,Bcar
ri
esonbusi
nessi
nDel
hi.B,byhi
sagenti
n
Cal
cut
ta,buy
sgoodsofAandr
equest
sAt
odel
i
vert
hem t
otheEastI
ndi
anRai
l
way
Company
.Adel
i
ver
sthegoodsaccor
dingl
yinCal
cut
ta.AmaysueBf
ort
hepr
iceof
t
hegoodsei
theri
nCal
cut
ta,
wher
ethecauseofact
ionhasar
isenori
nDel
hi,
wher
eB
car
ri
esonbusi
ness.

(
b)Ar
esi
desatSi
mla,BatCal
cut
taandCatDel
hiA,BandCbei
ngt
oget
herat
Benar
as,BandCmakeaj
ointpr
omi
ssor
ynot
epay
abl
eondemand,anddel
i
veri
tto
A.AmaysueBandCatBenar
as,
wher
ethecauseofact
ionar
ose.Hemayal
sosue
t
hem atCal
cut
ta,wher
eBr
esi
des,oratDel
hi,wher
eCr
esi
des;buti
neachoft
hese
cases,
ift
henon-
resi
dentdef
endantobj
ect
,thesui
tcannotpr
oceedwi
thoutt
hel
eav
e
oft
heCour
t.

So,whenasui
tisr
elat
edt
oimmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,t
hecour
twi
thi
nwhosel
ocal
j
uri
sdi
cti
onpr
oper
tyi
ssi
tuat
edhav
ethej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
otr
ythemat
ter
.Incasewhena
par
toft
hepr
oper
tyi
ssi
tuat
edi
nthel
ocall
i
mitoft
heot
hercour
tsaswel
l
,Imean
whent
hepr
oper
tyi
ssi
tuat
edi
nmor
ethanonet
err
it
ori
all
i
mit
soft
hecour
tst
hani
n
t
hatcaset
hecour
tsi
nwhoset
err
it
ori
all
i
mitanypor
ti
onoft
hepr
oper
tyi
ssi
tuat
ed
hav
ethej
uri
sdi
cti
onandi
nsuchsi
tuat
ioni
tist
hepl
aint
if
fwhowi
l
ldeci
dewhi
ch
cour
ttoappr
oach.Wher
eiti
snotpossi
blet
osaywi
thcer
tai
ntyt
hatt
hepr
oper
tyi
s
si
tuat
edwi
thi
nthej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heoneort
heot
herofsev
eralcour
ts,
insuchcase
oneoft
hesesev
eralcour
ts,i
fiti
ssat
isf
iedt
hatt
her
eissuchuncer
tai
nty
,mayaf
ter
r
ecor
dingast
atementt
othatef
fectpr
oceedt
oent
ert
ainanddi
sposeoft
hesui
t.

Whensui
tisr
elat
edt
omov
eabl
epr
oper
ty,
asweknowmov
eabl
epr
oper
tyf
oll
owt
he
per
sonandhencesui
tmaybebr
oughtatt
heopt
ionoft
hepl
aint
if
fei
theratt
hepl
ace
wher
ethewr
ongi
scommi
tt
edorwher
ethedef
endantr
esi
des,car
ri
esonbusi
ness
orper
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n.Wher
esuchwr
ongsconsi
stsofser
iesofact
s,asui
t
maybef
il
edatanypl
acewher
eanyoft
heact
shasbeencommi
tt
ed.Si
mil
arl
y,wher
e
awr
ongf
ulacti
scommi
tt
edatonepl
aceandt
heconsequenceensueatanot
her
pl
ace,asui
tmaybei
nst
it
utedatt
heopt
ionoft
hepl
aint
if
fwher
etheact
iont
ook
pl
aceort
heconsequencesensued.

Asui
tforcompensat
ionf
orwr
ong(
tor
t)t
oaper
sonmaybei
nst
it
utedatt
heopt
ion
oft
hepl
aint
if
fei
therwher
esuchwr
ongi
scommi
tt
ed,orwher
edef
endantr
esi
des,
car
ri
esonbusi
nessorper
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n.

Sect
ion20pr
ovi
desf
oral
lot
hercasesnotcov
eredunderanyoft
hef
oregoi
ngr
ules.

Jur
isdi
cti
onAsToSubj
ect
-Mat
ter
Di
ff
erentcour
tshav
ebeenempower
edt
odeci
dedi
ff
erentt
ypesofsui
ts.Cer
tai
n
cour
ts hav
e no j
uri
sdi
cti
on t
o ent
ert
ain cer
tai
n sui
ts.Forexampl
es,sui
tsf
or
t
est
ament
arysuccessi
on,di
vor
cecases,pr
obat
epr
oceedi
ngs,i
nsol
vencymat
ter
s,
et
c.cannotbeent
ert
ainedbyaCour
tofCi
vi
lJudge(
Juni
orDi
vi
sion)
.Thi
siscal
l
ed
j
uri
sdi
cti
onast
osubj
ectmat
ter
.

Imean,ev
erycour
tshav
ebeen al
l
ott
ed t
hesubj
ectov
erwhi
ch t
hecour
tcan
ent
ert
aint
hemat
ter
,andt
hesubj
ectwhi
chi
snotwi
thi
nthepr
evi
ewoft
hecour
t,t
hat
cour
tcannotdeal
wit
hthatmat
ter
satal
l
.

I
ncase,
cour
ttookupt
hemat
terwhi
chi
snotbeenal
l
ott
edt
oit
,thati
sthemat
teri
s
bey
ondt
hesubj
ectmat
tercompet
ency
,whatwi
l
lbet
hest
atusoft
hedeci
siongi
ven
byt
hecour
tinsuchsi
tuat
ions.

Obj
ect
ionAsToJur
isdi
cti
on:Sect
ion21

Sect
ion21:Obj
ect
ionst
ojur
isdi
cti
on

(
1)Noobj
ect
ionast
othepl
aceofsui
ngshal
lbeal
l
owedbyanyappel
l
ateor
Rev
isi
onalCour
tunl
esssuchobj
ect
ionwast
akeni
ntheCour
toff
ir
sti
nst
anceatt
he
ear
li
estpossi
bleoppor
tuni
tyandi
nal
lcaseswher
eissuesorset
tl
edatorbef
ore
suchset
tl
ement
,andunl
esst
her
ehasbeenaconsequentf
ail
ureofj
ust
ice.

(
2)Noobj
ect
ionast
othecompet
enceofaCour
twi
thr
efer
encet
othepecuni
ary
l
i
mit
sofi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
onshal
lbeal
l
owedbyanyAppel
l
ateorRev
isi
onalCour
tunl
ess
suchobj
ect
ionwast
akeni
ntheCour
toff
ir
sti
nst
anceatt
heear
li
estpossi
ble
oppor
tuni
ty,andi
nal
lcaseswher
eissuesar
eset
tl
ed,atorbef
oresuchset
tl
ement
,
andunl
esst
her
ehasbeenaconsequentf
ail
ureofj
ust
ice.

(
3)Noobj
ect
ionast
othecompet
enceoft
heexecut
ingCour
twi
thr
efer
encet
othe
l
ocall
i
mit
sofi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
onshal
lbeal
l
owedbyanyAppel
l
ateorRev
isi
onalCour
t
unl
esssuchobj
ect
ionwast
akeni
ntheexecut
ingCour
tatt
heear
li
estpossi
ble
oppor
tuni
ty,
andunl
esst
her
ehasbeenaconsequentf
ail
ureofj
ust
ice.

I
tisaf
undament
alr
ulet
hatadecr
eeofacour
twi
thoutj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
snul
l
ity
.
Hal
sbur
yri
ght
lyst
ates:

“
wher
ebyr
easonofanyl
i
mit
ati
oni
mposedbyst
atut
e,char
terorcommi
ssi
on,a
cour
tiswi
thoutj
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oent
ert
ainanypar
ti
cul
aract
ionormat
ter
,nei
thert
he
acqui
escenort
heexpr
essconsentoft
hepar
ti
escanconf
erj
uri
sdi
cti
onupont
he
cour
tnorcanconsentgi
veacour
tjur
isdi
cti
oni
facondi
ti
onwhi
chgoest
other
ootof
t
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onhasnotbeenper
for
medorf
ulf
il
led.
”

Howev
er,
thi
sdoesnotappl
ytot
err
it
ori
alorpecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
on.I
ncaseaner
rori
s
commi
tt
edbyt
hecour
tinexer
cisi
ngt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onwi
thr
espectt
opecuni
aryor
t
err
it
ori
alj
uri
sdi
cti
on,t
hedeci
sionsogi
venwi
l
lnotbev
oid,i
twi
l
lbeconsi
der
edas
i
rr
egul
arexer
ciseofj
uri
sdi
cti
on.Nodoubt
,par
tyhasar
ightt
orai
set
hei
ssuebutat
t
heear
li
estpossi
blet
imeandoncet
hecour
tpr
oceededwi
tht
hemat
terandgi
ven
t
hedeci
siont
hesamecannotber
aisedatt
heappel
l
atest
ageatal
lasobser
vedi
n
t
hecaseof
 Ki
ranSi
nghV.ChamanPaswan,
AIR1954SC340.

Howev
er,whent
heer
rori
scommi
tt
edbyt
hecour
twi
thr
espectt
osubj
ect
-mat
ter
j
uri
sdi
cti
on,t
hedeci
sionsogi
venbyt
hecour
tisnul
landv
oidasi
tfal
l
swi
thi
nthe
ambi
tofl
ackofj
uri
sdi
cti
on.Andt
hei
ssueofsucher
rorcanv
ali
dlyber
aisedatany
st
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngs,
evenatt
heappel
l
atel
evel
aswel
l
.

Sect
ion21-
A:Baronsui
ttosetasi
dedecr
eeonobj
ect
ionast
opl
aceofsui
ng

Nosui
tshal
lli
echal
l
engi
ngt
hev
ali
dit
yofadecr
eepassedi
naf
ormersui
tbet
ween
t
hesamepar
ti
es,orbet
weent
hepar
ti
esunderwhom t
heyoranyoft
hem cl
aim,
l
i
tigat
ingundert
hesamet
it
le,onanygr
oundbasedonanobj
ect
ionast
othepl
ace
ofsui
ng.Expl
anat
ion.
-Theexpr
essi
on"
for
mersui
t"meansasui
twhi
chhasbeen
deci
ded pr
iort
othedeci
sioni
nthesui
tinwhi
cht
hev
ali
dit
yoft
hedecr
eei
s
quest
ioned,
whet
herornott
hepr
evi
ousl
ydeci
dedsui
twasi
nst
it
utedpr
iort
othesui
t
i
nwhi
cht
hev
ali
dit
yofsuchdecr
eei
squest
ioned.
 UNI
T2

PARTI
ESTOSUI
T,FRAMEOFSUI
T,PLEADI
NG:PLAI
NT,
WRI
TTEN
STATEMENT,
SET-
OFF,
COUNTERCLAI
M,SUI
TSBYI
NDI
GENT
PERSONS,
SUI
TSI
NPARTI
CULARCASES.

PARTI
ESTOSUI
T

•Par
ti
est
osui
tar
epl
aint
if
fanddef
endant
.

•I
npl
eadi
ngname,
age,
occupat
ionandpl
aceofr
esi
dencebement
ioned.

•I
ncaseofmor
epl
aint
if
fordef
endantpar
ti
esshal
lbenumber
edconsecut
ivel
y.

•I
faper
soni
shav
ingl
egaldi
sabi
l
ity
,sui
tmaybef
il
edt
hroughguar
dianornext
f
ri
end.

•Gener
all
yev
eryper
soni
sdeemedcompet
entt
obepar
tyt
osui
t.

Pl
aint
if
fandDef
endant

 Pl
aint
if
fist
heper
sonwhosel
egalr
ighthasbeeni
nfr
ingedandwhohasf
il
ed
sui
tfori
tsenf
orcement
.Pl
aint
if
ffi
l
essui
tbypr
esent
ingpl
ainti
ntheCour
t.I
n
t
hepl
aint
,hemakesal
l
egat
ionsondef
endantandcl
aimsr
emedi
esagai
nst
def
endant
.

 Def
endanti
stheper
sonwhoi
nfr
ingedpl
aint
if
f'
slegalr
ightandhasbeensued
bypl
aint
if
f.I
nhi
srepl
yi.
e.wr
it
tenst
atementdef
endantt
akesdef
encest
o
av
oidorr
educehi
sli
abi
l
ity
.

Joi
nderofpar
ti
es

•Joi
nderofpar
ti
esmeansj
oini
ngaper
sonasapar
tyei
theraspl
aint
if
fordef
endant
.
I
fther
eiscommongr
iev
anceorcl
aim,t
heymaybej
oinedi
nonesui
t.Oneormor
e
pl
aint
if
fmayf
il
easui
tagai
nstoneormor
edef
endant
.
Joi
nderofPl
aint
if
f

•Mor
ethanonepl
aint
if
fmaybej
oinedi
nasui
t.Al
lper
sonscanbej
oinedi
nonesui
t
aspl
aint
if
fwher
e-a.Anyr
ightt
orel
i
efi
nrespectof
,orar
isi
ngoutof
,thesameactor
t
ransact
ionorser
iesofact
sort
ransact
ionsi
sal
l
egedt
oexi
sti
nsuchper
sons,
whet
herj
oint
ly,sev
eral
l
yori
nthe al
ter
nat
ive;and b.I
fsuch per
sons br
ought
separ
atesui
ts,
anycommonquest
ionofl
aworf
actwoul
dar
ise.
[Or
derIRul
e1.
]

•Wher
eitappear
stot
heCour
tthat
,anyj
oinderofpl
aint
if
fsmayembar
rassordel
ay
t
het
ri
aloft
hesui
t,t
heCour
tmayputt
hepl
aint
if
fst
othei
rel
ect
ionoror
dersepar
ate
t
ri
al.
[Or
derIRul
e2]

Joi
nderofdef
endant

•Mor
ethanonedef
endantmaybej
oinedi
nasui
t.Al
lper
sonscanbej
oinedi
none
sui
tasdef
endantwher
e:a.Anyr
ightt
orel
i
efi
nrespectof
,orar
isi
ngoutof
,thesame
actort
ransact
ionorser
iesofact
sort
ransact
ionsi
sal
l
egedt
oexi
stagai
nstsuch
per
sons,whet
herj
oint
ly,sev
eral
l
yori
ntheal
ter
nat
ive;andb.I
fsepar
atesui
tswer
e
br
oughtagai
nstsuch per
sons,any common quest
ion ofl
aw orf
actwoul
d
ar
ise.
[Or
derIRul
e3]

•I
fther
ear
emor
edef
endant
s,i
tshal
lnotbenecessar
ythatev
erydef
endantshal
lbe
i
nter
est
edast
oal
lther
eli
efcl
aimedi
nanysui
tagai
nsthi
m.

Non-
joi
nderandMi
sjoi
nderofpar
ti
es

•Whenaper
soni
snotj
oinedaspar
tyt
osui
tiscal
l
edasnonj
oinderofpar
ty.

•Whenaper
sonwhoi
snei
thernecessar
ynorpr
operpar
ty;i
sjoi
nedaspar
tyi
s
cal
l
edasmi
sj
oinderofpar
ty.

•Asui
twi
l
lnotbedef
eat
edbynonj
oinderormi
sjoi
nderofpar
ti
es.AndCour
tmay
pr
oceedi
nthemat
teri
nrespectofr
ight
sofpar
ti
espr
esentbef
oreCour
t.
[Or
derI
Rul
e9]

•Al
lobj
ect
ionsont
hegr
oundofnon-j
oinderormi
sjoi
nderofpar
ti
esshal
lbet
aken
att
heear
li
estpossi
bleoppor
tuni
ty.[
OrderIRul
e13]

St
ri
keoutorAddpar
ty

•Wher
eawr
ongper
soni
sincl
udedaspl
aint
if
f,Cour
tmayatanyst
ageoft
hesui
t,
uponsat
isf
act
ion,
orderanyot
herper
sont
obesubst
it
utedoraddedaspl
aint
if
f.

•Wher
e name ofanypar
tyi
simpr
oper
lyj
oined as pl
aint
if
fordef
endant
,on
appl
i
cat
ionorot
her
wisemayst
ruckoutsuchpar
ty.

•Cour
tmayaddnameofpar
tywhosepr
esencei
snecessar
yforef
fect
iveand
compl
eteadj
udi
cat
ionoft
hesui
t.[Or
derI
,Rul
e10]

Oneper
sonmaysueordef
endonbehal
fofal
linsamei
nter
est
[Or
derIRul
e8]

•Whenoneormor
eper
son,
onbehal
foft
hemsel
vesandot
her
s,f
il
esasui
tiscal
l
ed
as‘
repr
esent
ati
vesui
t’
.

•Oneormor
eofsuchper
sonsmay
,wi
tht
heper
missi
onoft
heCour
t,sueorbesued,
ormaydef
endsuchsui
t,onbehal
fof
,orf
ort
hebenef
itof
,al
lper
sonssoi
nter
est
ed.

•Forsuch r
epr
esent
ati
ve sui
tspeci
alpr
ocedur
eis pr
escr
ibed whi
ch mustbe
f
oll
owed.[
OrderIRul
e8]

•Ther
ear
esomecondi
ti
onf
orsuchi
nst
it
uti
onofsui
t

i
. Par
ti
es mustbe numer
ous.Numer
ous means,many orgr
eat
/lar
ge i
n
number
s.Ther
eisnospeci
fi
cnumberofpar
ti
es.

i
i
. Theymusthav
esameorcommoni
nter
esti
nthesui
t.Theymusthav
ea
commongr
iev
ancebuti
tisnotnecessar
ythatt
heyshoul
dhav
esamecause
ofact
ion.i
i
i.Per
missi
onoft
heCour
tmustbeobt
ained.Af
terr
ecei
ptofsuch
appl
i
cat
ion,Cour
tshal
l
,atpl
aint
if
fsexpensesgi
venot
icet
oal
lper
sonsso
i
nter
est
ed.Such not
ice maybe gi
ven byper
sonalser
vice orbypubl
i
c
adv
ert
isement
.Af
tert
his,Cour
tmayal
l
ow appl
i
cat
ion and sui
twi
l
lbe
pr
oceededasr
epr
esent
ati
vesui
t.

•Anypar
tofcl
aim shal
lnotbeabandoned,nosuchsui
tshal
lbewi
thdr
awn,no
agr
eement
,compr
omi
seorsat
isf
act
ionshal
lber
ecor
dedi
nanysuchsui
tunl
esst
he
Cour
thasgi
ven,att
hepl
aint
if
fsex
pense,not
icet
oal
lper
sonssoi
nter
est
edi
nthe
sui
t.

•Adecr
eepassedi
nasui
tundert
hisr
uleshal
lbebi
ndi
ngonal
lper
sonsonwhose
behal
f,orf
orwhosebenef
it
,thesui
tisi
nst
it
uted,
ordef
ended,
ast
hecasemaybe.

Appear
anceofoneofsev
eralpl
aint
if
fsordef
endant
s

•I
fther
ear
emor
ethanonepl
aint
if
fordef
endant
,thenanyoneoft
hem maybe
aut
hor
isedt
oappear
,pl
eadandactf
orot
her
s.[
OrderIRul
e12]

FRAMEOFSUI
T[ORDERI
IRULE2]

Or
derI
Ioft
heCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eCodedeal
swi
tht
he 
fr
ami
ngofsui
t.I
tlay
sdownt
he
r
ulesast
ohowasui
tshoul
dbef
ramed.

Whi
l
edr
aft
ingapl
aint
,thepl
aint
if
fmustdr
afthi
spl
ainti
nsuchawayt
hati
ncl
udes
al
lthei
mpor
tantasser
ti
onsandt
hecl
aimst
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fwi
shest
oputbef
oret
he
cour
t.Not
hingi
mpor
tantshoul
dbel
eftf
ori
ncl
usi
oni
nthepl
aint
.

I
tist
hepl
aintoft
hepl
aint
if
fwhi
chspeaksi
ncour
tbef
oreaj
udge.Thepl
aintshoul
d
besuchwhi
chcant
akeacaset
owar
dst
heconcl
usi
onf
oraf
inaldeci
sion.Al
lthe
subj
ectmat
teri
ndi
sput
emustbedeci
dedatonce.

Sui
ttoI
ncl
udeWhol
eCl
aim,
OrderI
IRul
e2

Thepl
aint
if
finhi
spl
aintmusti
ncl
udet
hewhol
eoft
hecl
aim,whi
chhewi
shest
o
seekf
rom t
hecour
t.Fort
hepur
poseofbr
ingi
ngt
hesui
twi
thi
nthej
uri
sdi
cti
onofany
cour
t,t
hepl
aint
if
fmayr
eli
nqui
shorabandonanypar
tofhi
scl
aim.

Exampl
e1

Af
il
esasui
tagai
nstBf
orr
ecov
eryofmoney
.Theamountt
ober
ecov
eredi
sthr
ee
cr
ores.Fort
hepur
poseoff
all
i
ngi
nthepecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hedi
str
ictcour
t,A
f
il
esasui
tforr
ecov
eryofmoneyoft
wocr
oresonl
y.

Her
eAhasr
eli
nqui
shedhi
spar
toft
hecl
aim(
ofr
upeesonecr
ore)f
ort
hepur
poseof
br
ingi
ngsui
twi
thi
nthepecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hedi
str
ictcour
t.Ast
hepecuni
ary
l
i
mit
sofDel
hidi
str
ictcour
tisupt
otwocr
ores.I
fhewoul
dhav
etomaket
hewhol
e
ofhi
scl
aim,
thent
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onwoul
dhav
efal
l
enunderDel
hiHi
ghCour
t.

Rel
inqui
shedPar
tofCl
aim

Oncear
eli
nqui
shmental
way
sar
eli
nqui
shment
.Ift
hepl
aint
if
fomi
tst
oasser
thi
s
cl
aim ori
ntent
ional
l
yrel
i
nqui
shesanypar
toft
hecl
aim,
thenhel
osest
her
ightt
osue
f
ori
taf
ter
war
ds.Lat
eron,
thepl
aint
if
fcan’
tasser
tfort
hecl
aim hehasr
eli
nqui
shed.
Thecour
twi
l
lnotent
ert
aint
hecl
aim.

Exampl
e2

Wi
thr
efer
ence t
o exampl
e 1 ment
ioned abov
e:The cl
aim whi
ch t
he pl
aint
if
f
r
eli
nqui
shedi
nor
dert
obr
ingt
hesui
twi
thi
nthepecuni
aryj
uri
sdi
cti
onofDel
hidi
str
ict
cour
t,can’
tber
aisedsubsequent
lyi
nadi
ff
erentsui
t.I
fthepl
aint
if
fhasomi
tt
edor
i
ntent
ional
l
yrel
i
nqui
shedhi
spor
ti
onoft
hecl
aim,
thenhecan’
tsuef
ori
taf
ter
war
ds.

Omi
ssi
ont
oSueForOneofSev
eral
Rel
i
efs

I
fthepl
aint
if
fisent
it
ledt
omor
ethanoner
eli
eff
ort
hesamecauseofact
ion,he
mustsuef
oral
lsuchr
eli
efs.I
fheomi
tst
osuef
oranyoneofsev
eralr
eli
efs,
thenhe
can’
tbr
inganot
hersui
tforcl
aimi
ngsuchr
eli
ef.

Except
iont
otheAbov
eRul
e

I
fthepl
aint
if
ftakest
hel
eav
eoft
hecour
tforr
eli
nqui
shi
nganyofhi
srel
i
ef,t
henhe
maysuef
orsuchr
eli
efaf
ter
war
ds.Wi
tht
hel
eav
eoft
hecour
t,
 Or
derI
IRul
e2 
does
notbarsuchr
eli
ef.Buti
fthel
eav
enott
aken,t
hent
her
ewi
l
lbeabarunderOr
derI
I
Rul
e2ofCPC.

Exampl
e3

Ai
sthel
andl
ordandBat
enant
.Bhasnotpai
drentf
ort
hel
astt
hreey
ear
sandi
sin
wr
ongf
ulpossessi
onoft
hepr
oper
ty.Af
il
esasui
tagai
nstBf
ort
hepossessi
onof
t
hepr
oper
ty.Ai
nasubsequentsui
tcl
aimsf
ort
hear
rear
sofr
entagai
nstB.The
subsequentsui
tisbar
redunderOr
derI
IRul
e2oft
he 
Civ
ilPr
ocedur
eCode.
CaseLawsonOr
derI
IRul
e2,
CPC

Mohd.Khal
eelKhanv
s.Mohd.Mi
aAl
i,1949:
 Pr
ivyCounci
lhel
dthati
fther
eli
ef
cl
aimedi
nanewsui
tisbasedupont
hesamecauseofact
ionasoff
ormersui
t,t
hen
i
tshal
lat
tractt
hebarunderOr
derI
IRul
e2.I
fther
eli
efcl
aimedi
sdi
sti
nctf
rom t
he
f
ormercauseofact
ion,t
heni
twi
l
lnotbebar
redunderOr
derI
IRul
e2oft
heCi
vi
l
Pr
ocedur
eCode.

Gur
ubuxSi
nghv
s.Bhoor
aLal
,1964:
 Thesupr
emecour
tlai
ddownsomecondi
ti
ons
f
orappl
yi
ngOr
derI
IRul
e2.I
fthecondi
ti
onssat
isf
y,t
hent
hebarofOr
derI
IRul
e2
comesunderoper
ati
on.Thecondi
ti
onsar
easf
oll
ows:
-

1.
 Causeofact
ioni
nthesubsequentsui
tornew sui
tmustbet
hesameast
hatof
t
hepr
evi
oussui
t.

2.
 Wher
ethepl
aint
if
fisent
it
ledt
omor
ethanoner
eli
efandr
eli
nqui
shesanyoneof
suchr
eli
efswi
thoutt
hel
eav
eoft
hecour
tandf
il
esanewsui
tfort
her
eli
efofwhi
ch
hewasent
it
ledt
oinpr
evi
oussui
t.

3.
 Thepr
evi
oussui
tmusthav
ebeendeci
dedonmer
it
s.

Obj
ectofOr
derI
IRul
e2

Theobj
ectbehi
ndOr
derI
IRul
e2i
stopr
eventt
hemul
ti
pli
cit
yofcases.Al
readyt
he
cour
tisbur
denedwi
thl
akhsofcases.Thepur
posebehi
ndt
hisr
ulei
sthatdef
endant
shoul
dnotbeputi
ntr
oubl
etwi
cef
ort
hesamecauseofact
ion.Themat
tershoul
d
bedeci
dedatonceonmer
it
s.Mul
ti
plecl
aimsr
aiseconf
usi
onanddest
royt
he
pr
eci
oust
imeoft
hecour
t.Hence,
thesi
gni
fi
canceofOr
derI
IRul
e2i
sappr
eci
atedi
n
t
hef
rami
ngofasui
t.

Pl
eadi
ngs:(
Order6)

Whatar
ethePl
eadi
ngs?

Bef
oreunder
standi
ngamendmentofpl
eadi
ngs,t
her
eisaneedt
oexpl
ainwhati
s
Pl
eadi
ngsandi
tsRul
e.Pl
eadi
ngsar
ethest
atement
swhi
char
ethebackboneof
ev
eryci
vi
lsui
t.Noci
vi
lsui
twi
l
lcomei
ntoexi
stencei
fther
ear
enoPl
eadi
ngs.
Pl
eadi
ngshav
ebeendef
inedunderOr
der6Rul
e1ofCPCwhi
chst
atest
hatPl
eadi
ng
shal
lbePl
aintorWr
it
tenSt
atement
s.Pl
ainti
sthest
atement
sfi
l
edbyt
hePl
aint
if
fin
aCi
vi
lCour
ttopr
ovehi
scl
aim wher
easWr
it
tef
eenst
atement
sar
ethest
atement
s
def
inedi
nOr
der8Rul
e1ofCPC whi
chst
atest
hatdndantshoul
dfi
l
ewr
it
ten
st
atement
sin 30 day
sfr
om t
he dat
e ofi
ssuance oft
he summons.Wr
it
ten
st
atement
sar
efi
l
edbyt
hedef
endantf
orhi
sdef
ense.Pl
ainthasnotbeendef
inedi
n
CPCbuti
tcanbet
ermedaspl
eadi
ngsofPl
aint
if
ffr
om whi
chci
vi
lsui
tisi
nit
iat
ed.
 
Pl
eadi
ngs shoul
d be pr
oper
lydr
aft
ed and i
tshoul
d notcont
ain anyv
ague or
unambi
guousst
atement
s.Pl
eadi
ngsar
ethosemat
eri
alf
act
swhi
chhel
pspl
aint
if
fto
def
inet
hecauseofact
ionandt
hedef
endantt
oest
abl
i
shhi
sdef
ensei
naci
vi
lsui
t.

Whatr
ulest
obef
oll
owedwhi
ledr
aft
ingofpl
eadi
ngs?

Pl
eadi
ngshoul
dcont
aint
hef
act
sbutnol
awshoul
dbeappl
i
edi
npl
eadi
ngs.Onl
ythe
cour
thast
hepowert
oappl
ythel
awont
hebasi
soff
actst
atedi
nthePl
eadi
ngs.I
n
t
hecaseofGour
iDut
tGaneshLalFi
rmv
.MadhoPr
asad,
1honor
abl
ecour
tst
ated
t
hatPl
eadi
ngsshoul
dbedef
inedi
nfourwor
ds–“
PleadFact
s,notl
aws”
.

Pl
eadi
ngsshoul
dcont
ainmat
eri
alf
act
s.Par
ti
esshoul
dav
oidusi
ngi
mmat
eri
alor
i
rr
elev
antf
act
sint
hePl
eadi
ngs.I
nthecaseofVi
renderNat
hv.Sat
palSi
ngh2,t
he
cour
tst
atedt
hatmat
eri
alf
act
sar
ethosef
act
swhi
chhel
psPl
aint
if
ftodef
inehi
s
causeofact
ionordef
endantt
ost
ronghi
sdef
ense.

Par
ti
esshoul
dnotgi
vet
heev
idencei
nthepl
eadi
ngsf
rom whi
chf
act
sar
epr
oved.

Pl
eadi
ngsshoul
dcont
aint
hemat
eri
alf
act
sint
hebr
ieff
orm.Par
ti
esshoul
dav
oid
usi
ngi
rr
elev
antori
mmat
eri
alst
atement
swhi
l
edr
aft
ingt
hePl
aint
.

Or
derVIRul
e17CodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e:

Amendmentofpl
eadi
ngs–TheCour
tmayatanyst
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngsal
l
ow
ei
therpar
tyt
oal
teroramendhi
spl
eadi
ngsi
nsuchmannerandonsucht
ermsas
maybej
ust
,andal
lsuchamendment
sshal
lbemadeasmaybenecessar
yfort
he
pur
poseofdet
ermi
ningt
her
eal
quest
ionsi
ncont
rov
ersybet
weent
hepar
ti
es.

Pr
ovi
dedt
hatnoappl
i
cat
ionf
oramendmentshal
lbeal
l
owedaf
tert
het
ri
alhas
commenced,
unl
esst
hecour
tcomest
otheconcl
usi
ont
hati
nspi
teofduedi
l
igence,
t
hepar
tycoul
dnothav
erai
sedt
hemat
terbef
oret
hecommencementoft
ri
al.
”

I
nwhi
chst
ageofci
vi
lsui
tpl
eadi
ngcanbeamended?

ThePr
ovi
sionr
elat
edt
oAmendmentofPl
eadi
ngsgi
vespowert
otheci
vi
lcour
tto
al
l
owpar
ti
est
oal
ter
,amendormodi
fyt
hepl
eadi
ngsatanyst
ageofpr
oceedi
ngs1.
 
Pr
ovi
sionf
orAmendmentofpl
eadi
ngshasbeenst
atedi
nOr
der6Rul
e17oft
he
Codeofci
vi
lpr
ocedur
e.Butt
hecour
twi
l
lal
l
owamendmentonl
yift
hisamendment
i
snecessar
ytodet
ermi
net
hecont
rov
ersybet
weent
hepar
ti
es.Thepur
poseoft
his
pr
ovi
sioni
stopr
omot
eendsofj
ust
iceandnott
odef
eatt
hel
aw.

ThePr
ovi
so ofOr
der6 Rul
e17 st
atest
hatcour
twi
l
lnotal
l
ow appl
i
cat
ion of
amendmentaf
tert
he t
ri
alhas been commenced unl
ess cour
tcomes t
othe
concl
usi
ont
hatpar
tydi
dnotr
aiset
her
elev
antf
act
sbef
oret
hecommencementof
t
het
ri
al.Thi
spr
ovi
so gi
vesdi
scr
eti
onar
ypowert
othecour
tto deci
deon t
he
appl
i
cat
ionofpl
eadi
ngsaf
tert
hecommencementoft
heTr
ial
.Ani
nst
it
uti
onoft
he
sui
tisnecessar
yforappl
yi
ngf
oramendmentofpl
eadi
ngs.

Thi
spr
ovi
si
onwasdel
etedbyt
heCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e(Amendment
)Code,1999.Thi
s
omi
ssi
onwasmadet
oensur
econsi
stencyi
nnewchangesi
ntheci
vi
lcode.Butl
ater
,
i
twasr
est
oredbyt
heCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e(Amendment
)Code,2000.Thi
samendment
hasgi
venpowert
othecour
tto al
l
ow appl
i
cat
ion oft
hepl
eadi
ngswi
th some
l
i
mit
ati
on.

I
nthecaseof
 Gur
dialSi
nghv.RajKumarAnej
a,t
hecour
tst
atedt
hatanyper
son
whoi
sappl
yi
ngf
ort
heamendmentofpl
eadi
ngsshoul
dst
atet
hatwhati
stobe
al
ter
ed,
amendedormodi
fi
edi
ntheor
igi
nal
pleadi
ngs.

I
nthecaseoft Raj
he  eshKumarAggar
wal&Or
sv.K.
K.Modi&Or
s, t
hecour
tst
ated
t
hatAmendmentofpl
eadi
ngsconsi
stsoft
wopar
ts:

I
nthef
ir
stpar
t,t
hewor
d‘may
’gi
vesdi
scr
eti
onar
ypowert
othecour
ttoal
l
ow or
di
sal
l
owappl
i
cat
ionofpl
eadi
ngs.

I
nthesecondpar
t,t
hewor
d‘shal
l
’gi
vesobl
i
gat
orydi
rect
iont
otheci
vi
lcour
ttoal
l
ow
t
heappl
i
cat
ionofpl
eadi
ngsi
fthi
samendmenti
snecessar
yfort
hepur
poseof
det
ermi
ningt
her
eal
quest
ionsi
ncont
rov
ersybet
weent
hepar
ti
es.

Whydocour
tsal
lowamendmentofPl
eadi
ngs?

Thepr
imar
yobj
ect
ivef
ort
hecour
ttoal
l
owappl
i
cat
ionf
or AmendmentofPl
eadi
ngs
i
ssecur
etheendsoft
hej
ust
iceandpr
eventi
njust
icet
oot
herpar
ti
es.Al
so,t
his
amendmenti
snecessar
yfort
hepur
poseofdet
ermi
ning t
her
ealquest
ionsi
n
cont
rov
ersybet
weent
hepar
ti
es.
 Amendment
sofpl
eadi
ngshel
pthepar
ti
est
o
cor
recti
tsmi
stakesi
nthepl
eadi
ngs.I
nthecaseofCr
opperv
.Smi
th,t
hecour
t
st
atedt
hatt
heobj
ectbehi
ndamendmentofpl
eadi
ngsi
stopr
otectt
her
ight
soft
he
par
ti
esandnott
opuni
sht
hem f
ort
hemi
stakemadebyt
hem i
nthepl
eadi
ngs.

Whatcanbeamendedi
npl
eadi
ng?

 Pl
aintf
il
edbyt
hePl
aint
if
f

 Wr
it
tenSt
atement
sfi
l
edbyt
heDef
endant
 

I
mpor
tanceoft
heDoct
ri
neofRel
ati
onbacki
nAmendmentofPl
eadi
ngs

Whent
hecour
tal
l
owst
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
heAmendmentofPl
eadi
ngst
heni
trel
ates
backt
othedat
eofsui
t.Buti
nthecaseofSampat
hKumarv
.Ay
yakannu6,
 thecour
t
st
atedt
hati
nsomespeci
alcases,
thecour
tcandi
rectt
hatamendmentofpl
eadi
ngs
wi
l
lnotr
elat
ebackt
othedat
eofsui
t.

AmendmentofPl
eadi
ngswhengr
ant
ed:

I
nthecaseof
 Ki
shanDas Vi
thobaBachel
or,t
hecour
tst
atedt
hatt
her
ear
etwo
necessar
ycondi
ti
ons t
o be sat
isf
ied bef
ore gr
ant
ing l
eav
eforamendmentof
pl
eadi
ngs:

 Thi
sgr
antofl
eav
eshoul
dnotl
eadst
othei
njust
icet
oot
herpar
ty.

 Thi
sAmendmentofpl
eadi
ngsi
snecessar
yfordet
ermi
ningt
her
ealquest
ion
 ofcont
rov
ersybet
weenpar
ti
es.

I
nthecaseof
 Raj
  kumarGur
awar
a(Dead)Thr
.L.
Rs.vsS.
K.Sar
awagiAndCo.Pvt
.
Lt
d.And Anr
,the honor
abl
e Supr
eme Cour
tst
ated cer
tai
n condi
ti
ons when
amendment
sofPl
eadi
ngscanbeal
l
owedt
heyar
e:

 Whennat
ureoft
hecasewi
l
lchangebyal
l
owi
ngappl
i
cat
ionf
oramendment
ofappeal

 Whenanewcauseofact
ionar
isebyal
l
owi
ngappl
i
cat
ionofanamendment

 WhenAmendment
sofPl
eadi
ngsdef
eat
sthel
awofl
i
mit
ati
on.

Ot
herpoi
ntsonwhi
chAmendment
sofPl
eadi
ngsi
sgr
ant
ed:

 Whent
heappl
i
cat
ionofamendmenti
sfi
l
edt
oav
oidmul
ti
pli
cit
yofsui
ts.

 Whenpar
ti
esi
nthepl
aintorwr
it
tenst
atement
sar
ewr
ongf
ull
ydescr
ibed.

 Whent
hepl
aint
if
fomi
tst
oaddsomepr
oper
ti
est
othepl
aint
.

AmendmentofPl
eadi
ngswhenr
efused:

 Appl
i
cat
ionofamendmentofPl
eadi
ngsi
srej
ect
edbyt
hecour
twhent
his
amendmenti
snotnecessar
yfordet
ermi
ningt
her
ealquest
ionofcont
rov
ersy
bet
weenpar
ti
es.

 Appl
i
cat
ion ofamendmentofpl
eadi
ngsi
srej
ect
ed when i
tleadst
othe
i
ntr
oduct
ionofat
otal
l
ynewcase.I
nthecaseoft
heModiSpg.Mi
ll
sv.Ladha
Ram &sonsSupr
emeCour
thel
dthat“t
hedef
endantcannotbeal
l
owedt
o
change compl
etel
ythe case made i
n cer
tai
n par
agr
aphs oft
he wr
it
ten
st
atementandsubst
it
uteanent
ir
elydi
ff
erentandnewcase”
.

 Whent
hePl
aint
if
fordef
endanti
snegl
i
gent

 Whenpr
oposedal
ter
ati
onormodi
fi
cat
ioni
sunj
ust

 Appl
i
cat
ionf
orAmendment
sofPl
eadi
ngsi
sref
usedwheni
tvi
olat
est
hel
egal
r
ight
sorcausei
njust
icet
otheot
herpar
ty
  Leav
etoamendi
sref
usedwheni
tleadst
otheneedl
esscompl
i
cat
ionsi
nthe
case.

 Leav
etoamendi
sref
usedwhent
her
ehasbeenexcessi
vedel
aybyt
he
par
ti
esi
nfi
l
ingt
hesui
t.

 Appl
i
cat
ionofAmendmenti
sref
usedwheni
tchangest
henat
ureoft
he
di
sput
es

 Thecour
twi
l
lnotgr
antappl
i
cat
ionofamendmentofpl
eadi
ngsi
fiti
smade
wi
thmal
afi
dei
ntent
ion.

 Wher
esev
eraloppor
tuni
ti
esar
egi
vent
opar
ti
est
oappl
yforamendmentof
pl
eadi
ngs.Butt
heyf
ail
edt
omakeanappl
i
cat
ion.

St
epbySt
eppr
ocedur
eforf
il
inganappl
i
cat
ionf
orAmendmentofPl
eadi
ngs:

St
ep1–Fi
rst
lyt
hePl
aint
if
forDef
endantwhowant
stoamendi
tspl
eadi
ngscan
wr
it
eanappl
i
cat
ionf
ort
he amendmentofpl
eadi
ngst
otheconcer
nedci
vi
lcour
t

St
ep2– Af
terdr
aft
ingt
heappl
i
cat
ionappl
i
cantneedst
opr
oducet
heappl
i
cat
ion
bef
oret
heconcer
nedci
vi
lj
udge.

St
ep3–Hehast
opayar
equi
redcour
tfeeundercour
tfeesAct
,1870.

St
ep4-Appl
i
cantneedst
otel
lthepur
poseoft
heal
ter
ati
oni
nhi
sappl
i
cat
ion.

St
ep5–Judgewi
l
lreadt
heappl
i
cat
ionandi
fhet
hinksf
itt
hatt
hisal
ter
ati
onor
amendmenti
snecessar
yfort
hepur
poseofdet
ermi
ning t
her
ealquest
ionsi
n
cont
rov
ersybet
weent
hepar
ti
esThanhewi
l
lgr
antper
missi
onf
oramendmentf
or
pl
eadi
ng.

St
ep6– Af
terget
ti
ngt
heor
derf
rom t
hecour
t,t
heappl
i
cantneedst
ofi
l
enew
pl
eadi
ngswi
thi
nthepr
escr
ibedt
imeandi
fnot
imehasbeenpr
escr
ibedbyt
hecour
t
t
henheneedst
ofi
l
eiti
n14day
sfr
om t
hedat
eofor
der
.

St
ep7–Heal
soneedst
ogi
veacopyofal
ter
edpl
eadi
ngst
otheopposi
tepar
ty

Cant
hepl
eadi
ngsbeamendedi
fthesui
tisdebar
redbyt
heLi
mit
ati
onAct
I
nthecaseof
 L.
  J.Leach&Co.Lt
d.v.Jar
dineSki
nner&Co,t
heSupr
emeCour
t
st
atedt
hatcour
tcandecl
i
net
heappl
i
cat
ionofamendmentofpl
eadi
ngsi
fiti
s
debar
redbyt
heLi
mit
ati
onAct
.Butt
hecour
thasdi
scr
eti
onar
ypowert
oal
l
ow t
his
appl
i
cat
iont
osecur
eendsofj
ust
ice.Thel
i
mit
ati
oncanbegr
oundf
orr
eject
ingt
he
appl
i
cat
ionbutt
hecour
tcanal
l
owi
fthecour
tthi
nkst
hatamendmenti
snecessar
y.

I
nthecaseofSout
hKonkanDi
sti
ll
eri
es&Anrv
.Pr
abhakarGaj
ananNai
k&Or
s9,
 
t
hecour
tst
atedt
hati
tisset
tl
edpr
inci
plet
hatcour
tcandi
sal
l
owt
heappl
i
cat
ionof
amendmenti
font
hedat
eoft
hef
il
ingofAppl
i
cat
ioni
tisbar
redbyt
hel
i
mit
ati
on.But
t
hisnotmeant
hatcour
tcannotor
dergr
antf
orAppl
i
cat
ion.Forsecur
ingt
hei
nter
est
ofj
ust
ice,t
hecour
thasdi
scr
eti
onar
ypowert
oal
l
ow appl
i
cat
ionofamendmentof
pl
eadi
ng.

I
nthecaseof
 Pankaj
a&Anrv.Yel
l
appa(
D)byLRs&Or
s, t
hecour
thel
dthatt
her
e
i
snoset
tl
edpr
inci
plet
hatwhi
chst
atest
hatcour
tcanr
ejectt
heappl
i
cat
ionof
amendmenti
font
hedat
eoff
il
ingt
heappl
i
cat
ioni
tisbar
redbyl
i
mit
ati
on.Thecour
t
st
atedt
hedi
scr
eti
ont
oal
l
ow ornott
oal
l
ow appl
i
cat
iondependsont
hef
act
ual
backgr
oundoft
hecase.I
ffact
s&ci
rcumst
anceoft
hecasecl
ear
lyest
abl
i
shest
hat
t
hisamendmenti
snecessar
ytodet
ermi
net
hecauseofact
ionandt
oav
oidf
urt
her
l
i
tigat
iont
hent
hecour
tshoul
dal
l
owt
hisappl
i
cat
ion.

I
nthecaseof
 RaguThi
lakD.Johnv.S.Ray
appan,
 thecour
tst
atedt
hati
tis
di
sput
edf
actt
hatappl
i
cat
ionofamendmentwi
l
lbeal
l
owedornotwheni
tisbar
red
byt
heLi
mit
ati
on.Buti
nmanycases,t
hei
ssueofl
i
mit
ati
oni
smadeani
ssuei
nthe
sui
t,I
nthosecases,
appl
i
cat
ionofamendmenti
sal
l
owedf
ordi
sposi
ngoft
hecase.

I
nthecaseof
 Vi
shwambharv.Laxmi
nar
ayan,
 
thecour
thel
dthatappl
i
cat
ionf
or
amendmentofPl
eadi
ngi
stot
her
elat
ebackt
oaf
il
li
ngoft
hedat
eofappl
i
cat
ionnot
t
othedat
eoff
il
ingoft
hesui
t.
  

Whyi
sOr
der6Rul
e17cr
it
ici
zed?

 Appl
i
cat
ionoft
heAmendment
sdel
aysJust
ice.Ar
unMohan,seni
orl
awy
er-
aut
horoft
hebookcal
l
ed“
Just
ice,Cour
ts,anddel
ays”t
ell
sinhi
sbookt
hat
al
most80% oft
heappl
i
cat
ion f
ort
heamendmenti
sfi
l
ed wi
tht
hesol
e
 obj
ect
iveofdel
ayi
ngt
hepr
oceedi
ngs.

 Oneoft
hebi
gchal
l
engesf
acedbyt
heI
ndi
ancour
tsi
sthebackl
ogoft
he
cases.Ci
vi
lcour
tisal
readybur
denedwi
thl
otmanycasesandamendmentof
pl
eadi
ngsput
smor
ebur
denont
heci
vi
lcour
ts.

Or
der6Rul
e17i
sthemostmi
susedl
aw.

  
Iti
sahi
ndr
ancet
ospeedydi
sposal
oft
hemat
ter

  
Ithasmor
epossi
bil
i
ties&chancesofv
iol
ati
onofl
egalr
ight
sont
heot
her
si
de.

  
Somet
imesi
tisdi
ff
icul
ttof
indt
her
ealquest
ionofcont
rov
ersybet
ween
par
ti
es

 Thecont
rov
ersybet
weent
heAmendmentofpr
oceedi
ngsandt
heLi
mit
ati
on
i
sst
il
lnotset
tl
ed.I
ndi
ff
erentcases,
ther
ear
edi
ff
erenti
nter
pret
ati
onsoft
his
r
ule.

  
Manyappl
i
cant
swi
tht
hemal
afi
dei
ntent
ionar
efi
l
ingt
heappl
i
cat
ionf
or
amendment
.Iti
snoteasyf
ort
heci
vi
lcour
ttoest
abl
i
shmal
afi
dei
ntent
ionof
t
hepar
ti
es.

Whathappenswhenanappl
icantf
ail
stoamendi
napr
escr
ibedt
ime?

Pr
ovi
sionon:Or
derVIRul
e18Ci
vi
lPr
ocedur
e

Fai
l
uret
oamendaf
teror
der:
Ifapar
tywhohasobt
ainedanor
derf
orl
eav
etoamend
doesnotamendaccor
dingl
ywi
thi
nthet
imel
i
mit
edf
ort
hatpur
posebyt
heor
der
,or
i
fnot
imei
sther
ebyl
i
mit
edt
henwi
thi
nfour
teenday
sfr
om t
hedat
eoft
heor
der
,he
shal
lnotbeper
mit
tedt
oamendaf
tert
heexpi
rat
ionofsuchl
i
mit
edt
imeasaf
oresai
d
orofsuchf
our
teenday
s,ast
hecasemaybe,unl
esst
het
imei
sext
endedbyt
he
Cour
t.

Or
derVIr
ule18st
atest
hatwhenapar
tyhadappl
i
cat
ionf
oramendmentandi
tis
al
l
owedbyt
hecour
tthr
oughanor
der
.Butt
hepar
tydoesnotamendi
twi
thi
nthe
t
imepr
escr
ibedi
ntheor
derori
fnot
imei
spr
escr
ibed,
wit
hint
hef
our
teenday
sfr
om
i
ssuanceofor
dert
hent
hepar
tywi
l
lbenotper
mit
tedt
oamend.
PLAI
NTANDWRI
TTENSTATEMENT(
ORDER7,
8)

Pl
aint

APl
ainti
sal
egaldocumentt
hatcont
ainst
hecont
entofanyci
vi
lsui
twhi
chshows
t
hePl
aint
if
f’
scl
aim af
terf
il
ingsui
t.Thepl
ainti
sthef
ir
stst
epoft
hePl
aint
if
fint
he
f
orm ofal
egaldocumentf
ort
hecommencementofsui
tandi
tshowswhata
Pl
aint
if
fwant
sfr
om t
hatsui
t.Theconceptofapl
ainti
sment
ionedi
ntheCi
vi
l
Pr
ocedur
eCode.Thr
ought
hehel
pofpl
aint
,thepl
aint
if
fnar
rat
esordescr
ibest
he
causeofact
ionandr
elat
edi
nfor
mat
ionwhi
chi
sconsi
der
edasessent
ialf
rom t
he
v
iewpoi
ntoft
hesui
t.

I
nthecaseofpl
aint
,thecauseofact
ionconsi
stsoft
wodi
vi
sions,f
ir
sti
sthel
egal
t
heor
y(t
hef
act
ualsi
tuat
ionbasedonwhi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fcl
aimst
ohav
esuf
fer
ed)
andsecondi
sthel
egalr
emedyt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fseeksf
rom t
hecour
t.Apl
ainti
s
consi
der
edani
mpor
tantconceptbecausei
tist
hef
oremostandi
nit
ialst
aget
o
i
nit
iat
eanyl
awsui
tandhel
pst
ofi
ndaci
vi
lcour
tofappr
opr
iat
ejur
isdi
cti
on.

Or
derVI
Ioft
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
edeal
s,par
ti
cul
arl
ywi
thpl
aint
.InOr
derVI
Iof
CPC,t
her
ear
emanydi
ff
erentr
uleswhi
chdealwi
thdi
ff
erentconst
it
uent
sofpl
aint
.
Rul
es1t
o8dealwi
tht
hepar
ti
cul
arsoft
hepl
aint
.Rul
e9ofCPCdeal
swi
thhowt
he
pl
aintwi
l
lbeadmi
tt
edandaf
tert
hatRul
e10t
o10-
Btal
ksaboutt
her
etur
noft
he
pl
aintandt
heappear
anceofpar
ti
es.Andt
hemai
nRul
esi
.e11t
o13dealwi
tht
he
r
eject
ionoft
hepl
aintandi
nwhi
chci
rcumst
ancest
hepl
aintcanber
eject
ed.

Sect
ion26oft
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
est
ates“
Ever
ysui
tshal
lbei
nst
it
utedbyt
he
pr
esent
ati
onofapl
aintori
nsuchot
hermannerasmaybepr
escr
ibed.
”Thi
ssect
ion
cl
ear
lyshowst
hatpl
ainti
sver
ymuchnecessar
yfort
heest
abl
i
shmentofasui
t
bef
oret
heci
vi
lorcommer
cial
cour
t.
  

Necessar
yCont
ent
sofAPl
aint

Apl
ainti
sal
egaldocumentt
hatcont
ainsal
otofnecessar
ycont
ent
sint
heabsence
ofwhi
ch,
itcannotbeconsi
der
edasapl
aint
.Thecont
ent
snecessar
yforapl
aintar
e
ment
ionedi
nRul
es1t
o8ofOr
derVI
IofCPC.Thesear
ement
ionedbel
ow:
  Pl
aintshoul
dcont
aint
henameoft
hecommer
cialorci
vi
lcour
twher
easui
t
wi
l
lbei
nit
iat
ed.

 Pl
aintshoul
dcont
aindet
ail
soft
hepl
aint
if
fsuchast
hename,addr
ess,and
descr
ipt
ion.

 Pl
aintshoul
dcont
aint
hename,
resi
dence,
anddescr
ipt
ionoft
hedef
endant
.

 Whenapl
aint
if
fhassomedef
ect
sorpr
obl
emsi
nheal
thoranyt
ypeof
di
sabi
l
ity
,thePl
aintshoul
dcont
ainast
atementoft
heseef
fect
s.

 Pl
aintshoul
dcont
aint
hef
act
sduet
owhi
chcauseofact
ionar
isesandwher
e
t
hecauseofact
ionar
isesi
tshoul
dal
sobement
ioned.

 Pl
aintshoul
dnotonl
yment
ionf
act
sduet
owhi
chcauseofact
ionar
isesbut
al
sot
hosef
act
swhi
chhel
pinr
ecogni
zi
ngt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
on.

 Pl
aintshoul
dal
socont
ainaboutt
hatr
eli
efwhi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fseeksf
rom t
he
cour
t.

 Whent
hepl
aint
if
fisr
eadyt
osetof
fapor
ti
onofhi
scl
aim,t
hePl
aintshoul
d
cont
aint
hatamountwhi
chhasbeensoal
l
owed.
  

 Pl
aintshoul
dcont
ainast
atementoft
hev
alueoft
hesubj
ect
-mat
terofsui
t
notonl
yfort
hepur
poseofj
uri
sdi
cti
onbutal
sof
ort
hepur
poseofcour
t-
fees.

 Atl
ast
,thecont
entt
hatshoul
dbeonpl
ainti
sthepl
aint
if
fver
if
icat
iononoat
h.

Thi
sshowst
hatt
hepl
ainti
sanecessar
ycomponentf
ort
hesuccessf
uli
nit
iat
ionof
sui
tsi
ncommer
cial
orci
vi
lcour
tsandpl
aysav
eryi
mpor
tantr
olet
hroughoutt
hesui
t.
Someaddi
ti
onalpar
ti
cul
arswhi
chwer
enotment
ionedabov
eincl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
Pl
aint
if
fshal
lst
atet
heexactamountofmoneyt
obeobt
ainedf
rom t
hedef
endantas
gi
venunderRul
e2ofor
derVI
Iwher
easRul
e3ofor
derVI
IofCPCst
atest
hatwhen
t
hepl
aintcont
ainssubj
ectmat
terofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,
thent
hepr
oper
tymustbe
dul
ydescr
ibed.

Rej
ect
ionofpl
aint
ThePl
aintshal
lber
eject
edi
ncer
tai
nsi
tuat
ionswhenr
equi
rement
sar
enotf
ulf
il
led.
Someoft
hesi
tuat
ionsi
nwhi
cht
hepl
ainti
srej
ect
edar
easf
oll
ows:

 Thepl
ainti
srej
ect
edi
nacasewher
ethecauseofact
ioni
snotdi
scl
osed.I
f
t
hecauseofact
ioni
snotdi
scl
osedt
heni
tisnotpossi
blet
opr
ovet
he
damagecausedt
othepl
aint
if
f.Toseekr
eli
efagai
nstt
hedef
endant
,thef
act
s
needt
obement
ionedcl
ear
ly.I
nthecaseofSnpShi
ppi
ngSer
vicePv
t.Lt
d.v
.
Wor
ld TankerCar
ri
erCor
por
ati
on,t
he pl
aintwas r
eject
ed and t
he sui
t
di
smi
ssedunderOr
der7,
Rul
e1(
a)oft
heC.
P.C.
,
1908.

 Thepl
ainti
sal
sor
eject
edi
nacasewher
ethepl
aint
if
frel
i
efi
sunder
val
ued
andt
hepl
aint
if
fisr
equest
edbyt
hecour
ttocor
rectt
hev
aluat
ionwi
thi
nthe
gi
vent
imef
ramebutt
hepl
aint
if
ffai
l
stodoso.

 Thepl
ainti
srej
ect
edi
nacasewher
eal
lthedocument
sar
enotpr
oper
ly
st
ampedandt
hepl
aint
if
fonbei
ngr
equi
redbyt
hecour
ttosuppl
yther
equi
red
st
amppaperwi
thi
nat
imet
obef
ixedbycour
tfai
l
stodoso.

 Thepl
ainti
smost
lyr
eject
edduet
othest
atementment
ionedi
nthepl
aint
secur
edbyanyl
aworst
atut
ethatdoesn’
tgi
veanyr
ightt
othepl
aint
if
ftof
il
e
t
hesui
t.

 Whenadupl
i
cat
ecopyoft
hepl
ainti
snotsubmi
tt
edwher
easi
tisment
ioned
t
hati
tismandat
oryt
osubmi
tthedupl
i
cat
ecopyt
heni
nthatcondi
ti
onpl
aint
i
sli
abl
etobedi
smi
ssed.

 Thepl
ainti
srej
ect
edwhent
hepl
aint
if
ffai
l
stocompl
ywi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsof
Rul
e9ofOr
derVI
IofC.
P.C.

Pr
ovi
sionsont
heRej
ect
ionofPl
aintunderC.
P.C.

Aswehav
eal
readysai
dinwhatci
rcumst
ancest
hepl
aintcanber
eject
edandnow
whatar
ethepr
ovi
sionst
hatar
erel
atedt
other
eject
ionoft
hepl
aintunderCodeof
Ci
vi
lPr
ocedur
e.Someoft
hepr
ovi
sionsr
egar
ding t
her
eject
ion ofapl
aintar
e
ment
ionedbel
ow:

 Or
derVI
IRul
e12ofC.
P.Cst
atest
hepr
ocedur
eonr
eject
ingt
hepl
aintsot
hat
 i
tcanbeusedasapr
ecedentf
orf
utur
ecases.

 Or
derVI
IRul
e13ofC.
P.Cst
atest
hatr
eject
ionoft
hepl
aintdoesnotst
opt
he
pr
esent
ati
onorf
il
li
ngoft
hef
reshpl
aint
.

Twomodeswhi
char
ement
ionedt
oshow t
hemanneri
nwhi
cht
hepl
aintcanbe
r
eject
ed:

 The def
endanthas t
he r
ightt
ofi
l
e an appl
i
cat
ion i
nthe f
orm ofan
i
nter
locut
oryappl
i
cat
ionatanyst
ageofpr
oceedi
ngsf
ort
her
eject
ionoft
he
pl
aint
.

 Suomot
o(oni
tsown)
:Themeani
ngoft
hesuomot
oit
sel
fdef
inest
hewayof
r
eject
ionoft
hepl
aint
.Suomot
orej
ect
ioni
sunderOr
der7Rul
e11whi
ch
st
atesRej
ect
ionoft
hepl
aint
.Acour
tcani
tsel
ftr
yasui
tunderOr
der7Rul
e
11i
fthepl
aintf
ulf
il
lst
hecondi
ti
onsdi
scussedi
nthef
ir
stpoi
nt.

Landmar
kCasesonRej
ect
ionofPl
aint

Manycasescamei
nfr
ontofcour
trel
atedt
other
eject
ionofpl
aintbutsomeoft
he
casesgi
ven bel
ow ar
enow consi
der
ed asal
andmar
kforot
hercaseson t
he
r
eject
ionofpl
aint
:

Kal
epurPal
aSubr
ahmany
am vTi
gut
iVenkat
a:I
nthi
scase,i
twassai
dthatapl
aint
cannotber
eject
edi
npar
tandr
etai
nedpar
tundert
hisr
ule.I
tmustber
eject
edasa
whol
eand notwi
tht
her
eject
ionofonepar
tand accept
anceofanot
her
.Thi
s
j
udgmenti
sconsi
der
edasal
andmar
kjudgmentont
her
eject
ionoft
hepl
aint
. 
 

SopanSukhdeoSabl
ev.Asst
t.Char
it
yCommr
.:I
nthi
scase,i
twashel
dthatwher
e
t
hesui
twasatt
hest
ageofr
ecor
dingofev
idenceandanappl
i
cat
ionunderOr
der7
Rul
e11oft
hecodewasf
il
edt
odel
ayt
hepr
oceedi
ngsoft
hesui
t,t
heappl
i
cat
ion
underOr
der7r
ule11oft
hecodewasr
eject
ed.

Bi
bhasMohanMukher
jeev.Har
iChar
anBaner
jee:I
nthi
scase,i
twashel
dthatan
Or
derr
eject
ingapl
ainti
sadecr
eeandhencei
tisappl
i
cabl
eandbi
ndi
ngi
not
her
caseswhi
chi
nvol
vest
her
eject
ionoft
hepl
aint
.
 1.ROJA v
s.U.
S.RAYU:Cour
t,i
nthi
scase,hel
dthatanyappl
i
cat
ionf
ort
he
r
eject
ionoft
hepl
aintunderOr
der7Rul
e11oft
hecodeofci
vi
lpr
ocedur
ecan
bef
il
ed atanyst
ageand t
hecour
thast
o di
sposeoft
hesamebef
ore
pr
oceedi
ngwi
tht
het
ri
al.
  

Kul
deepSi
nghPat
hani
avs.Bi
kram Si
nghJar
ya:I
nthi
s,t
hecour
thel
dthatf
oran
appl
i
cat
ionunderOr
derVI
IRul
e11(
a)ofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,onl
ythepl
eadi
ngs
oft
hepl
aint
if
fcanbel
ookedi
ntoandnei
thert
hewr
it
tenst
atementnorav
erment
s
canbeconsi
der
edf
ori
nqui
ry.

Whati
sWr
it
tenst
atement
?

Theexpr
essi
on“
wri
tt
enst
atement
”hasnotbeendef
inedi
ntheCopde,i
tis“
ater
m
ofspeci
fi
cconnot
ati
onor
dinar
il
ysi
gni
fyi
ngar
epl
ytot
hepl
aintf
il
edbyt
hepl
aint
if
f”.
I
not
herwor
ds,
awr
it
tenst
atementi
sthepl
eadi
ngoft
hest
atementwher
inhedeal
s
wi
thev
erymat
eri
alf
actal
l
egedl
ybyt
hepl
aint
if
finhi
spl
aintandal
sost
atesanynew
f
act
sinhi
sfav
ourort
akesl
egal
obj
ect
ionsagai
nstt
hecl
aim oft
hepl
aint
if
f.

Whati
sthemeani
ngofNewf
act
smustbespeci
all
ypl
eaded?Whati
sDeni
alt
obe
speci
fi
c?Whati
sEv
asi
vedeni
al?Whati
sSpeci
fi
cdeni
al?Rul
e1,2,3,4and5of
Or
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908

Wr
it
ten st
atement
,New f
act
smustbespeci
all
ypl
eaded,Deni
alt
o bespeci
fi
c,
Ev
asi
vedeni
alandSpeci
fi
cdeni
alar
edef
inedunderRul
e1,
2,3,
4and5ofOr
derVI
II
ofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908.Pr
ovi
sionsundert
heseRul
esar
e:

Rul
e1Or
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Wri
tt
enst
atement
"

(
1)Thedef
endantshal
l
,atorbef
oret
hef
ir
sthear
ingorwi
thi
nsucht
imeast
heCour
t
mayper
mit
,pr
esentawr
it
tenst
atementofhi
sdef
ence.

(
2)Sav
easot
her
wisepr
ovi
ded i
nrul
e8A,wher
ethe def
endantr
eli
eson any
document(
whet
herornoti
nhi
spossessi
onorpower
)insuppor
tofhi
sdef
enceor
cl
aimf
orset
-of
forcount
er.cl
aim,
heshal
lent
ersuchdocument
sinal
i
st,
andshal
l
,-

(
a)I
fawr
it
tenst
atementi
spr
esent
ed,
annext
hel
i
stt
othewr
it
tenst
atement
:
Pr
ovi
dedt
hatwher
ethedef
endant
,inhi
swr
it
tenst
atement
,cl
aimsaset
-of
for
makesacount
er-
clai
m basedonadocumenti
nhi
spossessi
onorpower
,heshal
l
pr
oducei
tinCour
tatt
het
imeofpr
esent
ati
onoft
hewr
it
tenst
atementandshal
lat
t
hesamet
imedel
i
vert
hedocumentorcopyt
her
eoft
obef
il
edwi
tht
hewr
it
ten
st
atement
;

(
b)i
fawr
it
tenst
atementi
snotpr
esent
ed,pr
esentt
hel
i
stt
otheCour
tatt
hef
ir
st
hear
ingoft
hesui
t.

(
3)Wher
eanysuchdocumenti
snoti
nthepossessi
onorpoweroft
hedef
endant
,he
shal
l
,wher
everpossi
ble,
stat
einwhosepossessi
onorpoweri
tis.

(
4)I
fnosuchl
i
sti
ssoannexedorpr
esent
ed,t
hedef
endantshal
lbeal
l
owedsuch
f
urt
herper
iodf
ort
hepur
poseast
heCour
tmayt
hinkf
it
.

(
5)Adocumentwhi
choughtt
obeent
eredi
nthel
i
str
efer
redt
oinsub-
rul
e(2)
,and
whi
chi
snotsoent
ered,shal
lnot
,wi
thoutt
hel
eav
eoft
heCour
t,ber
ecei
vedi
n
ev
idenceonbehal
foft
hedef
endantatt
hehear
ingoft
hesui
t.

(
6)Not
hing i
n sub-
rul
e(5)shal
lappl
yto document
s pr
oduced f
ort
he cr
oss-
exami
nat
ionofpl
aint
if
f'
swi
tnessesori
nanswert
oanycasesetupbyt
hepl
aint
if
f
subsequentt
othef
il
ingoft
hepl
aint
,orhandedov
ert
oawi
tnessmer
elyt
oref
resh
hi
smemor
y.

(
7)Wher
eaCour
tgr
ant
sleav
eundersub-
rul
e(5)
,itshal
lrecor
dit
sreasonsf
orso
doi
ng,andnosuchl
eav
eshal
lbegr
ant
edunl
essgoodcausei
sshownt
othe
sat
isf
act
ionoft
heCour
tfort
henon-
ent
ryoft
hedocumenti
nthel
i
str
efer
redt
oin
sub-
rul
e(2)
.

Rul
e 2 Or
derVI
IIofCode ofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e 1908 "
Sui
ts on l
ostnegot
iabl
e
i
nst
rument
s"

Thedef
endantmustr
aisebyhi
spl
eadi
ngal
lmat
ter
swhi
chshow t
hesui
tnotbe
mai
ntai
nabl
e,ort
hatt
het
ransact
ioni
sei
therv
oidorv
oidabl
einpoi
ntofl
aw,
andal
l
suchgr
oundsofdef
enceas,i
fnotr
aised,woul
dbel
i
kel
ytot
aket
heopposi
tepar
ty
bysur
pri
se,
orwoul
drai
sei
ssuesoff
actnotar
isi
ngoutoft
hepl
aint
,as,
fori
nst
ance,
f
raud,
li
mit
ati
on,
rel
ease,
pay
ment
,per
for
mance,
orf
act
sshowi
ngi
l
legal
i
ty.

Rul
e3Or
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Deni
alt
obespeci
fi
c"

I
tshal
lnotbesuf
fi
cientf
oradef
endanti
nhi
swr
it
tenst
atementt
odenygener
all
ythe
gr
oundsal
l
egedbyt
hepl
aint
if
f,butt
hedef
endantmustdealspeci
fi
cal
l
ywi
theach
al
l
egat
ionoff
actofwhi
chhedoesnotadmi
tthet
rut
h,exceptdamages.

Rul
e4Or
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Evasi
vedeni
al"

Wher
eadef
endantdeni
esanal
l
egat
ionoff
acti
nthepl
aint
,hemustnotdoso
ev
asi
vel
y,butanswert
hepoi
ntofsubst
ance.Thus,i
fiti
sal
l
egedt
hather
ecei
veda
cer
tai
n sum ofmoney
,itshal
lnotbesuf
fi
cientt
o denyt
hather
ecei
ved t
hat
par
ti
cul
aramount
,buthemustdenyt
hather
ecei
vedt
hatsum oranypar
tther
eof
,or
el
sesetouthow muchher
ecei
ved.Andi
fanal
l
egat
ioni
smadewi
thdi
ver
se
ci
rcumst
ances,
itshal
lnotbesuf
fi
cientt
odenyi
tal
ongwi
tht
hoseci
rcumst
ances.

Rul
e5Or
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Speci
fi
cdeni
al"

(
1)Ev
eryal
l
egat
ionoff
acti
nthepl
aint
,ifnotdeni
edspeci
fi
cal
l
yorbynecessar
y
i
mpl
i
cat
ion,orst
atedt
obenotadmi
tt
edi
nthepl
eadi
ngoft
hedef
endant
,shal
lbe
t
akent
obeadmi
tt
edexceptasagai
nstaper
sonunderdi
sabi
l
ity
:

Pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
heCour
tmayi
nitdi
scr
eti
onr
equi
reanyf
actsoadmi
tt
edt
obepr
oved
ot
her
wiset
hanbysuchadmi
ssi
on.

(
2)Wher
ethedef
endanthasnotf
il
edapl
eadi
ng,i
tshal
lbel
awf
ulf
ort
heCour
tto
pr
onouncej
udgmentont
hebasi
soft
hef
act
scont
ainedi
nthepl
aint
,exceptas
agai
nstaper
sonunderadi
sabi
l
ity
,butt
heCour
tmay
,ini
tsdi
scr
eti
on,r
equi
reany
suchf
actt
obepr
oved.
(
3)I
nexer
cisi
ngi
tsdi
scr
eti
onundert
hepr
ovi
sot
osub-
rul
e(1)orundersub-
rul
e(2)
,
t
heCour
tshal
lhav
eduer
egar
dtot
hef
actwhet
hert
hedef
endantcoul
dhav
e,orhas,
engagedapl
eader
.

(
4)Whenev
eraj
udgmenti
spr
onouncedundert
hisr
ule,
adecr
eeshal
lbedr
awnupi
n
accor
dancewi
thsuchj
udgmentandsuchdecr
eeshal
lbeart
hedat
eonwhi
cht
he
j
udgmentwaspr
onounced.

SETOFFANDCOUNTERCLAI
M 

Rul
e6Or
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Par
ti
cul
arsofset
-of
ftobegi
ven
i
nwr
it
tenst
atement
"

(
1)Wher
einasui
tfort
her
ecov
eryofmoneyt
hedef
endantcl
aimst
oset
-of
fagai
nst
t
hepl
aint
if
f'
sdemandanyascer
tai
nedsum ofmoneyl
egal
l
yrecov
erabl
ebyhi
mfr
om
t
hepl
aint
if
f,notexceedi
ngt
hepecuni
aryl
i
mit
sli
thej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heCour
t,and
bot
hpar
ti
esf
il
lthesamechar
act
erast
heyf
il
lint
hepl
aint
if
fssui
t,t
hedef
endant
may
,att
hef
ir
stheat
ingoft
hesui
t,butnotaf
ter
war
dsunl
essper
mit
tedbyt
heCour
t,
pr
esent
sawr
it
tenst
atementcont
aini
ngt
hepar
ti
cul
arsoft
hedebtsoughtt
obeset
-
of
f.

(
2)Ef
fectofset
-of
f-Thewr
it
tenst
atementshal
lhav
ethesameef
fectasapl
ainti
na
cr
oss-
sui
tsoast
oenabl
etheCour
ttopr
onouncedaf
inalj
udgmenti
nrespectbot
h
oft
heor
igi
nalcl
aim andoft
heset
-of
f:butt
hisshal
lnotaf
fectt
hel
i
en,upont
he
amountdecr
eed,ofanypl
eaderi
nrespectoft
hecost
spay
abl
etohi
m undert
he
decr
ee.

(
3)Ther
ulesr
elat
ingt
oawr
it
tenst
atementbyadef
endantappl
ytoawr
it
ten
st
atementi
nanswert
oacl
aim ofset
-of
f.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions

(
a)Abequeat
hsRs.2,
000t
oBandappoi
ntsChi
sexecut
orandr
esi
duar
ylegat
ee.B
di
esandDt
akesoutadmi
nist
rat
iont
oB'
saf
fect
s,Cpay
sRs.1,
000assur
etyf
orD:
t
henDsuesCf
ort
hel
egacy
.Ccannotset
-of
fthedebtofRs.1,
000agai
nstt
he
l
egacy
,fornei
therCnorDf
il
lst
hesamechar
act
erwi
thr
espectt
othel
egacyast
hey
f
il
lwi
thr
espectt
othepay
mentofRs.1,
000.

(
b)Adi
esi
ntest
ateandi
ndebtt
oB.Ct
akesoutadmi
nist
rat
iont
oA'
sef
fect
sandB
buy
spar
toft
heef
fect
sfr
om C.I
nasui
tfort
hepur
chase-
moneybyCagai
nstB,
the
l
att
ercannotset
-of
fdebtagai
nstt
hepr
ice,
forCf
il
lst
wodi
ff
erentchar
act
ers,
oneas
t
hev
endort
oB,
inwhi
chhesuesB,
andt
heot
herasr
epr
esent
ati
vet
oA.

(
c)AsuesBonabi
l
lofexchange.Bal
l
egest
hatAhaswr
ongf
ull
ynegl
ect
edt
o
i
nsur
eB'
sgoodsandi
sli
abl
etohi
mincompensat
ionwhi
chhecl
aimst
oset
-of
f.The
amountnotbei
ngascer
tai
nedcannotbeset
-of
f.

(
d)AsuesBonabi
l
lofexchangef
orRs.500.Bhol
dsaj
udgmentagai
nstAf
orRs.
1,
000.Thet
wocl
aimsbei
ngbot
hdef
ini
te,
pecuni
arydemandsmaybeset
-of
f.

(
e)AsuesBf
orcompensat
iononaccountoft
respass.Bhol
dsapr
omi
ssor
ynot
efor
Rs.1,
000f
rom Aandcl
aimst
oset
-of
fthatamountagai
nstanysum t
hatAmay
r
ecov
eri
nthesui
t.Bmaydoso,f
orassoonasAr
ecov
ers,bot
hsumsar
edef
ini
te
pecuni
arydemands.

(
f)AandBsuesCf
orRs.1,
000.Ccannotset
-of
fadebtduet
ohi
m byAal
one.

(
g)AsuesBandCf
orRs.1000.Bcannotset
-of
fadebtduet
ohi
m al
onebyA.

(
h)Aowest
hepar
tner
shi
pfi
rm ofBandCRs.1,
000.Bdi
es,l
eav
ingCsur
viv
ing.A
suesCf
oradebtofRs.1,
500duei
nhi
ssepar
atechar
act
er.Cmayset
-of
fthedebt
ofRs.1,
000.

Rul
e6AOr
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Count
er-
clai
m bydef
endant
"

(
1)Adef
endanti
nasui
tmay
,inaddi
ti
ont
ohi
sri
ghtofpl
eadi
ngaset
-of
funderr
ule6,
setup,
bywayofcount
er-
clai
m agai
nstt
hecl
aim oft
hepl
aint
if
f,anyr
ightorcl
aimi
n
r
espectofacauseofact
ionaccr
uingt
othedef
endantagai
nstt
hepl
aint
if
fei
ther
bef
oreoraf
tert
hef
il
ingoft
hesui
tbutbef
oret
hedef
endanthasdel
i
ver
edhi
s
def
enceorbef
oret
het
imel
i
mit
edf
ordel
i
ver
inghi
sdef
encehasexpi
red,whet
her
suchcount
er-
clai
misi
nthenat
ureofacl
aimf
ordamagesornot:

Pr
ovi
ded t
hatsuch count
er-
clai
m shal
lnotexceed t
he pecuni
aryl
i
mit
s oft
he
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heCour
t.

(
2)Suchcount
er-
clai
m shal
lhav
ethesameef
fectasacr
oss-
sui
tsoast
oenabl
ethe
Cour
ttopr
onounceaf
inalj
udgmenti
nthesamesui
t,bot
hont
heor
igi
nalcl
aim and
ont
hecount
er-
clai
m.

(
3)Thepl
aint
if
fshal
lbeatl
i
ber
tyt
ofi
l
eawr
it
tenst
atementi
nanswert
othecount
er-
cl
aim oft
hedef
endantwi
thi
nsuchper
iodasmaybef
ixedbyt
heCour
t.

(
4)The count
er-
clai
m shal
lbe t
reat
ed as a pl
aintand gov
erned byt
he r
ules
appl
i
cabl
etopl
aint
s.

Rul
e6BOr
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Count
er-
clai
mtobest
ated"

Wher
eanydef
endantseekst
orel
yuponanygr
oundassuppor
ti
ngar
ightofcount
er-
cl
aim,heshal
l
,inhi
swr
it
tenst
atement
,st
atespeci
fi
cal
l
ythathedoessobywayof
count
er-
clai
m.

Rul
e6COr
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Excl
usi
onofcount
er-
clai
m"

Wher
eadef
endantset
supacount
ercl
aimsar
idt
hepl
aint
if
fcont
endst
hecl
aim
t
her
ebyr
aisedoughtnott
o bedi
sposedofbywayofcount
er-
clai
m buti
nan
i
ndependentsui
t,t
hepl
aint
if
fmay
,atanyt
imebef
orei
ssuesar
eset
tl
edi
nrel
ati
ont
o
t
hecount
ercl
aim,appl
ytot
heCour
tforanor
dert
hatsuchcount
er-
clai
m maybe
excl
uded,
andt
heCour
tmay
,ont
hehear
ingofsuchappl
i
cat
ionmakesuchor
deras
i
tthi
nksf
it
.

Rul
e6DOr
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Eff
ectofdi
scont
inuanceof
sui
t"

I
finanycasei
nwhi
cht
hedef
endantset
supacount
er-
clai
m,t
hesui
toft
hepl
aint
if
f
i
s st
ayed,di
scont
inued ordi
smi
ssed,t
he count
ercl
aim may nev
ert
hel
ess be
pr
oceededwi
th.

Rul
e6EOr
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Def
aul
tofpl
aint
if
ftor
epl
yto
count
er-
clai
m"

I
fthepl
aint
if
fmakesdef
aul
tinput
ti
ngi
nar
epl
ytot
hecount
er-
clai
m madebyt
he
def
endant
,theCour
tmaypr
onouncej
udgmentagai
nstt
hepl
aint
if
finr
elat
iont
othe
count
er-
clai
m madeagai
nsthi
m,ormakesuchor
deri
nrel
ati
ont
othecount
er-
clai
m
asi
tthi
nksf
it
.

Rul
e6FOr
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Rel
ieft
odef
endantwher
e
count
ercl
aim succeeds"

Wher
einanysui
taset
-of
forcount
ercl
aimi
sest
abl
i
shedasadef
enceagai
nstt
he
pl
aint
if
f'
scl
aim andanybal
ancei
sfoundduet
othepl
aint
if
fort
hedef
endant
,ast
he
casemaybe,
theCour
tmaygi
vej
udgmentt
othepar
tyent
it
ledt
osuchbal
ance.

Rul
e6G Or
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908 "
Rul
esr
elat
ing t
o wr
it
ten
st
atementt
oappl
y"

Ther
ulesr
elat
ingt
oawr
it
tenst
atementbyadef
endantshal
lappl
ytoawr
it
ten
st
atementf
il
edi
nanswert
oacount
er-
clai
m.

 
Rul
e7Or
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Def
enceorset
-of
ffoundedupon
separ
ategr
ounds"

her
ethedef
endantr
eli
esuponsev
eraldi
sti
nctgr
oundsofdef
enceorset
-of
for
count
er-
clai
mfoundedsepar
ateanddi
sti
nctf
act
s,t
heyshal
lbest
ated,
asf
arasmay
be,
separ
atel
yanddi
sti
nct
ly.

Rul
e8Or
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Newgr
oundofdef
ence"

Anygr
oundofdef
encewhi
chhasar
isenaf
tert
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
hesui
tort
he
pr
esent
ati
onofawr
it
tenst
atementcl
aimi
ngaset
-of
forcount
er-
clai
m mayber
aised
byt
hedef
endantorpl
aint
if
fast
hecasemaybe,
inhi
swr
it
tenst
atement
.

Rul
e8AOr
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Dut
yofdef
endantt
opr
oduce
document
suponwhi
chr
eli
efi
scl
aimedbyhi
m"

(
1)Wher
eadef
endantbaseshi
sdef
enceuponadocumenti
nhi
spossessi
onor
power
,heshal
lpr
oducei
tinCour
twhent
hewr
it
tenst
atementi
spr
esent
edbyhi
m
andshal
l
,att
hesamet
ime,del
i
vert
hedocumentoracopyt
her
eof
,tobef
il
edwi
th
t
hewr
it
tenst
atement
.

(
2)Adocumentwhi
choughtt
obepr
oducedi
nCour
tbyt
hedef
endantundert
hisr
ule,
buti
snotsopr
oduced,shal
lnot
,wi
thoutt
hel
eav
eoft
heCour
t,ber
ecei
vedi
n
ev
idenceonhi
sbehal
fatt
hehear
ingoft
hesui
t.

(
3)Not
hingI
nthi
srul
eshal
lappl
ytodocument
spr
oduced,
-

(
a)f
ort
hecr
oss-
exami
nat
ionoft
hepl
aint
if
f'
swi
tnesses,
or

(
b)i
nanswert
oanycasesetupbyt
hepl
aint
if
fsubsequentt
othef
il
ingoft
hepl
aint
,
or
(
c)handedov
ert
oawi
tnessmer
elyt
oref
reshhi
m memor
y.

Rul
e9Or
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Subsequentpl
eadi
ngs"

Nopl
eadi
ngsubsequentt
othewr
it
tenst
atementofadef
endantot
hert
hanbyway
ofdef
encet
oaset
-of
fforcount
er-
clai
m shal
lbepr
esent
edexceptbyt
hel
eav
eof
t
heCour
tanduponsucht
ermsast
heCour
tthi
nksf
it
,butt
heCour
tmayatanyt
ime
r
equi
reawr
it
tenst
atementoraddi
ti
onalwr
it
tenst
atementf
rom anyoft
hepar
ti
es
andf
ixat
imef
orpr
esent
ingt
hesame.

Rul
e10Or
derVI
IIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Procedur
ewhenpar
tyf
ail
sto
pr
esentwr
it
tenst
atementcal
ledf
orbyCour
t"

Wher
eanypar
tyf
rom whom awr
it
tenst
atementi
srequi
redunderr
ule1orr
ule9
f
ail
stopr
esentt
hesamewi
thi
nthet
imeper
mit
tedorf
ixedbyt
heCour
t,ast
hecase
maybe,t
heCour
tshal
lpr
onouncej
udgmentagai
nsthi
m,ormakesuchor
deri
n
r
elat
iont
othesui
tasi
tthi
nksf
itandont
hepr
onouncementofsuchj
udgment
,a
decr
eeshal
lbedr
awnup.

I
NDI
GENTPERSON

Meani
ngAndScope:I
ndi
gentPer
son

Theconcepti
swel
lexpl
ainedbyt
heOr
issahi
ghcour
tint
hecaseofMangl
uChat
tar
v
.MaheshwarBhoias f
oll
ows,t
he t
ool
s ofar
ti
sans ar
e exempt
ed f
rom t
he
at
tachment
.Int
hei
nst
antcaseaccor
dingt
othef
indi
ngsoft
het
ri
alcour
t,t
he
appel
l
antpossessedoft
ool
sandweav
ingmat
eri
alsandt
heygetdai
l
ywages.Bot
h
t
hesei
temsar
ecov
eredundert
heSect
ion60(
1)ofCODEOFCI
VILPROCEDURE,
1908.Ther
eisnoot
herev
idenceadducedf
rom t
hesi
deoft
hedef
endantt
oshow
t
hatt
hepet
it
ioner
sar
epossessedofanyot
herpr
oper
ty.Ther
efor
ether
eisno
di
sput
eaboutt
hef
actt
hatt
heappel
l
ant
sar
eal
lweav
ersandt
hei
rweav
ingmat
eri
als
consi
stoft
ool
sofar
ti
sans.Thesepr
oper
ti
esar
enott
obet
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
on
t
ofi
ndoutwhet
hert
heywi
l
lbeabl
etopayt
hecour
tfee.Soal
sot
hedai
l
ywagest
hey
getcannotbet
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
onf
ort
heaf
oresai
dpur
pose.Ont
heaf
oresai
d
anal
ysi
s,i
tshoul
dbehel
dthatt
heappel
l
ant
sar
eindi
gentper
sonsand,t
her
efor
e,
t
heyshoul
dbeal
l
owedt
osueasi
ndi
gentper
son.

TheSupr
emeCour
tofI
ndi
ahasset
tl
edt
hei
ssuet
hat
,whet
herapubl
i
ccompanycan
f
il
easui
tasani
ndi
gentper
sonwhi
l
ehol
dingt
hej
udgementofUOIv
.Khader
I
nter
nat
ionalConst
ruct
ion,hel
dthat
,thewor
d“per
son”hast
obegi
veni
tsmeani
ng
i
nthecont
exti
nwhi
chi
tisused.I
tref
erst
oaper
sonwhoi
scapabl
eoff
il
li
ngasui
t
and t
hisbei
ng abenev
olentpr
ovi
sion;i
tist
o begi
ven an ext
ended meani
ng.
Ther
efor
e,apubl
i
cli
mit
edcompany
,whi
chi
sot
her
wiseent
it
ledt
omai
ntai
nsui
tasa
l
egalper
son,
canev
erywel
lmai
ntai
nappl
i
cat
ionunderOr
derXXXI
II
,Rul
e1,
CODEOF
CI
VILPROCEDURE,
1908.

Thewor
d“per
son”ment
ionedi
nOr
derXXXI
IIi
ncl
udesnotonl
yanat
uralper
sonbut
ot
herj
udi
cial
per
sonal
so.

I
II-
 CostWher
eIndi
gentPer
sonSucceeds

Wher
ethepl
aint
if
fsucceedsi
nthesui
t,t
hecour
tshal
lcal
cul
atet
heamountofcour
t
f
eeswhi
chwoul
dhav
ebeenpai
dbyt
hepl
aint
if
fifhehadnotbeenper
mit
tedt
osue
asani
ndi
gentper
son;suchamountshal
lber
ecov
erabl
ebyt
hest
ategov
ernment
f
rom anypar
tyOr
der
edbyt
hedecr
eet
opayt
hesameandshal
lbeaf
ir
stchar
geon
t
hesubj
ectmat
teroft
hesui
t.

Suchadecr
eei
sexecut
edbyt
hecol
l
ect
ort
oinst
it
utenewpr
oceedi
ngst
opur
suef
or
t
her
ecov
eryoft
heamountofcour
tfeef
rom t
heper
sonorpr
oper
tyl
i
abl
etopayt
he
cour
tfee,t
hatt
ooasar
rear
sofl
andr
evenuehence,separ
ater
ecov
erypr
oceedi
ngs
cannotbepur
suedi
nexecut
ionpr
oceedi
ngs.

Butt
hesi
tuat
ioni
sdi
ff
erentwhenwet
alkofI
ndi
gentper
son,i
nasi
tuat
ionwher
ea
sui
tisf
il
ledbyt
hei
ndi
gentper
sonf
orr
eal
i
zat
ionoff
ullcont
ract
ualamountf
rom
gov
ernment
.Decr
eewaspassed i
nfav
ourofpl
aint
if
f.Di
rect
ion wasi
ssued t
o
def
endantSt
ateGov
ernmentt
opaycostofpl
aint
if
fasl
i
abi
l
itywasi
mposedon
def
endantt
opaycour
tfeepay
abl
etoGov
ernment
,hence,pr
oceedi
ngsi
nit
iat
ed
agai
nstpl
aint
if
fforr
ecov
eryofcour
tfeewasnotmai
ntai
nabl
e.

Vi
ewOfHi
ghCour
ts

Thi
sissue was al
so t
her
eforconsi
der
ati
on bef
oret
he Madr
as Hi
gh cour
tin
Chandr
arekav
.Secr
etar
yofSt
ateofI
ndi
a,adi
vi
sionbenchhel
dthatt
hepl
aint
if
fin
t
hatpar
ti
cul
arsui
twhoobt
ainedadecr
eef
orRs.100bei
ngamoi
etyoft
hepr
oper
ty
cl
aimedi
sli
abl
etopaycour
tfeewi
thr
egar
dtot
hesum ofRs.100andt
hef
ir
st
def
endantwhocont
est
edt
hesui
tisl
i
abl
etopaycour
tfeef
ort
hebal
anceamount
undersect
ion411ofCODEOFCI
VILPROCEDURE,
1908of1881.

Thi
squest
ional
socamebef
oret
heAl
l
ahabadHi
ghCour
tint
hecaseof
 GangaDahal
v
.M.
T.Gaur
a,adi
vi
sionbenchoft
heAl
l
ahabadHi
ghcour
thashel
dthatunderRul
e
10ofOr
der33oft
heCODEOFCI
VILPROCEDURE,1908,t
hel
egi
slat
uredeal
swi
th
t
hecaseofapauperpl
aint
if
fwhosucceedsi
nthesui
tandunderRul
e11wi
tht
he
caseofapauperpl
aint
if
fwhof
ail
sint
hesui
t.Ther
eisnosepar
atepr
ovi
sionf
ora
casel
i
ket
hepr
esent
,inwhi
chapauperpl
aint
if
fhaspar
tl
ysucceedandpar
tl
yfai
l
ed.
Pr
esumabl
ythe cour
tisi
ntended t
o dealwi
th such a case bycombi
ning t
he
pr
ovi
sionoft
het
woRul
es.I
tiscl
eart
hat
,ifpl
aint
if
fwhoi
sper
mit
tedt
oinst
it
utet
he
sui
tasani
ndi
gentper
sonsucceededi
nthepar
tinasui
t,t
hecour
tfeepay
abl
eby
hi
mfort
hesui
t,t
hecour
tfeepay
abl
ebyhi
m ont
hepl
aintormemor
andum ofappeal
hast
obeappor
ti
onedbet
weent
hepl
aint
if
fandt
hedef
endanti
nthepr
opor
ti
ont
o
t
hesuccessoft
heeachpar
ty.Ther
efor
ethel
i
abi
l
ityoft
hepl
aint
if
fwhosuedas
i
ndi
gentper
sonori
nthe“
for
mapauper
is”t
opayt
hecour
tfeei
fhesucceedsent
ir
ely
i
nthesui
tandt
opayt
hecour
tfeei
npr
opor
ti
ont
othesuccessi
fhesucceedspar
tl
y
i
nthesui
tundert
hepr
ovi
sionofRul
e10andt
opayt
heent
ir
ecour
tfeei
fhef
ail
sin
t
hesui
tunderRul
e11oft
heOr
der33oft
hepr
esentcodeandundert
heanal
ogous
pr
ovi
sionsf
ort
hepr
evi
ouscodei
swel
lest
abl
i
shed.

I
V- 
Procedur
eWher
eIndi
gentPer
sonFai
ls
Rul
e11ofOr
der33ofCODEOFCI
VILPROCEDURE,1908deal
swi
tht
hisaspectof
Sui
tsbyi
ndi
gentper
son.Wher
ethepl
aint
if
ffai
l
sint
hesui
tort
heper
missi
on
gr
ant
edt
ohi
mtosueasani
ndi
gentper
sonhasbeenwi
thdr
awn,
orwher
ethesui
tis
wi
thdr
awnofdi
smi
ssed.

1.Becauset
hesummonsf
ort
hedef
endant
stoappearandt
heanswerhasnotbeen
ser
veduponhi
minconsequencesoft
hef
ail
ureoft
hepl
aint
if
ftopayt
hecour
tfeeor
post
alchar
ges,char
geabl
eforsuchser
vicesort
opr
esentcopi
esoft
hepl
aintor
conci
sest
atement
,or

2.Becauset
hepl
aint
if
fdoesnotappearwhent
hesui
tiscal
l
edonf
orhear
ingt
he
cour
tshal
lOr
dert
hepl
aint
if
f,oranyper
sonaddedasaco-
plai
nti
fft
othesui
t,t
opay
t
hecour
tfeeswhi
chwoul
dhav
ebeenpai
dbyt
hepl
aint
if
fifhehadnotbeen
per
mit
tedt
osueasani
ndi
gentper
son.

Amendment
sByTheHi
ghCour
tofThi
sRul
eofOr
der33

1.Andhr
aPr
adesh:
 Theexi
sti
ngRul
e11,whi
chi
ssameast
hatofMadr
as,shal
lbe
(
2)t
her
eof
:
Wher
ethesui
thasbeenadj
ust
edwhol
l
yori
npar
tbyanyl
awf
ulagr
eementor
compr
omi
seorwher
ethedef
endantsat
isf
iest
hepl
aint
if
finr
espectoft
hewhol
eor
anypar
toft
hesubj
ect–mat
tersui
t,butnopr
ovi
sioni
smadef
rom t
hepay
mentof
t
hecour
tfeeoranypr
opor
ti
onat
epar
tther
eof
,asi
tthi
nksf
it
.

2.Kar
nat
aka:Subst
it
utet
heRul
e11wi
th:

11(
1)wher
ethepl
aint
if
ffai
l
sint
hesui
tori
sdi
spauper
esorwher
ethesui
tis
wi
thdr
awnorwher
epar
toft
hecl
aimi
sabandonedort
hesui
tisdi
smi
ssedbecause
t
hesummonsoft
hedef
endantt
oappearandanswerhasnotbeenser
veduponhi
m
i
ntheconsequenceoft
hepl
aint
if
ffai
l
uret
opayt
her
equi
sit
echar
gesf
orser
viceor
t
hesui
tissodi
smi
ssedbecauset
hepl
aint
if
fdoesnotappearwhent
hesui
tiscal
l
ed
onf
rohear
ing,
thecour
tshal
lOr
dert
hepl
aint
if
foranyper
sonaddedasacopl
aint
if
f
t
othesui
ttopayt
hecour
tfeeandi
nthecaseofabandonmentofpar
toft
hecl
aim
t
hepr
opor
ti
onat
ecour
tfeewhi
chwoul
dhav
ebeenpay
abl
ebyt
hepl
aint
if
fifhehad
notbeenper
mit
tedt
osueasapauper
.

(
2)i
nthecaseswher
ethepl
aint
if
fisdi
sspauper
ed t
hecour
tmay
,inst
ead of
pr
oceedi
ngsundersubRul
e1Or
dert
hepl
aint
if
ftopayt
her
equi
sit
ecour
tfeewi
thi
n
at
imet
obef
ixedbyi
tandi
ndef
aul
tdi
smi
ssedt
hesui
tandmakeanOr
derf
ort
he
pay
mentofcour
tfeeasi
nsubRul
e1.

(
3)Wher
ethe cour
tfi
nds t
hatt
he sui
thas been i
nst
it
uted unr
easonabl
y or
i
mpr
oper
lybyanextf
ri
endonbehal
fofami
norpl
aint
if
fonacauseofact
ionwhi
ch
accr
ueddur
ingt
hemi
nor
it
yofsuchpl
aint
if
fthecour
tmayOr
dert
henextf
ri
endt
o
per
sonal
l
ypayt
hecour
tfee.

3.
 Ker
ala:
 Sameast
hatoft
heMadr
as

4.
 Pondi
cher
ry:
 Sameast
hatofMadr
as

5.
 Madr
as:
 
Subst
it
utet
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ort
heexi
sti
ngRul
e11:wher
ethepl
aint
if
ffai
l
s
i
nthesui
tori
sdi
spauper
edorwher
ethesui
tiswi
thdr
awnorwher
ethesui
tis
di
smi
ssed–

(
A).becauset
hesummonsf
ort
hedef
endantt
oappearandanswerhasnotbeen
ser
veduponhi
minconsequencesoft
hef
ail
ureoft
hepl
aint
if
ftopayt
hecour
tfees
orpost
alchar
geschar
geabl
eforanyser
vice.

(
B)becauset
hepl
aint
if
fdoesnotappearwhent
hesui
tiscal
l
edonf
orhear
ingt
he
cour
tshal
lOr
dert
hepl
aint
if
foranyper
sonaddedasaco-
plai
nti
fft
othesui
t,t
opay
t
hecour
tfeeandi
nthecaseofabandonmentofpar
toft
hepay
abl
ebyt
hepl
aint
if
f
hehadnotbeenper
mit
tedt
osueasapauper
.

I
ncaseswher
ethepl
aint
if
fisdi
spauper
edt
hecour
tmayi
nst
eadofpr
oceedi
ng
undert
hepr
evi
ouspar
agr
aph,
Ordert
hepl
aint
if
ftopayt
her
equi
sit
ecour
tfeewi
thi
n
at
imet
obef
ixedbyi
tandi
ndef
aul
tdi
smi
sst
hesui
tandmakeanOr
derf
ort
he
pay
mentoft
hecour
tfee.

Wher
ethecour
tfi
ndst
hatt
hesui
thasbeeni
nst
it
utedunr
easonabl
yori
mpr
oper
lyby
anextf
ri
endonbehal
fofmi
norpl
aint
if
fonacauseofact
ionwhi
chaccr
ueddur
ing
t
hemi
nor
it
yofsuchpl
aint
if
f,t
hecour
tmayOr
dert
henextf
ri
endt
oper
sonal
l
ypay
t
hecour
tfee.
"

SUI
TSI
NPARTI
CULARCASES

Sui
tsbyorAgai
nstt
heGov
ernmentort
hePubl
icOf
fi
cer
sint
hei
rOf
fi
cialCapaci
ty
(
Sect
ion79t
o82andOr
derXXVI
I)

Ti
tl
etoSui
t:

 
Theaut
hor
it
y t
o benamed as 
a pl
aint
if
f 
ordef
endant
,in 
anysui
tby
 oragai
nst
Gov
ernment
shal
lbe.

1.
the 
Uni
onofI
ndi
a:

 
Wher
ethesui
tisby
 oragai
nstt
heCent
ral
Gov
ernment
,or

2.
the 
Stat
e:

 
Wher
ethesui
tisby
 oragai
nstt
heSt
ateGov
ernment
.

Requi
rementof
 Not
ice:

 
No sui
tshal
lbe i
nst
it
uted,ex
ceptas pr
ovi
ded i
n sub-
sect
ion (
2)ofsect
ion
80agai
nstt
heGov
ernmentoragai
nstapubl
i
cof
fi
ceri
nrespectofanyactpur
por
ti
ng
t
obedonebysuchpubl
i
cof
fi
ceri
nhi
sof
fi
cial
capaci
tyunl
essaNot
icei
nwr
it
inghas
beeni
ssuedandunt
ilt
heexpi
rat
ionoft
womont
hsnextaf
ternot
ice.

Not
icet
owhom:

a.
 Agai
nstGov
ernment
:TheNot
icei
ssuedundersect
ion80(
1)shal
lbedel
i
ver
edt
o,
orl
eftatt
heof
fi
ceof–1)
 I
n t
he 
case 
of 
a sui
t 
agai
nst
 Cent
ral
 
Gov
ernment
 -

i
) 
a Secr
etar
y t
o t
hat
 Gov
ernment
: 
when 
i
t does 
not
 r
elat
e t
o a 
rai
l
way
, 
and

i
i
) t
he 
Gener
al 
Manager
 of
 Rai
l
way
: 
when 
i
t r
elat
es 
to 
a r
ail
way
.

2)
In 
the case ofa 
sui
t 
agai
nstt
he 
Stat
e Gov
ernmentofJammu 
and Kashmi
r 
-
i
) 
a Chi
ef 
Secr
etar
y t
o t
hat
 Gov
ernment
; 
ori
i
) any
 ot
her
 per
son 
aut
hor
ized 
i
n t
his 
beha
l
f 
by 
the 
Stat
e Gov
ernment
.

3)
In t
he 
case of a 
sui
t 
agai
nst any
 ot
her St
ate Gov
ernment
 -
i
) 
a Secr
etar
y t
o t
hat
 Gov
ernment
; 
ori
i
) t
he 
col
l
ect
or 
of 
the 
dist
ri
ct.

b)Agai
nstPubl
icOf
fi
cer
:

 
Int
hecaseof
 asui
tagai
nstPubl
i
cOf
fi
cernot
iceshal
lbedel
i
ver
ed 
tohi
morl
eftat
hi
sof
fi
ce.

Cont
ent
sofNot
ice:

 
Thenot
iceshal
lcont
aint
hef
oll
owi
ng 
par
ti
cul
ars–

i
) 
the 
name,
 
descr
ipt
ion 
and 
place 
of 
resi
dence 
of 
the 
plai
nti
ff
;

i
i
) t
he 
cause 
of 
act
ion;
 
and

i
i
i) 
the 
rel
i
ef,
 
whi
ch 
the 
plai
nti
ff
 cl
aims

Exempt
ionf
rom Not
ice:

 
A sui
tmay
,wi
tht
he l
eav
eoft
heCour
t,be i
nst
it
uted t
o obt
ain an ur
gentor
i
mmedi
ater
eli
efwi
thoutser
vinganynot
iceasr
equi
redundersect
ion80(
1).
But
,in
suchsui
t,t
heCour
tshal
lnotgr
antanyr
eli
ef,whet
heri
nter
im orot
her
wise;except
af
tergi
vi
ngt
otheGov
ernmentorPubl
i
cOf
fi
cer
,ast
hecasemaybe,ar
easonabl
e
oppor
tuni
tyofshowi
ngcausei
nrespectoft
her
eli
efpr
ayedi
nthesui
t.I
tisal
so
pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
heCour
tshal
lret
urnt
hepl
aintf
orpr
esent
ati
ont
oitaf
tercompl
yi
ng
wi
tht
her
equi
rement
sofsect
ion80(
1),i
faf
terhear
ingt
hepar
ti
es,t
heCour
tis
sat
isf
iedt
hatnour
gentori
mmedi
ater
eli
efneedt
obegr
ant
ed.NoDi
smi
ssalofsui
t:
Anysui
tinst
it
uted agai
nstt
heGov
ernmentorsuch publ
i
cof
fi
cershal
lnotbe
di
smi
ssed,byr
easonofanyer
ror
 ordef
ecti
nthenot
ice,i
f 
suchnot
icecont
ains-
I.
Thename,
descr
ipt
ionandr
esi
denceoft
hepl
aint
if
f,soast
oenabl
etheGov
ernment
orsuchpubl
i
cof
fi
cert
oident
if
ytheper
sonser
vingt
henot
ice;

I
I.
Not
ice 
has been del
i
ver
ed or l
eft at t
he 
off
ices of t
he 
appr
opr
iat
e
aut
hor
it
y speci
fi
edU/
s80(
1);andI
II
.Thecause 
of 
act
ion 
andt
he 
rel
i
ef 
clai
medhav
e
beensubst
ant
ial
l
y i
ndi
cat
ed.

Pr
ocedur
einSui
t:

Si
gnat
ureandVer
if
icat
ionofPl
aintOrWr
it
tenSt
atement

AgentandAut
hor
izedAgent
:

 
TheCour
tshal
lal
l
owa 
reasonabl
eti
mei
nfi
xi
nga 
dayf
ort
heGov
ernment
toanswer
t
he pl
aint
,fort
he pur
pose ofnecessar
ycommuni
cat
ion wi
tht
he Gov
ernment
t
hroughpr
oper
channelandf
ort
hei
ssueofi
nst
ruct
ionst
otheGov
ernmentpl
eader
t
oappearandansweronbehal
foft
heGov
ernment
.Thet
imesoal
l
owedmay
,att
he
di
scr
eti
onoft
heCour
t,be 
ext
endedbutt
het
imesoext
endedshal
lnotexceedt
wo
mont
hs i
n t
he aggr
egat
e.Wher
ein any case t
he Gov
ernmentPl
eaderi
s not
accompani
edbyanyper
sonont
hepar
toft
heGov
ernment
,whomaybeabl
eto
answeranymat
eri
al.quest
ions r
elat
ing t
othe sui
t,t
he Cour
tmay
,di
rectt
he
at
tendanceofsuchaper
son.

Dut
yofCour
t:

 
Itshal
lbet
hedut
yoft
heCour
ttomakeev
eryendeav
our
,ifpossi
blet
odoso
consi
stent
lywi
tht
henat
ureand 
cir
cumst
ancesoft
hecase,t
oassi
stst
hepar
ti
es
i
n ar
ri
vi
ngataset
tl
ementi
n r
espectoft
hesubj
ect
-mat
terof
 t
hesui
t 
andi
nev
ery
such 
sui
torpr
oceedi
ng,at
 anyst
age,i
f 
itappear
stot
he 
Cour
tthatt
her
eisa
r
easonabl
eoppor
tuni
tyofset
tl
ementbet
weent
hepar
ti
es,
theCour
tmayadj
our
nthe
pr
oceedi
ngf
orsuchper
iod,as 
i
tthi
nksf
it
, 
toenabl
eat
tempt
s t
obemadet
oef
fect
suchaset
tl
ement
.Thepowert
oadj
our
npr
oceedi
ngundersub-
rul
e(2)shal
lbei
n
addi
ti
ont
oanyot
herpoweroft
heCour
ttoadj
our
n pr
oceedi
ngs.

Pr
ocedur
einSui
tagai
nstPubl
icOf
fi
cer
:

 
Thedef
endant(
publ
i
cof
fi
cer
)onr
ecei
vi
ngt
hesummonsmay
appl
ytot
heCour
tto
gr
ant
 t
he ext
ensi
on oft
ime f
ixed i
n t
he summons,t
o enabl
eto hi
m t
o make
r
efer
encet
otheGov
ernment
,and t
orecei
ve or
der
sther
eon t
hrough t
hepr
oper
channeF6and 
theCour
tshal
l
,onsuchappl
i
cat
ionext
endt
het
imef
orso 
l
ongasi
t
appear
s t
oitt
obenecessar
y.TheGov
ernmentshal
lbej
oinedasapar
tyt
othesui
t,
wher
ethesui
tisi
nst
it
utedagai
nstt
hepubl
i
cof
fi
cerf
ordamagesorf
oranyot
her
r
eli
efi
nrespectofanyactal
l
egedt
ohav
ebeendonebyhi
minhi
sof
fi
cialcapaci
ty.
Wher
ethegov
ernmentunder
takest
hedef
ence 
ofasui
tagai
nsta 
publ
i
cof
fi
cer
,the
gov
ernmentpl
eader
,uponbei
ngf
urni
shedwi
thaut
hor
it
ytoappear
 andanswert
he
pl
aint
,shal
lappl
ytot
heCour
t,and 
uponsuchappl
i
cat
iont
heCour
t 
shal
lcausea
not
eofhi
saut
hor
it
y t
obeent
eredi
n t
her
egi
sterof
 ci
vi
lsui
ts.Wher
enoappl
i
cat
ion
undersub-
rul
e(1)i
smadebyt
hegov
ernmentpl
eaderonor
 bef
oret
hedayf
ixedi
n
t
henot
icef
ort
he 
def
endantt
oappearand 
answer
, 
thecaseshal
l
 pr
oceedasi
n
a 
sui
tbet
weenpr
ivat
e par
ti
es.

Noneedofsecur
it
yfr
om gov
ernmentorapubl
icof
fi
ceri
ncer
tai
ncases:

 
Nosuchsecur
it
yasi
sment
ionedi
nrul
es5and 
6ofor
derXLIshal
lbe 
requi
redf
rom
t
hegov
ernmentor
,wher
ethegov
ernmenthasunder
takent
hedef
enceoft
hesui
t,
f
rom anypubl
i
cof
fi
cersuedi
nrespectofanactal
l
egedt
obedonebyhi
min 
his
of
fi
cial
capaci
ty.

Exempt
ionf
rom Ar
rest
,Per
sonalAppear
anceandAt
tachmentofPr
oper
ly:

 
Accor
ding 
to 
sect
ion 
81oft
heCode,i
fthesui
tisagai
nstapubl
i
cof
fi
ceri
nrespect
ofanyactpur
por
ti
ngt
obedonebyhi
minhi
sof
fi
cial
capaci
ty–

a.
the 
def
endant
 shal
lnotbel
i
abl
eto 
arr
est
 nor
 hi
s pr
oper
tyt
oat
tachmentot
her
wise
t
han 
i
nexecut
ionofadecr
ee,
and
b.
wher
ethecour
tis 
sat
isf
ied 
thatt
hedef
endantcannotabsenthi
msel
f 
fr
om hi
sdut
y
wi
thout
 det
ri
mentt
othepubl
i
cser
vice,
itshal
lexempthi
mfr
om appear
ingi
nper
son.

Execut
ionof
 decr
ee:

 
Wher
e,i
nasui
tbyoragai
nstt
heGov
ernmentorbyoragai
nsta 
publ
i
cof
fi
ceri
n
r
espectofanyactpur
por
ti
ngt
obedonebyhi
minhi
sof
fi
cialcapaci
ty,anydecr
ee
passedagai
nstt
heUni
onofI
ndi
aor
 aSt
ateor
,ast
hecasemaybe,
 
thepubl
i
cof
fi
cer
,
shal
lnotbeexecut
edexcepti
n accor
dancewi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsof
 sub-
sect
ion(
2)
of
 S.82.
i.
e. 
An execut
ion shal
l
 not be i
ssued on 
any such decr
ee 
unl
ess i
t
r
emai
ns 
unsat
isf
iedf
ort
he 
per
iodoft
hreemont
hs 
comput
edf
rom t
hedat
eofsuch
decr
ep.Thepr
ovi
sionsofsub-
sect
ions(
1)and(
2)shal
lappl
yinr
elat
iont
oanor
der
orawar
dast
heyappl
yinr
elat
iont
oadecr
ee,
ift
heor
derorawar
d85–a.
is 
passed 
or
made 
agai
nstt
heUni
on 
ofI
ndi
aor
 aSt
ateor
 apubl
i
cof
fi
ceri
nrespectofany
such 
actasaf
oresai
d,whet
herbyaCour
torbyanyot
heraut
hor
it
y;andb.
is 
capabl
e
of
 bei
ng execut
ed under
 t
he 
prov
isi
onsof
 t
hisCode 
orofanyot
herl
aw f
ort
he
t
ime 
bei
ngi
nfor
ceasi
fitwer
eadecr
ee.

Def
ini
ti
onof'
Gov
ernment
'and'
Gov
ernmentPl
eader
':

 
Rul
e8-
8of
 Or
derXXVI
Ipr
ovi
dest
hati
nOr
derXXVI
I'Gov
ernment
'and'
Gov
ernment
Pl
eader
'meanr
espect
ivel
y"

i
.i
nrel
ati
ont
oanysui
t 
byoragai
nstt
heCent
ralGov
ernmentoragai
nstapubl
i
c
of
fi
cer i
nthe ser
vice of t
hat
 Gov
ernment
-the 
Cent
ralGov
ernment
 and such
pl
eader
 ast
hat
 Gov
ernmentmay
 appoi
nt.

i
i
.i
nrel
ati
ont
oanysui
tbyoragai
nstaSt
ateGov
ernmentoragai
nstapubl
i
cof
fi
ceri
n
t
heser
viceofaSt
ate-t
heSt
ateGov
ernmentandsuchGov
ernmentpl
eaderas
def
inedi
nSect
ion2(
7),
orsuchot
herpl
eaderast
he 
Stat
eGov
ernmentmay,
appoi
nt.
I
NTERPLEADERSUI
T(SECTI
ON88ANDORDERXXXV)

Meani
ng:

 
Ani
nter
pleadersui
tisasui
tinwhi
cht
her
eal
disput
eisnotbet
weent
hepl
aint
if
fand
t
hedef
endantbutbet
ween t
he def
endant
s onl
y 
and t
he pl
aint
if
fis notr
eal
l
y
i
nter
est
edi
n.t
he 
subj
ectmat
teroft
hesui
t.

Obj
ect
:

 
The pr
imar
y obj
ectofi
nst
it
uti
ng an 
i
nter
pleadersui
tist
o get
 cl
aim ofr
ival
def
endant
sadj
udi
cat
ed.
 

Pr
inci
ple:

 
Accor
ding 
to 
Sect
ion88,

"
Wher
etwoormor
eper
sonscl
aim adv
ersel
ytooneanot
hert
hesamedebt
s,sum of
moneyorot
her
proper
ty,
mov
eabl
eori
mmov
eabl
e,f
rom anot
herper
son,
whocl
aims
noi
nter
estt
her
einot
hert
hanf
orchar
gesandcost
sandwhoi
sreadyt
opayordel
i
ver
i
ttot
her
ight
fulcl
aimant
,suchot
herper
sonmay
inst
it
uteasui
tofi
nter
pleader
agai
nstal
lthecl
aimant
sfort
hepur
poseofobt
aini
ngadeci
sionast
otheper
sont
o
whom t
he pay
mentordel
i
ver
yshal
lbe made and ofobt
aini
ng i
ndemni
tyf
or
hi
msel
f:
Prov
idedt
hatwher
eanysui
tispendi
ngi
nwhi
cht
he-
ri
ght
sof
 t
hepar
ti
escan
pr
oper
lybedeci
ded,
nosuchsui
tofi
nter
pleadershal
lbei
nst
it
uted.

Condi
ti
onsf
or 
Appl
icat
ion:

Bef
ore t
he i
nst
it
uti
on of ani
nter
pleader sui
t,
 t
he f
oll
owi
ng condi
ti
ons must
besat
isf
ied:
a.Exi
stenceof
 someDebt
, 
MoneyorMov
eabl
eorI
mmov
eabl
e Pr
oper
ty:
t
her
e mustbesomedebt
,sum 
ofmoneyorot
hermov
eabl
eori
mmov
eabl
epr
oper
ty
i
ndi
sput
e;b.
Adv
erseCl
aim 
byt
wo 
ormor
eper
sons:t
woor
 mor
eper
sonsmustbe
cl
aimi
ngt
heabov
e debt
,money
 or
proper
ty,adv
ersel
yto 
oneanot
her
;c.
Theper
son
f
rom whom t
hedebt
,moneyorpr
oper
tyi
sbei
ngcl
aimedshoul
dnotbei
nter
est
edi
n
i
t:t
heper
sonf
rom whom suchdebt
,moneyor
 pr
oper
tyi
scl
aimed,mustnotbe
cl
aimi
ng any
 i
nter
est t
her
einot
her t
han t
he char
ges and 
cost
s:d.
The abov
e
per
son 
mustber
eady
 todel
i
veri
t:
 Theabov
eper
sonmustber
eady
 topayordel
i
ver
i
ttot
her
ight
fulcl
aimant
;ande.
NoPendency
 ofSui
t:
 t
her
emust
 benosui
t 
pendi
ngi
n
whi
ch 
ther
ight
sof
 t
her
ival
clai
mant
scanbepr
oper
lydeci
ded.

Whomaynoti
nst
it
uteani
nter
pleadersui
t?

 
An 
Agent
 or
 Tenant
: 
An agent
 cannot sue 
his pr
inci
pal
 
or a 
tenant hi
s l
andl
ord
f
or 
thepur
pose 
ofcompel
l
ing 
them t
oint
erpl
eadwi
thper
sonscl
aimi
ng 
thr
oughsuch
pr
inci
pal
s orl
andl
ords,
 
becauseor
dinar
il
y,anagent
 cannotdi
sput
ethet
it
leofhi
s
pr
inci
palandat
enantcannotdi
sput
ethet
it
leofhi
slandl
orddur
ingt
hesubsi
stence
oft
enancy
.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions:

 
A deposi
tedaboxofj
ewel
swi
th 
8ashi
sagent
:a.
 Cal
l
egest
hat
 t
hej
ewel
swer
e
wr
ongf
ull
yobt
ained 
fr
om hi
m by
 A,andcl
aims 
them f
rom B.
 8cannot
inst
it
utean
i
nterpl
eadersui
tagai
nstAandC.(
Ccl
aimsadv
ersel
ytoA,andt
her
efor
e,noi
nter
pl
eader
sui
tcanf
il
e.)
b. 
Het
henwr
it
es 
toCf
ort
hepur
poseofmaki
ng 
thej
ewel
sa
secur
it
yfora debt
 duef
rom hi
msel
f 
to C.
 Aaf
ter
war
dsal
l
egest
hatC'
sdebti
s
sat
isf
ied,
andCal
l
egest
he 
cont
rar
y.80t
hcl
aimt
hej
ewel
sfr
om B.Bmayi
nst
it
utean
i
nter
pleader
 sui
tagai
nstAandC.(
Ccl
aimst
hroughAand,
ther
efor
e,i
t 
canf
il
e.)

Pr
ocedur
einI
nterpl
eaderSui
t:

 
OrderXXXVpr
ovi
dest
hepr
ocedur
efort
hei
nst
it
uti
onofani
nter
pleadersui
t.

Pl
ainti
nInt
erpl
eader
 Sui
t:

 
Inev
eryi
nter
pleadersui
tthepl
ainti
n addi
ti
ont
oot
herst
atement
snecessar
yfor
pl
aint
,st
ate–

a.
that t
he pl
aint
if
f cl
aims no i
nter
est
 i
n t
he subj
ect
 mat
ter
 i
n di
sput
e ot
her
t
han 
the 
char
gesor
 cost
s;

b.
the 
clai
ms 
made 
by 
the 
def
endant
s sev
eral
l
y; 
andc.
ther
eis no col
l
usi
on 
bet
ween
t
he 
plai
nti
ffand 
any
 of
 t
hedef
endant
s.
Pay
mentoft
hingcl
aimedi
ntoCour
t:

 
TheCour
tmayor
dert
hepl
aint
if
ftopl
acet
het
hingcl
aimedi
nthecust
odyof
t
he 
Cour
twhen t
he 
thi
ng i
s capabl
e ofbei
ng pai
dint
o Cour
torpl
aced 
i
nthe
cust
ody
 ofCour
tandpr
ovi
dehi
scost
sbygi
vi
nghi
m achar
geont
het
hingcl
aimed.

Pr
ocedur
ewher
edef
endanti
ssui
ngpl
aint
if
f(St
ayofPr
oceedi
ngs)
:

 
Wher
eanyoft
hedef
endant
sinani
nter
pleadersui
tisact
ual
l
ysui
ngt
hepl
aint
if
fin
r
espectoft
hesubj
ectmat
terofsuchsui
t,t
he 
Cour
tinwhi
cht
hesui
tagai
nstt
he
pl
aint
if
fispendi
ngshal
l
,on 
bei
ngi
nfor
medbyt
heCour
tinwhi
cht
he 
i
nter
pleader
sui
thasbeeni
nst
it
uted,st
ayt
hepr
oceedi
ngasagai
nsthi
m;andhi
scosti
nthesui
t
so st
ayed maybepr
ovi
ded f
ori
n such sui
t;buti
f,and 
i
n so f
aras,t
heyar
e
not
 pr
ovi
ded f
ori
nthatsui
t,t
heymaybe 
added t
o hi
s cost
sincur
red i
nthe
i
nter
pleadersui
t.

Pr
ocedur
eofFi
rstHear
ing:

1.
At 
thef
ir
st 
hear
ing,
 
theCour
t 
may

-
a.Decl
aret
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fisdi
schar
gedf
rom al
ili
abi
l
iti
est
othedef
endant
sin
r
espectoft
het
hingcl
aimed,
awar
dhi
m hi
scost
sanddi
smi
sshi
m f
rom t
hesui
t;or

b.
ifi
tthi
nkst
hatj
ust
iceorconv
eni
encesor
equi
re,r
etai
nsal
lpar
ti
esunt
ilt
hef
inal
di
sposal
oft
hesui
t.

2.
Wher
e t
he Cour
t f
inds t
hat
 t
he 
admi
ssi
on 
of t
he par
ti
es 
or ot
her
ev
idence 
enabl
e t
he 
Cour
t 
todoso,
itmayadj
udi
cat
ethet
it
let
othet
hingcl
aimed.

3.
Wher
etheadmi
ssi
ons 
oft
hepar
ti
es 
donotenabl
etheCour
tsot
o adj
udi
cat
ethe
Cour
t 
may
 di
rect
 –

a)
that
 an 
i
ssueori
ssuesbet
ween 
thepar
ti
es 
be 
fr
amed 
andt
ri
ed,
and

b)
thatanycl
aimant
 bemadea 
plai
nti
ffi
nli
euofori
naddi
ti
ont
o t
heor
igi
nalpl
aint
if
f,
andshal
l
 pr
oceedt
otr
ythesui
tin 
theor
dinar
ymanner
.
I
MPORTANTQUESTI
ONS

Q.
1. 
Def
ine 
pleadi
ng.

 
What
 ar
e t
he 
fundament
al 
rul
es 
of 
pleadi
ng?
 Di
scuss 
ful
l
y.

Q.
2. 
What i
s pl
aint
? What
 ar
ethe 
necessar
y par
ti
cul
arst
o be gi
ven 
i
n a 
plai
nt?
On 
whatgr
ounds 
apl
aint
canber
eject
ed?

Q.
3.Whoi
s ani
ndi
gentper
son?
 Di
scusst
hemode 
fort
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
hesui
tasan
i
ndi
gentper
son.

Q.
4.Whatar
ethepr
ovi
si
onsf
or 
i
nst
it
uti
onofasui
tbyor
 agai
nstt
heGov
ernment
or
 publ
i
c of
fi
cesi
nthei
rof
fi
cial
capaci
ty?

Q.
5.What
 i
san 
Int
erpl
eader
 sui
t? 
Expl
ain t
he pr
ocedur
e f
or i
nst
it
uti
on 
of
an 
Int
erpl
eader
 sui
t?

Q.
6.Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ng–

a)Repr
esent
ati
vesui
t

b)Count
ercl
aim andSetof
f

c)CauseofAct
ion

d)Necessar
yandPr
operPar
ty

e)Joi
nderandMi
s-Joi
nderofpar
ti
es

f
)Par
ti
est
osui
t

Q.
7.Di
sti
ngui
sh 
bet
weent
he 
fol
l
owi
ng-

a)
Legal
 
and 
Equi
tabl
e Set
-of
f

b)
Count
er 
clai
m and 
Set
 of
f
 UNI
T–I
II

SUMMONSANDDI
SCOVERY,
ISSUEOFSUMMONS,
APPEARANCEOFPARTI
ES,
SUMMONI
NGANDATTENDANCE
OFWI
TNESS,
EXECUTI
ONOFDECREES.

SUMMONSANDDI
SCOVERY,
ISSUEOFSUMMONS(
SECTI
ON27TO29)

(
Ani
nti
mat
ionsentt
othedef
endant
/wi
tnessbyt
he 
Cour
t)ToDef
endant(
Order5)

 
andToWi
tnesses(
Order16)

Meani
ng:

 
The wor
d summons 
has notbeen def
ined i
nthe Code,butaccor
ding t
othe
di
cti
onar
ymeani
ng;
"Asummonsi
sadocumenti
ssuedf
rom t
heof
fi
ceofacour
tof
j
ust
ice,cal
l
ingupon 
theper
sont
owhom i
tisdi
rect
edt
oat
tendbef
oreaj
udgeor
of
fi
ceoft
hecour
tforacer
tai
npur
pose.
"

Essent
ial
sofsummons:

 
Ever
ysummonsshal
lbesi
gnedbyt
he 
j
udgeorsuchof
fi
cerappoi
ntedbyhi
m and
shal
lbeseal
edwi
tht
hesealoft
hecour
t[Rul
e1(
3)]andev
erysummonsshal
lbe
accompani
edbyapl
aintori
fsoper
mit
ted,
byaconci
sest
atementt
her
eof
.[
Rul
e2]

Cont
ent
sofVal
idSummons:

a.
Thesummonsmustcont
ainadi
rect
ionwhet
hert
hedat
efi
xedi
sforset
tl
ementof
i
ssuesonl
yorf
orf
inal
disposal
oft
hesui
t(Rul
e5)
.

b.
Incasesofsummonsf
orf
inaldi
sposaloft
hesui
t,t
hedef
endantshal
lbedi
rect
ed
t
opr
oducehi
swi
tnesses(
Rul
e8)
.

c.
TheCour
tmustgi
vesuf
fi
cientt
imet
othedef
endantt
oenabl
ehi
mtoappearand
answert
hecl
aim oft
hePl
aint
if
font
hedayf
ixed(
Rul
e6)
.
d.
Thesummonsshal
lcont
ainanor
dert
othedef
endantt
opr
oduceal
ldocument
sin
hi
spossessi
onor
poweruponwhi
chhei
ntendst
orel
yoni
nsuppor
tofhi
scase(
Rul
e
7)
.

Summonst
oDef
endant
:Sect
ion27:

 
Wher
easui
thasbeendul
yinst
it
uted,
asummonmaybei
ssuedt
othedef
endantt
o
appearandanswert
hecl
aim andmaybeser
vedi
nthemannerpr
escr
ibedonsuch
daynotbey
ond30day
sfr
om t
hedat
eoft
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
he 
plai
nt.

Or
derV:Rul
e1(
1)

Rul
e1(
1):

 
Whenasui
thas 
beendul
yinst
it
uted,asummonmaybei
ssued 
tot
hedef
endantt
o
appearandanswert
hecl
aim andt
ofi
l
e t
hewr
it
tenst
atementofhi
sdef
ence,i
fany
,
wi
thi
nthi
rt
yday
sfr
om t
hedat
eoft
heser
viceoft
hesummonsont
hatdef
endant
;
Pr
ovi
dedt
hatnosuchsummonshal
lbei
ssuedwhenadef
endanthasappear
edat
t
hepr
esent
ati
onofPl
aintandadmi
tt
edt
hepl
aint
if
f'
scl
aim;

Pr
ovi
dedf
urt
hert
hatwher
ethedef
endantf
ail
stof
il
ethewr
it
tenst
atementwi
thi
n
t
hesai
dper
iodoft
hir
tyway
s,heshal
lbeal
l
owedt
ofi
l
ethesameonsuchot
herday
asmaybespeci
fi
edbyt
heCour
t,f
or 
reasonst
ober
ecor
dedi
nwr
it
ing,butwhi
ch
shal
lnotbel
atert
hatni
net
yday
sfr
om t
hedat
e ofser
viceofsummons.

Appear
anceofDef
endant[
OrderVRul
e1(
2)]

Rul
e1(
2)-

 
A def
endantt
o whom a summons has 
been i
ssued under sub-
rul
e (
1) may
appear
a.i
n per
son,or
b.byapl
eaderdul
yinst
ruct
edandabl
etoansweral
lmat
eri
al
quest
ionsr
elat
ingt
othesui
t,or
c.byapl
eaderaccompani
edbysomeper
sonabl
eto
answeral
lsuchquest
ions.TheCour
t,howev
er,
mayor
dert
hedef
endantorpl
aint
if
f
t
oappeari
nper
son(
Rul
e3)
.

Rul
e1(
3):

 
Ever
ysuchsummonsshal
lbesi
gnedbyt
he 
j
udgeorsuchof
fi
cerasheappoi
nts,
and 
shal
lbeseal
edwi
tht
heseal
oft
heCour
t.

Exempt
ionf
rom Per
sonalAppear
ance:Or
derVRul
e4

 
Nopar
tyshal
lbeor
der
edt
oappeari
nper
son

1.unl
ess 
he 
resi
des-

a.wi
thi
nthel
ocal
li
mit
soft
heCour
t'
sor
dinar
yor
igi
nal
jur
isdi
cti
on,
or

b.wi
thoutsuchl
i
mit
sbutatapl
acel
esst
hanf
if
tyor(
wher
ether
eisr
ail
wayor
st
eamercommuni
cat
ionorot
herest
abl
i
shedpubl
i
cconv
eyancef
orf
ive-
 si
xthsof
t
hedi
stancebet
weent
hepl
acewher
e heresi
desandt
hepl
acewher
etheCour
tis
si
tuat
e)l
esst
hant
wohundr
edmi
l
esdi
stancef
rom t
heCour
t-
house.Or

2.Whoi
sa 
womannot
 appear
ingi
nper
son(
Sect
ion132)
, 
or

3.
Whoi
sent
it
ledt
oexempt
ion 
undert
he 
Code 
(Sect
ion 
132)
.

Modeof
 ser
vice 
ofsummons:

Ser
viceofsummonsshal
lbemadebydel
i
ver
ingort
ender
ingacopyt
her
eofsi
gned
byt
heJudgeorsuchof
fi
cerasheappoi
ntsi
nthi
sbehal
fandseal
edwi
tht
hesealof
t
hecour
t.TheCodepr
escr
ibesf
ourpr
inci
palmodesofser
vingasummonst
oa
def
endant
:

i
) 
Per
sonal
 
or 
dir
ect
 ser
vice;
 
(Rul
es 
10 
to 
15 
and 
18)

i
i
) Subst
it
uted 
Ser
vice;
 
(Rul
es 
20,
 
17 
and 
19)

i
i
i) 
Ser
vice 
by 
Cour
t;
 (
Rul
e 9)
 and

i
v) 
Ser
vice 
by 
Plai
nti
ff
. 
(Rul
e 9-
A)

1.
 Per
sonal
 or
 di
rect
 ser
vice:

 
Thi
sisanor
dinar
ymodeofser
viceofsummons.Undert
hef
oll
owi
ngcat
egor
iesa
ser
viceofsummonsshoul
dbemadebydel
i
ver
ingort
ender
ingacopyt
her
eof
3to
t
hedef
endantper
sonal
l
yort
ohi
sagentorot
herper
sononhi
sbehal
fandf
ort
he
pr
operser
viceof
summonsf
oll
owi
ngpr
inci
plesmustber
emember
ed-

a.
Wher
ether
ear
etwoormor
edef
endant
s,ser
viceofsummonsshoul
dbemadeon
eachdef
endant
(Rul
e11)
.

b.
Wher
everi
tispr
act
icabl
e,t
hesummonmustbeser
vedt
othedef
endanti
nper
son
ort
ohi
saut
hor
izedagent(
Rul
e12)
.

c.
Inasui
trel
ati
ngt
oanybusi
nessorwor
kagai
nstaper
son,notr
esi
dingwi
thi
nthe
t
err
it
ori
al 
j
uri
sdi
cti
on 
of 
the 
cour
t 
issui
ng 
the 
summons,
 
it 
may
 be 
ser
ved 
to 
the 
man
ager
 or
 agent
 car
ryi
ng 
onsuchbusi
nessorwor
k(Rul
e13)
.

d.
Inasui
tfori
mmov
eabl
epr
oper
ty,i
ftheser
viceofsummonscannotbemadeon
t
hedef
endant
per
sonal
l
yandt
hedef
endanthasno 
aut
hor
izedagent
,theser
vicemay
bemadeon 
anyagentof
thedef
endanti
nchar
geoft
hepr
oper
ty(
Rul
e14)
.

e.
Wher
ethedef
endanti
sabsentf
rom hi
sresi
denceatt
het
imeoft
heser
viceof
summonsandt
her
eisnol
i
kel
i
hoodofhi
m bei
ngf
oundathi
sresi
dencewi
thi
na
r
easonabl
e t
imeandhehasnoaut
hor
izedagent
,thesummonsmaybeser
ved
on 
anyadul
tmal
eorf
emal
e memberoft
hedef
endant
'sf
ami
l
yresi
dingwi
thhi
m
(
Rul
e15)
.Theser
vingof
fi
cer(
aper
sont
owhom t
hecopyi
sdel
i
ver
edort
ender
edt
o
ser
veont
hedef
endant
)af
ter

maki
ngacknowl
edgmentofser
viceofsummons 
mustmakeanendor
sement
 ont
he
or
igi
nalsummonsst
ati
ngt
het
imeand"manner
 ofser
vicet
her
eofandt
hename 
and
addr
essoft
he 
per
son,i
fany
,ident
if
ying t
heper
son ser
ved and 
wit
nessi
ng t
he
del
i
ver
y ort
enderofsummons.
 

2.
"Subst
it
uted 
Ser
vice”

 
meanst
heser
viceofsummonsbyamodewhi
chi
ssubst
it
utedf
ort
heor
dinar
y
modeofsummons.Theci
rcumst
ancesf
ort
hesubst
it
utedser
vicear
e:-

a.
 i
)Wher
e t
he 
def
endant
 or
 hi
s agent
 r
efused 
to 
sign 
the 
acknowl
edgement
 or

i
i
) Wher
etheser
ving 
off
icer
,af
ter
.dueandr
easonabl
edi
l
igencecannotf
ind 
the
def
endant
,whoi
sabsentf
rom hi
sresi
denceatt
het
imewhent
heser
vicei
ssought
t
obeef
fect
edonhi
m athi
sresi
denceandt
her
eisnol
i
kel
i
hoodofhi
m bei
ngf
ound
athi
sresi
dencewi
thi
nar
easonabl
eti
meandt
her
eisnoaut
hor
ized 
agentnorany
ot
herper
son 
onwhom ser
vicecanbemade,t
heser
vingof
fi
cershal
laf
fi
xacopyof
t
hesummonsont
heout
erdoororsomeot
herconspi
cuouspar
toft
hehouse
i
n whi
cht
hedef
endantor
dinar
il
yresi
desorcar
ri
es 
onbusi
nessorper
sonal
l
ywor
ks
f
orgai
n.

Theser
vingof
fi
cershal
lthenr
etur
ntheor
igi
nalt
otheCour
tfr
om whi
chi
twas
i
ssued,wi
thar
epor
tendor
sedt
her
eonorannexedt
her
etost
ati
ngt
hef
actabout
af
fi
xi
ngt
hecopy
,theci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
cht
odo so,andt
henameand
addr
essof
 t
heper
son(
ifany
)bywhom t
hehousewasi
dent
if
iedandi
nwhose
pr
esencet
hecopywasaf
fi
xed(
Rul
e17)
.Ift
heCour
tissat
isf
iedei
theront
he
af
fi
dav
itoft
heser
vingof
fi
ceroronhi
sexami
nat
iononoat
hthatt
hesummons
has 
beendul
yser
ved;ormay
 makef
urt
herenqui
ryi
nthemat
terasi
tthi
nksf
it
,and
shal
lei
therdecl
aret
hatt
hesummonhasbeendul
y 
ser
vedoror
dersuchser
viceasi
t
t
hinksf
it
.(
Rul
e19)

I
nthesecondmodeaspr
ovi
dedbyRul
e17,t
hedecl
arat
ionbyt
hecour
tabout
 t
he
dueser
viceof
thesummonsi
sessent
ial
.Ift
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heRul
e19hav
enot
beencompl
i
edwi
th,t
heser
viceofsummonscannotbesai
dto 
bei
naccor
dance
wi
thl
aw.

b.
 Wher
etheCour
t 
issat
isf
ied 
thatt
her
eis 
areasont
o bel
i
evet
hatt
he 
def
endanti
s
av
oidi
ngt
heser
viceofsummonsorf
oranyot
herr
easont
hesummonscannot
be 
ser
vedi
ntheor
dinar
yway
,theCour
tshal
lor
dert
hat
 t
heser
vicemaybeef
fect
ed
i
nthef
oll
owi
ng 
manner
-

I
. 
by af
fi
xi
ng a copy of
 t
he summons 
i
n some 
conspi
cuous pl
ace 
i
nthe 
cour
t
house;
 
andal
so 
uponsomeconspi
cuouspar
toft
hehousei
nwhi
cht
hedef
endanti
s
knownt
ohav
elastr
esi
ded,
car
ri
edonbusi
nessorper
sonal
l
ywor
kedf
orgai
n;or

i
i
. 
Insuch 
manneras 
thecour
t 
thi
nksf
it
 [
(Rul
e20(
1)]
;
 or

i
i
i.
 Byanadv
ert
isement
 i
nthedai
l
ynewspaperci
rcul
ati
ngi
nthel
ocal
i
ty 
i
nwhi
cht
he
def
endanti
slastknownt
ohav
eact
ual
l
yorv
olunt
ari
l
yresi
ded,
 
car
ri
edonbusi
nessor
per
sonal
l
ywor
ked 
forgai
n[(
Rul
e 20(
1-A)
].
Subst
it
uted ser
vice UnderRul
e 20 i
s
as 
eff
ect
iveasper
sonalser
vice[
(Rul
e20(
2)]
.3)
 ByCour
t:Rul
e9of
 Or
derVdeal
s
wi
thdel
i
ver
yofsummonsbyCour
t 
andst
atest
hati
ncases,wher
ethedef
endantor
hi
s agent
,empower
ed 
to acceptt
he ser
vice ofsummons,r
esi
des wi
thi
nthe
j
uri
sdi
cti
on 
oft
heCour
tinwhi
cht
hesui
twasi
nst
it
uted,t
hesummonsshal
l
,unl
ess
t
heCour
tot
her
wisedi
rect
s,bedel
i
ver
edorsentt
othepr
operof
fi
cerort
oappr
oved
cour
ierser
vicest
obeser
vedont
hedef
endant
.

Decl
arat
ionby
 Cour
t:

 
The Cour
tissui
ng t
he summons shal
ldecl
aret
hatt
he summons had been
dul
yser
vedont
hedef
endant
,wher
e

a.t
hedef
endantorhi
sagenthadr
efusedt
otakedel
i
ver
yoft
hepost
alar
ti
cle
cont
aini
ngt
hesummonsorhadr
efusedt
oacceptt
hatsummonsbyanyot
her
means 
speci
fi
edi
nsub-
rul
e(3)whent
ender
edort
ransmi
tt
edt
ohi
m, 
and

b.Wher
ethesummonswaspr
oper
lyaddr
essed,
pre-
pai
danddul
ysentbyr
egi
ster
ed
postacknowl
edgmentdue,not
wit
hst
andi
ng t
hef
actt
hatt
heacknowl
edgement
hav
ingbeenl
ostormi
sl
aid,orf
oranyot
herr
eason,hasnotbeenr
ecei
vedbyt
he
Cour
twi
thi
n30Day
sfr
om t
hedat
eofi
ssue 
ofsummons.

4)
 By
 Pl
aint
if
f:

 
Inaddi
ti
ont
othe 
prov
isi
onsofr
ule9,t
heCour
t,on 
thepl
aint
if
fsappl
i
cat
ionmay
per
mitanddel
i
vert
hesummonst
osuchpl
aint
if
fforser
viceont
he 
def
endantand
t
hepr
ovi
sionsofr
ule 
16and18shal
lappl
ytoa 
summonsper
sonal
l
yser
vedunder
r
ule9-
Aasi
f,t
heper
son 
eff
ect
ingser
vicewer
easer
vingof
fi
cer
.

Ser
viceofsummonswher
edef
endantr
esi
deswi
thi
njur
isdi
cti
onofanot
herCour
t:

 
A summons 
may
besentbyt
heCour
tbywhi
chi
tisi
ssued,
whet
herwi
thi
norwi
thout
t
he 
Stat
e,ei
therbyoneofi
tsof
fi
cer
sorbypostorbysuchcour
ierser
viceasmaybe
appr
ovedbyt
heHi
ghCour
t,byf
axmessageorbyEl
ect
roni
cMai
lser
viceorbyany
ot
hermeansasmaybepr
ovi
dedby
 ther
ulesmadebyt
heHi
ghCour
tst
oanyCour
t
(
notbei
ng t
he 
High Cour
t) 
hav
ing j
uri
sdi
cti
on 
i
nthe.
 pl
ace wher
ethe 
def
endant
r
esi
des.Wher
eadef
endantr
esi
desout
sidet
he 
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heCour
tinwhi
ch
t
he 
sui
tisi
nst
it
uted,andt
heCour
tdi
rect
sthatt
heser
viceofsummonson 
that
def
endantmaybemade 
bysuchmodeofser
viceof
 summonsasi
sref
err
edt
oin
sub-
rul
e (
3)ofr
ule9(
exceptby
 regi
ster
edpostacknowl
edgementdue)
,hepr
ovi
sion
ofr
ule21shal
lnot
 appl
y

Di
scov
ery(
5.30andOr
derXI
)

Sect
ion30oft
heCode 
say
sthatsubj
ectt
osuchcondi
ti
onsand 
l
imi
tat
ionsasmay
be pr
escr
ibed,t
he Cour
tmay
,atany t
ime,ei
therofi
ts 
own mot
ion on t
he
appl
i
cat
ion 
ofanypar
ty,
-
makesuchor
der
sasmaybenecessar
yorr
easonabl
einal
l
mat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
othedel
i
ver
yandanswer
ingofi
nter
rogat
ori
es,t
headmi
ssi
onof
document
sandf
act
s,andt
hedi
scov
ery
,inspect
ion,pr
oduct
ioni
mpoundi
ngand
r
etur
nofdocument
sorot
hermat
eri
alobj
ect
spr
oduci
bleasev
idence.

Meani
ngofDi
scov
ery
:

 
Discov
erymeanst
ocompelt
heopposi
tepar
tyt
odi
scl
osewhathehasi
nhi
s
possessi
onorpower
.Thedi
scov
erymaybeei
therdi
scov
eryoff
act
sordi
scov
eryof
document
s.Wher
einf
ormat
ionast
ofacti
srequi
red,t
hepar
tyi
sal
l
owed 
toputa
ser
iesofquest
ions,knownasi
nter
rogat
ori
est
ohi
sadv
ersar
y.Wher
eint
heopi
nion
oft
hej
udge,
suchpr
oposedquest
ionsar
epr
oper
,thenhewi
l
lcompelt
heot
hersi
de
t
oanswert
hem onoat
hbef
oret
ri
al.Thi
siscal
l
ed 
discov
eryoff
act
s,whi
l
ewher
e
i
nfor
mat
ionast
odocument
sisr
equi
red,t
henont
heappl
i
cat
ionof
 t
hepar
ty,an
or
dert
o compelt
he ot
her
 par
tyt
o make a l
i
stofr
elev
antdocument
sin hi
s
possessi
on orpower
 and f
orper
missi
on t
oinspectand t
otake copi
es of
t
hose 
document
s.Thi
sisknownasdi
scov
eryofdocument
s.Rul
es1t
o11ofOr
der
XIdealwi
tht
hei
nter
rogat
ori
eswhi
l
e t
her
ules12t
o14ofOr
derXIdealwi
tht
he
di
scov
eryofdocument
s.TheCour
tmaypost
poneapr
emat
uredi
scov
ery
.

SUMMONI
NGANDATTENDANCEOFWI
TNESSES(
S.31ANDORDERXVI
)Summons
t
oWi
tnesses:
 
Accor
dingt
osect
ion31,t
hepr
ovi
sionsi
nsect
ions27,
28 
and29shal
lappl
y 
to
summonsest
ogi
veev
idenceort
o pr
oducedocument
sorot
hermat
eri
alobj
ect
s.
Rul
e8ofOr
derVXIst
atest
hatev
erysummonsunderOr
derVXI
,exceptunderr
ule7-
A,shal
lbeser
vedi
nthesamemannerasasummonst
oadef
endant
,andt
he 
rul
es
ofOr
derVshal
lappl
y.

At
tendanceofWi
tnesses:

 
Onorbef
oresuchdat
e,whi
chmaybe 
fi
xedbyt
heCour
tandshal
lnot
 bel
atert
han
15day
sfr
om t
hedat
eonwhi
chi
ssuesar
eset
tl
ed,al
i
stofpr
oposedwi
tnessest
o
gi
veev
idenceort
opr
oducedocumentandobt
ainsummonsest
osuchper
sonsf
or
t
hei
rat
tendancei
nCour
t,shal
lbepr
esent
edi
nthe 
Cour
t 
byt
hepar
ti
es.

 
A par
ty 
shal
l
 fi
l
e an 
appl
i
cat
ion 
stat
ing 
ther
ein 
the 
pur
pose 
for
 whi
ch 
the 
wit
ness 
i
s p
r
oposed 
to 
besummonedt
otheCour
tort
osuchof
fi
cerasmaybe 
appoi
ntedbyt
he
Cour
tint
hisbehal
f 
wit
hinf
iveday
sofpr
esent
ingt
hel
i
stofwi
tnesses 
underr
ule
1(
1).
Onbei
ngshownsuf
fi
cientcausef
ornotment
ioni
ngt
hatnameoft
hewi
tnessi
n
t
hel
i
stpr
oducedU/
rul
e1(
1),apar
tymaybeper
mit
tedbyt
heCour
t,t
o cal
lany
wi
tnesswhosenamehasnotbeenment
ionedi
n t
hel
i
stofev
idence.

Expensesofwi
tnessshal
lbepai
dint
o Cour
tbyapar
tyappl
yi
ngf
orsummons,
wi
thi
na 
per
iodt
obef
ixedwhi
chshal
lnotbel
atert
han7day
s18f
rom t
hedat
eof
maki
ngappl
i
cat
ionunderRul
e1(
4).Wher
ethesummonsi
sser
veddi
rect
lybyt
he
par
tyonawi
tness,t
hepar
tyorhi
sagentshal
lpayt
heexpensesr
efer
redt
oinr
ule
2(
1)t
othewi
tness.

Summonsgi
vent
oPar
tyf
orSer
vice:

 
(Rul
e7-
A)Onanappl
i
cat
ionofanypar
tyf
ort
hei
ssueof
 summonst
heCour
tmay
per
mitandt
hen,shal
ldel
i
vert
hesummonst
osuchpar
tyf
orser
vice,andsuch
summonsshal
lbeef
fect
edbyoronbehal
f 
ofsuchpar
tybydel
i
ver
ingort
ender
ing 
to
t
hewi
tnessper
sonal
l
yacopyt
her
eof
.Thepr
ovi
sionsofRul
e6 shal
l
 appl
yto
summonst
opr
oducedocument
swhi
l
ethe 
procedur
epr
ovi
dedi
nruI
e10shal
lbe
appl
i
cabl
ewher
ewi
tnessf
ail
stocompl
yWi
thsummonsandr
ule12wher
ethe
wi
tnessf
ail
stoappear
.Wher
eanypar
tyt
oasui
tisr
equi
redt
ogi
veev
idenceort
o
pr
oduceadocument
,thepr
ovi
sionsast
owi
tnessesshal
lappl
ytohi
m sof
arast
hey
ar
eappl
i
cabl
e.Wi
tnessesnott
obeOr
der
edt
oat
tendi
n Per
son:Asperr
ule19of
Or
derXVI
,nooneshal
lbeor
der
ed 
toat
tendi
nper
sont
ogi
veev
idenceunl
esshe
r
esi
des:
-a.
 wi
thi
n t
he 
l
ocal l
i
mit
s of t
he 
Cour
t'
s Or
dinar
y Or
igi
nal
Jur
isdi
cti
on,
 
orb.
 wi
thoutsuch 
l
imi
tsbutat
 apl
acel
ess 
thanonehundr
edor
 (
wher
e
t
her
eis 
arai
l
wayorst
eamercommuni
cat
ionorot
herest
abl
i
shedpubl
i
cconv
eyance
f
orf
ive-
sixt
hsoft
hedi
stancebet
ween't
hepl
acewher
eher
esi
desandt
hepl
ace
wher
etheCour
tissi
tuat
e)l
esst
hanf
ivehundr
edki
l
omet
resdi
stancesf
rom t
he
Cour
thouse:Pr
ovi
dedt
hatwher
etr
anspor
tbyai
risav
ail
abl
ebet
weent
het
wo
pl
acesment
ionedi
nthi
srul
eandt
heWi
tnessi
spai
dthef
areby
 ai
r,hemaybe
or
der
edt
oat
tendi
n per
son.

APPEARANCEOFPARTI
ES 
ANDEFFECTOFTHEI
RNON-
APPEARANCE(
OrderI
X)

I
ntr
oduct
ion:

 
OrderI
Xoft
heCodepr
ovi
dest
hel
awwi
thr
egar
dtot
heappear
anceoft
hepar
ti
est
o
t
hesui
tsandt
heconsequencesoft
hei
rnon-
appear
ance.Wher
e apar
ty(
Plai
nti
ffor
Pl
aint
if
fandDef
endant
,bot
h)doesnotappearwhent
hesui
tiscal
l
edonf
orhear
ing,
t
hesui
tmaybedi
smi
ssedandwher
eapar
ty(
Def
endant
)doesnotappearev
enwhen
t
hesummonsi
sdul
yser
vedon 
him,t
heCour
tmayOr
derf
ort
heex-
par
tehear
ingof
t
hesui
t.

Ther
efor
e,Or
derI
Xcanbedi
scussedunder
 t
hef
oll
owi
ngheads:

a.
 Di
smi
ssalofSui
t:Thepl
aint
if
f'
ssui
tmaybedi
smi
ssedunderr
ules2,
3, 
5(1)and8
ofOr
derI
Xoft
heCode,whi
l
etheCour
tmayor
derex-
par
tehear
ingoft
hesui
tunder
r
ule6(
1)ofOr
derI
X.

Rul
e2:

 
A sui
tmaybedi
smi
ssedunderr
ule2i
f 
thesummonshasnotbeenser
vedupon
t
he 
def
endantduet
othef
ail
ureoft
hepl
aint
if
ftopayCour
t-
feeorPost
alchar
ges,i
f
anychar
geabl
eforsuchser
viceorf
ail
ure 
topr
esentcopi
esoft
hepl
aintasr
equi
red
byr
ule9ofOr
derVI
I.
Rul
e3:

 
TheCour
tmaydi
smi
sst
hesui
tunderr
ule3wher
e,bot
hthepar
ti
esar
eabsentwhen
t
hesui
tiscal
l
edonf
orhear
ing.

Rul
e5(
1):

 
TheCour
tshal
lpassanor
derf
or 
dismi
ssaloft
hesui
tunderr
ule5(
1),wher
e a
summonshasbeenr
etur
nedunser
vedon 
thedef
endant
(s)andt
hepl
aint
if
ffai
l
sto
appl
yfor
 af
reshsummonsf
oraper
iodofsev
enday
sfr
om t
hedat
e oft
her
etur
nof
summonsmade 
tot
heCour
tbyt
heser
ving 
off
icer
.But
,theCour
tshal
lnotdi
smi
ss
t
hesui
t 
underr
ule5(
1),
ift
he 
plai
nti
ffsat
isf
iest
heCour
tthat
-

a.hehasf
ail
edaf
terusi
nghi
sbestendeav
orst
odi
scov
ert
her
esi
denceoft
he
def
endantwhohasnotbeenser
ved,
or

b.such 
def
endanti
s av
oidi
ngser
vice 
ofpr
ocess,
or

c.t
her
eisanyot
hersuf
fi
cientcauseofext
endi
ngt
het
ime,
andmayext
endt
het
ime
f
ormaki
ngsuchappl
i
cat
ion.

Rul
e8:

 
TheCour
tshal
lmakeanor
derofdi
smi
ssalofsui
tunderr
ule 
8,wher
ethepl
aint
if
f
r
emai
nsabsentandt
hedef
endanti
spr
esent
,whent
hesui
tiscal
l
edonf
orhear
ing
andt
hedef
endantdoesnotadmi
tthecl
aim orpar
tther
eof
.

Remedi
esagai
nstDi
smi
ssal
:

 
Wher
ethesui
thasbeendi
smi
ssedunderr
ule2or3,t
hepl
aint
if
fhasr
emedi
es
ei
thert
ofi
l
eaf
reshsui
t(subj
ectt
othel
awofl
i
mit
ati
on)underr
ule4ort
omakean
appl
i
cat
ionunderr
ule4f
or 
rest
orat
ionoft
hesui
t.Whent
hesui
thas 
beendi
smi
ssed
underr
ule5(
1),
 
thepl
aint
if
fmaybr
ingaf
reshsui
t(subj
ectt
othel
awofl
i
mit
ati
on)
underr
ule5(
2).
Whenasui
tisdi
smi
ssedunderr
ule8,
thepl
aint
if
fshal
lbepr
ecl
uded
t
obr
ingaf
reshsui
tont
hesamecauseofact
ionbuthemayappl
ytosett
he
di
smi
ssalasi
deunderr
ule9ofOr
derI
Xandt
heCour
tshal
l
,af
teri
ssui
nganot
ice 
of
appl
i
cat
ionont
heopposi
tepar
tysetasi
det
heor
der
 ofdi
smi
ssal
,on 
bei
ngsat
isf
ied
t
hatt
her
ewassuf
fi
cientcausef
orpl
aint
if
fsnon-
appear
ancewhent
hesui
t 
iscal
l
ed
onf
orhear
ing.

2)
Ex-Par
teHear
ing:Wher
eonl
ythepl
aint
if
fappear
sandt
hedef
endantdoes
notappearwhent
hesui
tiscal
l
edonf
orhear
ing,
andt
heCour
tobser
vedt
hat
t
hesummonswasdul
yser
vedondef
endantt
hent
heCour
tmaypassanor
der
t
hatt
hesui
tbehear
dex-
par
te.

Remedi
es:

 
Thedef
endanti
nthesamemannermaybeal
l
owedbyt
heCour
ttobehear
d,asi
fhe
hadappear
edont
hedayf
ixedf
orhi
s appear
ance,wher
etheCour
thasadj
our
ned
t
he 
expar
tehear
ingandhe(
def
endant
)appear
sonorbef
oresuchadj
our
ned 
dat
e
andsat
isf
ytheCour
twi
thgoodcausef
orhi
spr
evi
ousnon-
appear
ance.
Set
ti
ngasi
deex-
par
tehear
ing:

 
Wher
einanex-
par
tehear
ing,adecr
eei
spassedex-
par
teagai
nstadef
endant
,he
.
hast
hef
oll
owi
ngopt
ions–

a.Toappl
yunderr
ule13t
osetasi
det
heex
-par
tedecr
eeandt
heCour
taf
terser
vice
ofNot
ice22ofsuchappl
i
cat
ionont
heopposi
te 
par
tyandonbei
ng 
sat
isf
iedt
hatt
he
summonswas notdul
yser
ved on t
he def
endantorhe was pr
event
ed by
 any
suf
fi
cientcausef
rom appear
ingwhent
hesui
twascal
l
edonf
orhear
ing.Butno
such 
decr
eeshal
lbeset
-asi
deont
hebasi
sof
 i
rr
egul
ari
tyi
ntheser
viceofsummons,
Whent
heCour
trej
ect
sanappl
i
cat
ionunderr
ule13,suchanor
deri
sappeal
abl
e
under
 Or
derXLIRul
e1(
d).

b.Tof
il
eappealagai
nstex-
par
tedecr
eeButwhenanappeali
spr
efer
redagai
nstex-
par
tedecr
eeandt
hesamei
sdi
smi
ssedonany
 gr
oundexceptasbei
ngwi
thdr
awnby
t
heappel
l
ant
,noappl
i
cat
ionshal
lli
eunderr
ule13f
orset
ti
ngasi
det
hatex-
par
te
decr
ee.

EXECUTI
ONOFDECREES

S.36TO74 
ANDO.21:I
nasui
t,af
tert
hepr
onouncementofj
udgmentandpassi
ng
ofdecr
eei
n r
espectoft
her
eli
efgi
venbyt
he 
Cour
t,t
henextst
epi
sthe 
execut
ionof
decr
eeoror
der
.

Meani
ng:

"
Execut
ioni
stheenf
orcementofdecr
ees 
andor
der
soft
he 
Cour
tbyt
hepr
ocess
of
 t
heCour
t.
"Asamat
teroff
act
,execut
ioni
sthef
ormalpr
ocedur
epr
escr
ibedby
l
awwher
ebyt
hepar
tl
yent
it
ledt
othebenef
itofaj
udgmentmayobt
aint
hatbenef
it
.

Execut
ionofDecr
eeandOr
der
:

 
Sect
ion-
36 oft
he Code l
ays down 
thatt
he pr
ovi
sion oft
he Code r
elat
ing t
o
execut
ionofdecr
ees(
incl
udi
ngpr
ovi
sionr
elat
ingt
othepay
mentunderadecr
ee)
shal
l
,sof
arast
heyar
eappl
i
cabl
e,bedeemedt
oappl
ytot
heexecut
ionofor
der
s
(
incl
udi
ngpay
mentunderanor
der
).
Subj
ectMat
terofExecut
ion:

 
Thesubj
ectmat
terofexecut
ionmaybeei
theradecr
eeoranor
derofaCour
tof
compet
entj
uri
sdi
cti
on.Ev
erydecr
eeoror
derofaCour
tcannotbet
hesubj
ectmat
ter
ofanexecut
ion,butonl
ythosedecr
eesandor
der
sar
eexecut
abl
ewhi
chf
inal
l
y
det
ermi
neand 
enf
orcet
her
ight
soft
hepar
ti
esatt
hedat
ewhent
hedecr
eeoror
der
i
smade.

Decr
eewhi
chmaybeexecut
ed:

 
Bef
oreadecr
eecanbeexecut
ed,i
tmustbebot
hval
i
dand 
capabl
eofexecut
ion.
Thedecr
eeputi
ntoexecut
ionmustnot
 bebar
redunderany
 l
aw.I
tist
hedecr
ee
passedbyt
heCour
toff
ir
sti
nst
ancewhi
chcanbeexecut
edbutwhen 
anappealhas
beenpr
efer
redagai
nstt
heor
igi
naldecr
ee,i
tist
hedecr
eeoft
heappel
l
ateCour
t,
whi
chal
onecanbeexecut
ed.Thedecr
eesoft
heCour
toff
ir
sti
nst
ancebecome
mer
gedi
ntheappel
l
ateCour
t'
sdecr
ee.Theappel
l
atedecr
eewhet
heri
t 
conf
ir
ms,
v
ari
esorr
ever
sest
hedecr
eeofor
igi
nalCour
t,i
tist
heonl
ydecr
eewhi
chcanbe
execut
ed.

Cour
tbywhi
chdecr
eesmaybeexecut
ed:Sect
ion38

 
Accor
dingt
oS.38,an 
execut
ingCour
tmay
 beei
thert
he 
Cour
twhi
chpassedt
he
decr
ee,
 
ort
he Cour
t 
to whi
ch t
he decr
ee i
s sentf
or 
execut
ion.The expr
essi
on
“
Cour
t 
whi
chpassed 
adecr
ee”means–

1)
The 
Cour
t 
of 
fi
rst
 i
nst
ance 
–

a)
in 
case 
wher
ethe 
decr
ee 
i
s passed 
by 
theCour
t 
of 
fi
rsti
nst
ance,
 
and

b)
in 
case 
of 
appel
l
ate 
decr
ees,

2)
TheCour
tat
 t
he 
ti
meofexecut
ionwoul
dhav
ehad 
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
otr
ythesui
twher
e
t
he 
Cour
toff
ir
sti
nst
ancehasei
therceasedt
oexi
st 
orceasedt
ohav
ejur
isdi
cti
on
t
o execut
ethedecr
ee.

Expl
anat
iont
oS.
37say
sthat

TheCour
toff
ir
sti
nst
ancedoesnotceaset
ohav
ejur
isdi
cti
ont
oexecut
ea 
decr
ee
mer
elyont
hegr
oundt
hataf
tert
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
hesui
twher
eint
hedecr
eewas
passedoraf
tert
hepassi
ngoft
hedecr
ee,anyar
eahasbeent
ransf
err
edf
orm
t
he 
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hatCour
t;but
,inev
ery
 suchcase,
suchot
herCour
tshal
lal
sohav
e
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oexecut
ethedecr
ee,i
fat
 t
het
imeofmaki
ngappl
i
cat
ionf
orexecut
ion
oft
hedecr
eei
twoul
dhav
ejur
isdi
cti
ont
otr
ythe 
sai
dsui
t

Appl
icat
ionf
orExecut
ion:

 
Theexecut
ionpr
oceedi
ngscommencewi
tht
hef
il
ingofanappl
i
cat
ionf
orexecut
ion
bef
oret
heCour
t,whi
chpassedt
hedecr
ee,orbef
ore 
theCour
ttowhi
cht
hedecr
ee
hasbeent
ransf
err
edf
orexecut
ion.Rul
es10-
25and105-
106ofOr
der21dealwi
th
execut
ionappl
i
cat
ions.

Whomayappl
yforexecut
ion:Rul
e10

 
An 
execut
ion 
proceedi
ng 
may
 be 
star
ted 
on 
the 
appl
i
cat
ion 
of 
the 
-i
) 
Decr
ee 
hol
der
-
 
Rul
e10 
of 
Order
 21i
i
) Wher
e t
he 
decr
ee-
hol
der
 i
s dead,
 
his 
l
egal
 
repr
esent
ati
ve-
S 
146.
ii
i
) Any
 ot
her
 per
son 
clai
ming 
under
 t
he 
decr
ee-
hol
der
-S.
 146.
i
v) 
Repr
esent
ati
ve 
of 
or 
a per
son 
clai
ming 
under
 t
he 
decr
ee-
hol
der
 -
 
S. 
146.
v) 
Transf
eree 
of 
decr
ee-
hol
der
26,
 
subj
ect
 t
o t
he 
fol
l
owi
ng-
a.Wher
ethedecr
ee
hasbeent
ransf
err
edbyanassi
gnment
,inwr
it
ingorbyoper
ati
onofl
aw;

b.Theappl
i
cat
ioni
s t
othe 
Cour
t 
whi
ch 
passedt
hedecr
ee;

c.Not
iceandaf
terpr
ovi
dinganoppor
tuni
tyofbei
nghear
dtot
het
ransf
erorandt
he
j
udgment
debt
or.
vi
) 
One 
or 
mor
e of
 t
he 
j
oint
 decr
ee 
hol
der
s,27 
subj
ect
 t
o t
he 
ful
fi
ll
me
nt
 of
 t
he 
fol
l
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons:
a.Ther
e i
sno 
cont
rar
ycondi
ti
oni
mposed 
byt
hedecr
ee.

b.Theexecut
ionappl
i
cat
ioni
s t
otheexecut
ionoft
hewhol
e decr
ee;
and

c.Theappl
i
cat
ioni
smadef
ort
hebenef
itofal
lthej
ointdecr
eehol
der
s;ori
fany
one
oft
hem i
sdead,f
ort
hebenef
itoft
he 
sur
viv
orsandt
hel
egalr
epr
esent
ati
vesof
t
he 
deceaseddecr
eehol
der
.]

Agai
nstwhom anexecut
ionpr
oceedi
ngcanbest
art
ed:

 
Execut
ionpr
oceedi
ngmaybest
art
edagai
nstt
hef
oll
owi
ngper
sons:
-
A.
Judgmentdebt
or,
S.50,
0.21,
R.15

b.Whent
hej
udgmentdebt
ori
sdead,
agai
nsthi
slegalr
epr
esent
ati
ves.Butt
hel
egal
r
epr
esent
ati
vesshal
lbel
i
abl
eonl
ytoext
entoft
hepr
oper
tyoft
hej
udgmentdebt
or
r
ecei
vedbyt
hem.-
So50,
52,
53.

c. Repr
esent
ati
ve of or t
he per
son cl
aimi
ng under t
he j
udgment debt
or.
-
S.
146.
d.Sur
etyoft
hej
udgmentdebt
or.S.150.

Cour
ttowhom anexecut
ionappl
i
cat
ionmaybemade:

 
AsperS.38,anexecut
ionappl
i
cat
ionmaybef
il
edei
theri
ntheCour
twhopassed
t
hedecr
eeori
ntheCour
ttowhom t
hedecr
eehasbeent
ransf
err
edf
orexecut
ion.

Cont
ent
sofAppl
icat
ion:

 
Accor
dingt
oRul
e11of0.
21,ev
eryappl
i
cat
ionf
or 
execut
ion,excepti
nacaseofa
moneydecr
ee,shal
lbei
nwr
it
ing,si
gnedandv
eri
fi
edbyt
heappl
i
cantorbysome
ot
herper
sonacquai
ntedwi
tht
hef
actoft
hecaseand 
shal
lcont
aint
hepar
ti
cul
ars
l
i
ket
henumber
 oft
hesui
t,t
henameoft
hepar
ti
es,t
hedat
eoft
hedecr
ee,t
he
amountoft
hedecr
eeet
cRul
es11-
A,12,13,14 
andR.45(
1)of0.
21 
shoul
dber
ead
t
oget
her
.

Pr
ocedur
e:Admi
ssi
on(
Rul
e17)andHear
ing(
Rul
es105-
106)Admi
ssi
on:

 
Accor
dingt
oRul
e17of0.
21,onr
ecei
vi
nganappl
i
cat
ionf
or 
execut
ionofadecr
ee,
t
heCour
tmustadmi
tandr
egi
stert
heappl
i
cat
ion,i
ftheCour
tis 
sat
isf
iedt
hatt
he
execut
ionappl
i
cat
ioncompl
i
eswi
tht
her
equi
rement
sofRul
e11t
o14.Wher
esuch
appl
i
cat
iondoesnotcompl
ywi
tht
heabov
erequi
rement
sthent
heCour
tshal
lal
l
ow
t
hedef
ectt
ober
emedi
edt
henand 
ther
eorwi
thi
nat
imef
ixedbyi
t,andi
fthedef
ect
i
snotr
emedi
edas 
speci
fi
edt
hen,
theCour
tshal
lrej
ectt
he 
appl
i
cat
ion.

Hear
ing:

 
Rul
es105and106dealwi
tht
hehear
ingofanexecut
ionappl
i
cat
ionandst
atet
hat
whenanappl
i
cat
ioni
spendi
ngt
hen,t
heCour
tshal
lfi
xadat
eof
 hear
ingandi
fthe
appl
i
canti
snotpr
esentatt
het
imeofhear
ing,
theCour
tmaydi
smi
sst
heappl
i
cat
ion
andwhen 
theappl
i
canti
spr
esentbutt
heopposi
tepar
tyi
snotpr
esent
,theCour
t
maypr
oceed 
ex-
par
tehear
ingandpassan 
appr
opr
iat
eor
der
.UnderRul
e106,an
or
derof
 di
smi
ssalf
ordef
aul
toranex
-par
tehear
ingmaybe 
setasi
debyt
hecour
ton
anappl
i
cat
ionoft
heaggr
iev
edpar
ty 
wher
ether
ear
esuf
fi
cientcausesshownt
o
do 
so.

Anor
der
 r
eject
ing 
anappl
icat
ionu/
r106(
1) 
isappeal
labl
e.

Li
mit
ati
onf
or 
Execut
ion:

 
Any
"appl
i
cat
ionf
orexecut
ionofadecr
eecanbef
il
ed 
wit
hin12y
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
e
oft
he decr
ee 
whi
l
ethe per
iod of
 l
imi
tat
ion f
ort
he 
execut
ion ofa decr
ee f
or
mandat
oryi
njunct
ioni
s3y
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
eoft
hedecr
ee.St
ayofExecut
ion:Rul
es
26t
o29of
 Or
derXXIdealwi
tht
hest
ayofexecut
ion.Thepr
ovi
sionsof
 Rul
e26ar
e
mandat
oryandi
mper
ati
vewhi
l
ethepr
ovi
sionsofRul
e29ar
enotmandat
orybut
di
scr
eti
onar
y.Butt
hisdi
scr
eti
onmustbeexer
cisedj
udi
cial
l
yand 
i
nthei
nter
estof
j
ust
ice.Theexecut
ionpr
oceedi
ngmaybest
ayedei
therbyt
heexecut
ingCour
ti.
e.
t
heCour
twhi
chpassedt
hedecr
eeort
heCour
tto:-
whi
cht
hedecr
eehasbeen
t
ransf
err
edf
orexecut
ionorbyt
heCour
thav
ingappel
l
atej
uri
sdi
cti
oni
nrespectof
t
hedecr
eeort
owhi
cht
hedecr
eehasbeent
ransf
err
edf
ort
heexecut
iont
her
eof
.The
pr
ovi
sionsr
egar
dingst
ayofexecut
ionofadecr
eear
emadei
nRul
e26,whi
chl
ays
downt
hatt
heexecut
ingCour
t(t
heTr
ansf
ereeCour
t)shal
l
,on 
suf
fi
cientcausebei
ng
shown by
 the j
udgment
-debt
or,and af
ter f
urni
shi
ng secur
it
y or f
ulf
il
li
ng t
he
condi
ti
ons,whi
chmay
 bei
mposeduponhi
m by
 theCour
t,st
ayt
heexecut
ionofa
decr
eef
orar
easonabl
e t
ime,t
oenabl
ethej
udgmentdebt
ort
oappl
ytot
heCour
t
whi
chhaspassedt
hedecr
eeort
otheappel
l
ateCour
tforanOr
dert
ost
ayexecut
ion.
Thet
ransf
erorCour
tcanst
ayt
heex
ecut
ionabsol
utel
ywhi
l
ethepowert
ost
ayt
he
execut
ionbyt
heTr
ansf
ereeCour
tisf
orar
easonabl
eti
met
oenabl
ethej
udgment
debart
oappl
yto 
thet
ransf
erorCour
tort
otheappel
l
ateCour
ttogr
ant
 st
ayagai
nst
t
heexecut
ion.

St
ayofExecut
ionPendi
ngsui
t:
 
Rul
e29ofO.XXIdeal
swi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsr
egar
ding 
stayofexecut
ionpendi
ngsui
t
bet
weent
hedecr
eehol
derand 
thej
udgmentdebt
or.Rul
e29say
sthat"
wher
easui
t
i
spendi
ng i
n anyCour
tagai
nstt
hehol
derofa 
decr
eeofsuch Cour
torofa
decr
ee 
whi
chi
sbei
ngexecut
edbysuchCour
t,ont
hepar
toft
heper
son 
agai
nst
whom t
hedecr
eewaspassed,t
heCour
t 
may
,onsucht
ermsasi
tthi
nksf
it
,st
ay
execut
ionoft
hedecr
eeunt
il
 t
hependi
ngsui
thasbeen 
deci
ded.

Pr
ovi
dedt
hati
fthedecr
eei
s onef
orpay
mentofmoney
,theCour
tshal
lifi
tgr
ant
s
st
aywi
thoutr
equi
ri
ngsecur
it
y,r
ecor
dit
s r
easonsf
orso 
doi
ng.

Modeofexecut
ion:

Ther
ear
evar
iousmodesofexecut
ionofdecr
ee 
prov
idedi
ntheCode.A decr
ee
may
beenf
orced,
asspeci
fi
edU/
s51 
oft
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e-

a.
by 
del
i
ver
y of
 any
 pr
oper
ty 
speci
fi
cal
l
y decr
eed;

b.by
 at
tachment
 and 
sal
e orbysal
ewi
thoutat
tachmentofanypr
oper
ty.

c.
by 
arr
est
 and 
det
ent
ion31 
i
n pr
ison 
for
 suchper
iod 
not
 exceedi
ng 
the 
per
iod 
speci
fi
ed 
i
n S.
 58,
 
wher
ear
restanddet
ent
ioni
sper
missi
bleundert
hatsect
ion;

d.by appoi
nti
ng a 
recei
ver
;or
e.i
n such 
othermanneras t
he 
nat
ure 
of 
the r
eli
ef
gr
ant
ed 
mayr
equi
re.

Choi
ceofmodeofexecut
ionandsi
mul
taneousexecut
ion:

 
Asagener
alr
ule,
iti
sfort
he 
decr
eehol
dert
ochooseapar
ti
cul
armodeofexecut
ing
hi
sdecr
eeandi
tisper
missi
blet
ooi
nlawt
ooptf
orev
enasi
mul
taneousexecut
ion,
butt
heCour
tmayi
nit
sdi
scr
eti
onr
efuseexecut
ionatt
hesamet
imeagai
nstt
he
per
sonandpr
oper
tyof
 t
hej
udgmentdebt
or.TheSupr
emeCour
tin

Shy
am Si
nghv
.col
lect
or,
Dist
t.Hami
rpur1993Supp(
1)SCC,

 
obser
ved:"
Sect
ion51oft
heCodegi
vesanopt
iont
o t
hecr
edi
tor
,ofenf
orci
ngt
he
decr
eeei
theragai
nstt
heper
sonort
hepr
oper
tyoft
hecr
edi
tor
;andnowher
eithas
beenl
aiddownt
hatexecut
ionagai
nstt
heper
sonoft
hedebt
orshal
lnotbeal
l
owed
unl
essandunt
ilt
hedecr
eehol
derhasexhaust
edhi
sremedyagai
nstt
hepr
oper
ty.
"
Howev
er,t
hedi
scr
eti
oni
swi
tht
heCour
ttoor
dersi
mul
taneousexecut
ionandt
hat
di
scr
eti
onmustbeexer
cisedj
udi
cial
l
y.TheCour
tcanr
efusesi
mul
taneousexecut
ion
byal
l
owi
ng 
thedecr
eehol
dert
oav
ail
 
ofonl
y 
onemodeof
 execut
ion 
ata 
ti
me.

ModesofExecut
ion:

1.By
 del
iv
ery
 of
 Pr
oper
ty:

 
Sect
ion51(
a)Rul
es31,
35and36.

a)Speci
fi
c mov
eabl
e pr
oper
ty:The decr
ee f
oranyspeci
fi
c mov
abl
e
pr
oper
ti
eswhi
chdonoti
ncl
udemoneyandar
eint
hepossessi
onof
j
udgmentdebt
ormaybeexecut
ed:
-

i
) 
by 
sei
zur
e and 
del
i
ver
y of
 pr
oper
ty;
 
or

i
i
) by
 det
ent
ion 
of 
the 
j
udgment
 debt
or;
 
or

i
i
i) 
by 
att
achment
 and 
sal
e of
 hi
s pr
oper
ty;
 
or

i
v) 
by 
att
achment
 and 
det
ent
ion 
bot
h.

Thepr
ovi
sionsofRul
e31ofO.21ar
enotappl
i
cabl
efort
heexecut
ion
ofadecr
eef
ormoneyorwher
ethepr
oper
tyi
snoti
npossessi
onoft
he
j
udgmentdebt
orbut
 i
sint
hepossessi
onofat
hir
dpar
ty.

b)I
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty:
 Rul
es35and36OfO.XXIpr
ovi
det
hemodeof
execut
ingdecr
ees,f
orpossessi
onofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.Wher
ethe
decr
eei
sfor
 i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyi
nthe 
possessi
onofj
udgmentdebt
or
ori
nthepossessi
onofanyper
sonboundbyt
hedecr
ee35,i
tcanbe
execut
edbyr
emov
ingt
hej
udgmentdebt
ororanyper
sonboundbyt
he
decr
eeandbydel
i
ver
ingpossessi
ont
her
eoft
othedecr
eehol
der
.
At
tachment
sandSal
eofPr
oper
ty:

 
Sect
ion51(
b)TheCour
tisempower
edt
oor
derexecut
ionofadecr
eebyat
tachment
andsal
eorbysal
ewi
thoutat
tachmentofanypr
oper
ty36andt
hesal
eofpr
oper
ty
wi
thoutanat
tachmenti
smer
elyani
rr
egul
ari
tyandsuchsal
eisnotv
oidorwi
thout
j
uri
sdi
cti
onanddoesnotv
iti
atet
hesal
e.

Sect
ions 60 t
o 64 and 
Rul
es 41 t
o 57 of
 Or
derXXIdealwi
tht
he subj
ectof
at
tachmentof
 pr
oper
ty.
 

An execut
ing 
Cour
tis 
compet
ent t
o at
tach t
he 
proper
tyi
f 
it
 i
s si
tuat
ed 
wit
hin
t
he 
l
ocal
 
li
mit
s
of
 t
he 
j
uri
sdi
cti
on 
of 
the 
Cour
t 
and 
the 
place 
of 
busi
ness 
of 
the 
j
udgment
 debt
or 
i
s n
ot
 mat
eri
al.Thepr
ovi
sionsoft
heCode,
 
howev
er,
 
donotaf
fect
 anyl
ocalorspeci
al
l
aw.
 Theat
tachmentandsal
e underanyot
herst
atut
ecanbemadeandt
hej
udgment
debt
orcannotcl
aim benef
itundert
heCode.

ModesofAt
tachment
:

 
Sect
ion62andRul
es43t
o54ofOr
derXXIl
aydownt
hepr
ocedur
eforat
tachment
ofdi
ff
erentt
ypesofmov
eabl
eandi
mmov
abl
e pr
oper
ti
es.Thesear
ethepr
ovi
sions
i
n t
he Code r
elat
ing t
o mode ofat
tachmentofmov
abl
e pr
oper
ty,
 
Negot
iabl
e
i
nst
rument
s, 
Debt not secur
ed by a 
Negot
iabl
e i
nst
rument
, 
Shar
e i
n capi
tal
 
of
a 
cor
por
ati
on,
 
Shar
e ori
nter
est
 i
nmov
abl
e pr
oper
ty,Sal
aryoral
l
owanceof
 aPubl
i
c
Ser
vantoraPr
ivat
eempl
oyee,
 
Par
tner
shi
ppr
oper
ty,
 
Proper
tyi
ncust
odyofCour
t 
or
Publ
i
cOf
fi
cer
, 
Decr
ee(
i)f
orPay
mentofmoney
 orsal
einenf
orcement
 ofamor
tgage
orchar
ge 
and(
ii
)Decr
eeot
hert
hant
hatment
ionedabov
e, 
Agr
icul
tur
alpr
oduce,

I
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty 
whi
l
eS.
 63pr
escr
ibespr
ocedur
etobe 
fol
l
owedi
ncaset
he
pr
oper
ty 
i
sat
tached 
i
nexecut
ionofdecr
eesbysev
eral
Cour
ts.

Pr
oper
ti
es,
whi
chcanandcannotbeat
tached:
 
Sect
ion60(
1)oft
heCodespeci
fi
esaboutt
hepr
oper
ti
eswhi
chcanbeat
tachedand
sol
d i
nexecut
ionofadecr
eewhi
l
e bei
ngsubj
ectt
othepr
ovi
sionsofsub-
sect
ion(
2)
ofsect
ion60,
thepr
oper
ti
eswhi
chcanbeat
tachedandsol
dinexecut
ionofadecr
ee
ar
especi
fi
edi
npr
ovi
sot
os.60(
1)ands.61oft
heCode.
Det
ermi
nat
ion 
ofAt
tachment
:

Undert
hef
oll
owi
ngci
rcumst
ances,anor
derofat
tachmentundert
heCodeshal
lbe
det
ermi
ned–

i
.On 
thesat
isf
act
ionoft
hedecr
eeei
ther
 by
 thepay
ment
 of
 t
hedecr
eet
alamountor
ot
her
wise;

i
i
.Ont
he 
rev
ersal
orset
ti
ng 
asi
deoft
he 
decr
ee:

i
i
i.Onanor
dert
orel
easet
hepr
oper
ty;

i
v.Di
smi
ssal
 
of 
execut
ion 
appl
i
cat
ion 
aft
er 
the 
att
achment
 of
 pr
oper
ty:

V.On 
wit
hdr
awal
 
of 
att
achment
 by
 at
tachi
ng 
Credi
tor
;

v
i.On 
fai
l
urebydecr
ee-
hol
dert
odowhathei
sbound 
to 
do 
under
 t
hedecr
ee;
 
and

v
ii
.Wher
ethe at
tachment
 or
deri
s made 
bef
ore 
j
udgmentand t
he def
endant
f
urni
shest
henecessar
y secur
it
y.

3.
 Ar
rest
 and 
Det
ent
ion:

 
Sect
ion51(
c)Onemodeoft
heex
ecut
ionofadecr
eei
sar
restanddet
ent
ion 
ofa
j
udgmentdebt
ori
ntheCi
vi
lPr
ison.Thepr
ovi
sionsst
atedi
npr
ovi
sot
oSect
ion51
ar
erel
evanti
nthi
sregar
dandar
easunder
:-

 
Anor
derofar
restanddet
ent
ionof
 j
udgmentdebt
ori
nci
vi
lpr
isoncan 
bepassedby
t
heCour
twhi
l
eexecut
ingt
hedecr
eef
orpay
mentofmoney
, 
orf
orspeci
fi
cmov
eabl
e
pr
oper
ty,
 
orf
orspeci
fi
cper
for
manceofacont
ract
, 
orf
oran 
i
njunct
ion,
 
orwher
ea
decr
ee f
orspeci
fi
c per
for
mance 
ofa cont
ractorf
oran i
njunct
ion i
sagai
nsta
cor
por
ati
on.

Butt
heper
sonsl
i
keawoman,j
udi
cial
 
off
icer
s,t
hepar
ti
esand t
hei
rpl
eader
s,
member
sofLegi
slat
iveBodi
es,aj
udgmentdebt
oret
c.,cannotbear
rest
edunder
cer
tai
nci
rcumst
ances.
 
An 
order
 of
 det
ent
ion 
of 
j
udgment
 debt
or 
i
n ci
vi
l 
pri
son 
shal
l
 not
 be 
passed,
 
in 
execu
t
ion 
of 
a decr
ee 
fort
hepay
mentof
 money
,wher
ethet
otalamountof
 suchdecr
ee
doesnot
 exceedt
wot
housand 
rupees.

Per
iodofdet
ent
ion:

 
Accor
dingt
oS.58(
1),ev
eryper
sondet
ainedi
ntheci
vi
lpr
isoni
nexecut
ionofa
decr
eeshal
lbesodet
ained,wher
ethedet
ent
ioni
sfort
hepay
mentofasum of
money–

i
)exceedi
ngf
ivet
housandr
upees-
 f
or 
aper
iodnot
 exceedi
ng3 
mont
hs,
 
and

i
i
)exceedi
ngt
wot
housandr
upees,butnotexceedi
ngf
ivet
housandr
upees-f
ora
per
iodnotexceedi
ngsi
xweeks.

Rel
easeofper
sondet
ained:

 
A war
rantf
ort
hear
restmaybe 
cancel
l
edoranar
rest
ed 
j
udgmentdebt
ormaybe
r
eleasedbyt
he 
Cour
tont
hegr
oundofhi
s ser
iouswi
l
lness,
 
whi
l
eaj
udgmentdebt
or,
whohasbeencommi
tt
edt
oci
vi
lpr
ison,mayber
eleaseoft
her
efr
om,ei
therbyt
he
St
ateGov
ernment
,ont
hegr
oundoft
heexi
stenceofanyi
nfect
iousorcont
agi
ous
di
sease,orbyt
he 
commi
tt
ingcour
toranysuper
iorcour
t,ont
hegr
oundsofhi
s
suf
fer
ing f
rom any ser
ious
i
II
ness.
 A 
j
udgment
 debt
or 
may
 al
so 
be 
rel
eased 
as 
speci
fi
ed 
under
 pr
ovi
so 
to 
s. 
58,
 
Le.

i
.ont
he,
pay
mentofamountment
ionedi
nthewar
rant
,tot
heof
fi
ceri
nchar
geoft
he
ci
vi
lpr
ison,
or

 
i
i.on 
theot
her
wise 
sat
isf
act
ion 
(byanor
der
 of
 t
heCour
t)oft
he 
decr
ee,
or

i
i
i.on t
he 
requestt
orel
ease 
of 
the 
per
son 
on whose appl
i
cat
ion 
hehas 
been so
det
ained,
or

i
v. on t
he omi
ssi
on t
o pay
 subsi
stence al
l
owance,
 
by t
he per
son,
 
on whose
appl
i
cat
ion 
hehasbeen 
sodet
ained.Butsuchr
eleaseasspeci
fi
edi
ncl
ause

(
ii
i)oronsuchomi
ssi
onshal
lnobewi
thoutanor
deroft
heCour
t.
Re-
arr
est
:

 
A j
udgmentdebt
orr
eleasedunder
 sect
ion58shal
lnotbe 
dischar
gedf
rom hi
sdebt
but
 heshal
lnotbel
i
abl
etobe 
re-
arr
est
edundert
hedecr
eei
nexecut
ionof
 whi
chhe
wasdet
ainedi
ntheci
vi
lpr
ison 
andi
fhehasbeenr
eleasedunder
 sect
ion59,
hemay
ber
e-ar
rest
edbutt
hedet
ent
ionper
iod 
i
nci
vi
lpr
isonshal
l
-notexceedt
heaggr
egat
e
per
iodspeci
fi
edi
nS.58.

By
'Appoi
ntmentof
 Recei
ver
:

Sect
ion51(
d)Thepr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ingt
otheexecut
ionby
 appoi
ntmentofaRecei
ver
ar
epr
ovi
ded 
i
nOr
derXXI
,Rul
e11(
2)(
J)(
iv)
. 

An 
execut
ion 
of 
a decr
ee 
by 
appoi
ntment
 of
 r
ecei
ver
 i
s an 
equi
tabl
e r
emedy
 w
hi
ch 
cannot
 be 
clai
med 
asar
ightandi
sgr
ant
edbyt
he 
Cour
tini
tsdi
scr
eti
on,
andt
hesamei
sanexcept
iont
o t
hegener
alr
ulet
hat
adecr
eehol
dercan
choose 
themodeofexecut
ionandt
hatt
he 
Cour
thasnopowert
oref
use 
the
modechosenbyhi
m.Thepr
ovi
sionsofsect
ion51 
(d)shoul
dber
ead 
wit
h-
t
hepr
ovi
sionsofOr
der
 XL,
Rul
e1.

Quest
ionst
obedet
ermi
nedbyt
heExecut
ingCour
t:

 
Sect
ion47pr
ovi
dest
hepr
ovi
sionsr
egar
dingt
hemat
ter
sar
isi
ngsubsequentt
othe
passi
ng of a decr
ee,and 
deal
s wi
th obj
ect
ions t
o execut
ion,di
schar
geand
sat
isf
act
ionofadecr
ee.

i
. Al
lquest
ionsar
isi
ngbet
weent
hepar
ti
est
othesui
tinwhi
cht
hedecr
ee
waspassed,ort
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
ves,andr
elat
ingt
otheexecut
ion,
di
schar
georsat
isf
act
ionoft
hedecr
ee,shal
lbedet
ermi
nedbyt
he
Cour
texecut
ingt
hedecr
eeandnotbyasepar
atesui
t.

i
i
. Omi
tt
ed

i
i
i. Wher
eaquest
ionar
isesast
owhet
heranyper
soni
sori
snott
he
r
epr
esent
ati
veofapar
ty,suchquest
ionshal
l
,fort
hepur
posesof
 t
his
 sect
ion,
bedet
ermi
nedbyt
hecour
t.

Expl
anat
ionI
:

 
Fort
hepur
posesoft
hissect
ion,apl
aint
if
fwhosesui
thasbeen 
dismi
ssedanda
def
endantagai
nstwhom asui
thasbeendi
smi
ssedar
epar
ti
est
othesui
t.

Expl
anat
ionI
I:

 
(a)Fort
hepur
posesoft
hissect
ion,
apur
chaserofpr
oper
tyatasal
einexecut
ionof
adecr
eeshal
lbedeemedt
o beapar
tyt
othesui
tin 
whi
cht
hedecr
eei
spassed;
and
(
b)Al
lquest
ionsr
elat
ingt
otheDel
i
ver
yofpossessi
onofsuchpr
oper
tyt
osuch
pur
chaser
 orhi
srepr
esent
ati
veshal
lbedeemedt
obequest
ionsr
elat
ingt
othe
execut
ion,
dischar
georsat
isf
act
ionoft
hedecr
eewi
thi
nthemeani
ngoft
hissect
ion.

I
nJugalKi
shor
eV.RawCot
tonCom.Lt
d,AI
R1955,
SC,

 
theCour
thasdeci
dedt
hatoncet
hesui
tisdecr
eed,
S.47r
equi
rest
hatt
heexecut
ing
Cour
tal
oneshoul
ddet
ermi
neal
lquest
ionsi
nexecut
ionpr
oceedi
ngsandf
il
ingof
separ
atesui
tisbar
red.I
tdoesnotmat
terwhet
hersuchquest
ionsar
isebef
oreor
af
tert
hedecr
eehasbeenexecut
ed.Fort
hesai
dpur
pose,t
heCour
tcant
reatasui
t
asanexecut
ionappl
i
cat
ionoranappl
i
cat
ionasasui
tint
hei
nter
estofj
ust
ice.But
af
tert
heAmendment
 Actof1976,whi
chdel
etedsub-
sect
ion(
2)of
 sect
ion47,by
whi
cht
heCour
twasempower
edt
otr
eatanappl
i
cat
ionU/
S47asasui
t,or
 asui
tas
anappl
i
cat
ion,nowt
heCour
tcannott
reatanappl
i
cat
ionU/
S47asasui
t,orasui
t
asanappl
i
cat
ion.

AnExecut
ingCour
tCannotgobehi
ndt
heDecr
ee:

 
Thedut
yofanexecut
ingCour
t 
ist
oexecut
ethedecr
eeasi
tis.
 Anexecut
ingCour
t
cannot
 gobehi
ndt
hedecr
ee.
 Anexecut
ingCour
thas'
tot
aket
hedecr
eeasi
tst
ands
andexecut
eitaccor
dingt
oit
ster
ms.TheCour
thasnopowert
oquest
iont
he
cor
rect
nessoft
hedecr
ee.
 
Vague 
and 
Ambi
guous 
Decr
ee:

 
Butwhenev
eradecr
eei
sfound 
tobev
agueorambi
guous,
it 
i
swi
thi
nthepowerand
dut
yoft
heexecut
ingCour
ttoi
nter
prett
hedecr
eewi
tht
he 
i
ntentt
ofi
ndoutt
he
meani
ngoft
hoset
erms.

Decr
eepassedi
nInher
entl
ackofJur
isdi
cti
on:

 
Whent
heexecut
ingCour
tfi
ndst
hatt
her
ewasani
nher
entl
ackofj
uri
sdi
cti
on,t
he
decr
eepassedbya 
Cour
tisanul
l
ityandwhensucha 
pleai
sputf
orwar
dbyan
aggr
iev
edpar
ty,i
tisobl
i
gat
oryont
hepar
t 
oft
heexecut
ingCour
ttoconsi
dersuch
anobj
ect
ion,
 
andsuchadecr
eecannotbeexecut
ed,
becauset
her
ecannotbesai
dto
beadecr
eei
nsuchacase.

NoAppealagai
nstanydet
ermi
nat
ionU/
s47,
butRev
isi
onLi
es:

 
Bef
ore 
theAmendmentActof
 1976,
thedet
ermi
nat
ionofanyquest
ionU/
s47was
deemedt
obeadecr
eeU/
s2(
2)oft
heCode,
butaf
tert
heamendment
,whi
chdel
eted
sub-
sect
ion(
2)ofsect
ion47,bywhi
cht
heCour
twasempower
ed t
otr
eatan
appl
i
cat
ionU/
s47 asasui
t,orasui
tasanappl
i
cat
ion,and hence,now any
det
ermi
nat
ionU/s47i
snotappeal
abl
eU/
s96or
 100,butar
evi
sionl
i
es,
 
subj
ectt
o
t
hef
ulf
il
lmentoft
he 
condi
ti
onsment
ionedi
ns.115oft
heCode.–

I
MPORTANTQUESTI
ONS

Q.
1.Whati
stheef
fect
 of
 Non-
appear
ance 
ofPar
ti
es?

Q.
2. 
Cansal
e ofi
mmov
eabl
e pr
oper
tyi
n t
heex
ecut
ion 
ofa 
decr
eebe 
setasi
de?
 I
f
so,
 
atwhosei
nst
ance?

Q.
3.What
 doy
ouunder
standby
 execut
ion?Whocanappl
yforexecut
ionand 
agai
nst
whom anexecut
ioncanbemade?

Q.
4.Whatar
ethev
ari
ousmodesofex
ecut
ionofdecr
ee.oror
der
?Di
scuss.

Q.
5.Anexecut
ingcour
tcannotgo 
behi
nd 
decr
ee.I
sther
eanyexcept
ion 
tot
he 
rul
e. 
If
any
,pr
ovi
de?
Q.
6. 
Expl
ain 
the 
fol
l
owi
ng:

a.SummonsandDi
scov
eryof
 Par
ti
es

b.Not
ice

c.Pr
ovi
sions 
rel
ati
ng 
to 
att
endance 
of 
wit
nesses.

d.Execut
ingCour
t

e.Pr
oper
ti
eswhi
chcannotbeat
tached

f
.Di
smi
ssal
ofSui
tindef
aul
t

g.Set
ti
ngasi
deex-
par
te 
decr
ee

UNI
T-I
V

I
NCI
DENTAL PROCEEDI
NGS:COMMI
SSI
ON,LETTER OF REQUEST,
SUPPLEMENTAL PROCEEDI
NGS: ARREST AND ATTACHMENT
BEFORE JUDGMENT,TEMPORARY I
NJUNCTI
ON,I
NTERLOCUTORY
ORDERS,RECEI
VER, APPEALS,REFERENCE,REVI
EW,REVI
SION,
RESTI
TUTI
ON,
CAVEAT,
INHERENTPOWERSOFCOURT.

I
NCI
DENTALPROCEEDI
NGS

Commi
ssi
on(
Sect
ions-75t
o78andOr
der26)

Meani
ng:

 
'
Commi
ssi
on'
isapr
ocesst
hroughwhi
ch 
thewi
tnesses,whoar
esi
ckori
nfi
rm and
ar
eunabl
etoat
tendt
heCour
t,ar
eexami
nedbyi
ssui
ngacommi
ssi
onbyt
heCour
t.
Sect
ions75t
o78 
andOr
derXXVIoft
heCodedealwi
tht
he 
var
iouspr
ovi
sions
r
elat
ingt
othei
ssue 
ofCommi
ssi
ont
oex
ami
newi
tnesseswhoar
eunabl
etoat
tend
t
heCour
tforoneort
heot
herr
easons.

PowerofCour
ttoi
ssueCommi
ssi
ons:
 
Asagener
alr
ule,
theev
idenceofawi
tnessi
nanact
ion,
whet
herhei
sapar
tyt
othe
sui
tor
 not
,shoul
dbet
akeni
nopen'Cour
t 
andt
est
edbycr
oss-
exami
nat
ion.The
cour
thas a di
scr
eti
on t
orel
ax t
he r
ule 
ofat
tendance i
n Cour
t,undersome
ci
rcumst
ancesandmayj
ust
if
yissueofacommi
ssi
on.Sect
ion75oft
heCode 
-
speci
fi
est
hepower
sofaCour
tto 
i
ssueCommi
ssi
on.
 

Sect
ion75:

 
Subj
ectt
othecondi
ti
onsandl
i
mit
ati
onsasmaybepr
escr
ibed,
theCour
tmayi
ssue
acommi
ssi
on:
-

a.t
o exami
ne 
any
 per
son;
order
 XXVI
,
 Rul
e 1 
to 
8

b.t
o make 
alocal
 
inv
est
igat
ion;
 
order
 XXVI
,
 Rul
e 9t
o 10

c.t
o exami
ne 
or 
adj
ust
 account
s; 
order
 XXVI
,
 Rul
e 11 
to 
12

d.t
o make 
a par
ti
ti
on 
;
 or
der
 XXVI
,
 Rul
e 13 
to 
14

e.t
o hol
d asci
ent
if
ic,
 
techni
cal
 
orexper
t 
inv
est
igat
ion;
 
order
 XXVI
,Rul
e 10-
A

f
.to conductsal
e ofpr
oper
tywhi
ch i
s subj
ectt
o speedyand nat
uraldecay
and 
whi
ch 
i
sint
hecust
odyoft
heCour
tpendi
ngt
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hesui
t;
 or
der
XXVI
,Rul
e10-
C

g.t
oper
for
m anymi
nist
eri
alact
;Rul
es15t
o18-Bdeal
wit
hgener
alpr
ovi
sions.or
der
XXVI
,Rul
e10-
B

Casesi
nwhi
chCour
tmayi
ssueCommi
ssi
ont
oexami
neaper
son(
Wit
ness)
:

 
Acommi
ssi
onmaybei
ssuedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngcases:

a.
 Any Cour
t may i
n any sui
t 
issue a commi
ssi
on f
or t
he exami
nat
ion on
i
nter
rogat
ori
es 
orot
her
wiseofanyper
son,
ift
heper
sont
obe 
exami
nedasawi
tness
r
esi
deswi
thi
nthe 
l
ocal
li
mit
sofj
uri
sdi
cti
on,
and

i
.Isexempt
edundert
heCodef
rom at
tendi
ngt
heCour
t,or

i
i.i
nthei
nter
estofj
ust
ice,orf
orexpedi
ti
ousdi
sposalofacase,orf
orany
 ot
herr
easonhi
sexami
nat
iononcommi
ssi
onwi
l
lbepr
oper
; 
or

b.i
f 
he 
resi
desbey
ondt
hel
ocal
 
li
mit
s of
 j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
he 
Cour
t,
 or
 

c.he 
i
s aboutt
oleav
e t
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
he 
Cour
t,
 or

d.I
f 
hei
saGov
ernment
 ser
vantand cannot
 i
ntheopi
nion 
oft
heCour
t,at
tend
wi
thout
 det
ri
ment
 t
othepubl
i
c ser
vice,
 
or

e.hei
sresi
dingoutofI
ndi
aandt
heCour
tis 
sat
isf
iedt
hathi
sev
idencei
s necessar
y.

Per
sonsf
orwhoseexami
nat
ionscommi
ssi
onmaybei
ssued:Rul
e4(
1):

 
Any Cour
t may i
n any sui
tissue a 
commi
ssi
on f
or t
he exami
nat
ion on
i
nter
rogat
ori
esor
 ot
her
wiseofanyper
son,

a.I
fhe 
resi
desbey
ondt
hel
ocall
i
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
hecour
tor[
(Or
derXXVI
,
Rul
e4(
1)(
a)]

b.i
fhei
saboutt
oleav
ethej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heCour
t,or[
(Or
derXXVI
,Rul
e4(
1)(
b)]

c.i
fhei
saGov
t.ser
vantandcannot
,int
heopi
nionoft
hecour
t,at
tendwi
thout
det
ri
mentt
othepubl
i
cser
vice,
or[
(Or
derXXVI
,Rul
e4(
1)(
c)]

d.i
fhei
sresi
dingoutofI
ndi
aandt
heCour
tissat
isf
iedt
hathi
sev
idencei
s
necessar
y.Rul
e5

Towhom Commi
ssi
onmaybei
ssued:[
Rul
e4(
2)and(
3)]

Rul
e4(
2):

 
Suchcommi
ssi
onmaybei
ssuedt
oany
 Cour
t,notbei
ngahi
gh 
Cour
t,wi
thi
nthe
l
ocall
i
mit
sofwhosej
uri
sdi
cti
onsuchper
sonr
esi
des;ort
oanypl
eadedorot
her
per
sonwhom t
heCour
tissui
ngt
hecommi
ssi
onmayappoi
nt.

Rul
e4(
3):

 
TheCour
toni
ssui
ng anycommi
ssi
onundert
hisr
uleshal
ldi
rectwhet
hert
he
commi
ssi
onhal
lber
etur
nedt
oit
sel
fort
oanysubor
dinat
eCour
t.
Or
derf
orI
ssueofCommi
ssi
on:(
Rul
e-2)

TheCour
tmayi
ssuesucha 
commi
ssi
on–

a.ei
thersuomot
u(ofi
tsownmot
ion)or

b.ont
heappl
i
cat
ionofanypar
tyt
othesui
t,or

c.
 of
 t
he 
wit
ness 
to 
be 
exami
ned.

Ev
idencet
obeapar
tofRecor
d:(
Rul
e-7)
:

 
Theev
idencet
akenoncommi
ssi
onshal
l
,subj
ectt
othepr
ovi
sionsofr
ule8,f
orm
par
toft
her
ecor
d.

Whendeposi
ti
onmayber
eadi
nev
idence:(
Rul
e-S):

 
Evi
dencet
akenunderacommi
ssi
onshal
lnotr
eadasev
idencei
nthesui
t 
wit
houtt
he
consentoft
hepar
tyagai
nst
 whom t
hesamei
sof
fer
ed,
unl
ess.

a.Theper
son,
whogav
etheev
idence,
isbey
ondt
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heCour
tordead
orunabl
eforsi
cknessori
nfi
rmi
tyt
oat
tendt
obeper
sonal
l
yexami
ned,or
 exempt
ed
f
rom per
sonalappear
ancei
nCour
t,ori
saper
soni
ntheSer
viceoft
heGov
ernment
who cannot
,int
he opi
nion of t
he Cour
t,at
tend wi
thout det
ri
ment t
othe
publ
i
c ser
vice;
or

b.TheCour
tinhi
sdi
scr
eti
ondi
spenseswi
tht
hepr
oofofanyoft
heci
rcumst
ances
ment
ioned i
n cl
ause(
a),and aut
hor
izes t
he ev
idence of
 anyper
son bei
ng r
ead
as 
evi
dence i
n't
he sui
t,not
wit
hst
andi
ng pr
ooft
hatt
he cause f
ort
aki
ng such
ev
idencebycommi
ssi
onhasceasedatt
het
imeofr
eadi
ngt
hesame.

Let
ter
sOfRequest
:(Sect
ion77)
:

 
Inl
i
euofi
ssui
ngacommi
ssi
ont
heCour
tmayi
ssueaLet
terofRequestt
oexami
ne
awi
tnessr
esi
dingatanypl
acenotwi
thi
nIndi
a.

SUPPLEMENTALPROCEEDI
NGS
Ar
restBef
oreJudgment(
Order38,
Rul
e1t
o4)
Int
roduct
ion:

 
Thegener
alr
ulei
sthatacr
edi
torhav
ingacl
aim agai
nstt
hedebt
orhasf
ir
stt
o
obt
ainadecr
eeagai
nsthi
m andt
hen 
execut
ethesai
ddecr
eeaccor
dingt
o t
he
pr
ovi
sionsofOr
derXXIandmayadoptt
hemodeofhi
sar
restorat
tachmentofhi
s
pr
oper
tyi
nsuchexecut
ion,butunderspeci
alci
rcumst
ances,t
hecr
edi
tor
,howev
er
canmov
efort
hear
restoft
hedebt
ororf
ort
heat
tachmentofhi
spr
oper
tyev
en
bef
oret
hej
udgmenti
nor
der
 t
opr
eventanyat
temptont
hepar
toft
hedef
endantt
o
def
eatt
heexecut
ionofdecr
eet
hatmaybe 
passedagai
nsthi
m.

Pr
inci
ple:

Whencansuchor
derbepassed:Anappl
i
cat
ionf
orar
restmaybe 
madebyt
he
pl
aint
if
fat
 anyt
imeaf
tert
hepl
ainti
spr
esent
ed,
evenbef
oret
heser
viceofsummons
i
sef
fect
ed-
ont
hedef
endantandt
heCour
tmaypasst
heor
derof
-ar
restupon 
the
sat
isf
act
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wocondi
ti
ons:

a.
 ThePl
aint
if
fssui
t 
mustbebona 
fi
deandhi
s causeofact
ionmustact
ionbe
pr
ima 
faci
euni
mpeachabl
esubj
ectt
ohi
spr
ovi
ngt
heal
l
egat
ionsi
nthepl
aint
,and

b.
 The Cour
t 
musthav
e r
eason t
o-bel
i
eve on 
adequat
e mat
eri
als 
thatunl
ess 
thi
s
ext
raor
dinar
y poweri
sexer
cised t
her
eisa r
ealdangert
hatt
he def
endantwi
l
l
r
emov
ehi
msel
forhi
spr
oper
tyf
rom t
heambi
toft
hepower
stot
heCour
t.

Gr
oundsofar
restbef
ore 
judgment
:

 
(Or
der38,Rul
e1)Wher
ealanyst
ageoft
hesui
t,ot
hert
hanasui
tof
thenat
ure
r
efer
redt
oin 
Sect
ion16,
clauses(
a)t
o(d)
,theCour
tis 
sat
isf
ied,
eit
herbyaf
fi
dav
itor
ot
her
wise–

a.
 t
hatt
hedef
endant
, 
wit
hint
entt
o del
ayt
hepl
aint
if
f,ort
o av
oidanypr
ocess 
oft
he
Cour
t,
 ort
o obst
ruct
 ordel
ayt
heexecut
ionofanydecr
eet
hatmaybepassed
agai
nsthi
m:

a.hasabscondedorl
eftt
hel
ocal
li
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heCour
t,or

b.i
saboutt
oabscondorl
eav
ethel
ocall
i
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heCour
t,
 or

c.hasdi
sposedoforr
emov
ed,f
rom t
hel
ocall
i
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
he
Cour
thi
spr
oper
tyoranypar
tther
eof
,or

b.
 t
hat t
he 
def
endant i
s about t
o l
eav
e I
ndi
a under
 ci
rcumst
ances af
for
ding
r
easonabl
epr
obabi
l
ity
 thatt
hepl
aint
if
fwi
l
lormayt
her
ebybeobst
ruct
edordel
ayed
i
ntheexecut
ionofanydecr
eet
hatmaybepassedagai
nstt
hedef
endanti
nthe 
sui
t

TheCour
tmayi
ssueawar
rantt
oar
restt
hedef
endantandbr
inghi
m bef
oret
he
Cour
ttoshowcausewhyheshoul
dnotf
urni
shsecur
it
yforhi
s appear
ance.

Pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hedef
endantshal
lnot
 bear
rest
edi
fhe 
pay
stot
heof
fi
cerent
rust
ed
wi
tht
heex
ecut
ionof
 t
hewar
rantanysum speci
fi
edi
nthe 
war
rantassuf
fi
cientt
o
sat
isf
ythepl
aint
if
fscl
aims;andsuchsum shal
lbehel
dindeposi
tbyt
heCour
tunt
il
t
hesui
tisdi
sposedoforunt
ilt
hef
urt
heror
deroft
heCour
t.
Secur
it
y:(
Rul
e2)

i
.Wher
ethedef
endantf
ail
stoshow suchcauset
heCour
tshal
lor
derhi
m
ei
thert
odeposi
tint
he 
Cour
tmoney-
orot
herpr
oper
tysuf
fi
cientt
oanswert
he
cl
aimsagai
nsthi
mtof
urni
shsecur
it
yforhi
sappear
anceatt
het
imewhen
cal
l
eduponwhi
l
ethesui
tispendi
ngandunt
ilsat
isf
act
ionofanydecr
eet
hat
maybepassedagai
nsthi
mint
hesui
t,ormake 
suchor
derasi
tthi
nksf
iti
n
r
egar
dtot
hesum whi
chmayhav
ebeenpai
dbyt
hedef
endantundert
he
pr
ovi
sot
othel
astpr
ecedi
ngr
ule.

i
i
.Ev
erysur
etyf
ort
heappear
anceofadef
endantshal
lbi
ndhi
msel
findef
aul
t
ofsuchappear
ance,t
opayanysum ofmoney
,whi
cht
hedef
endantmaybe
or
der
edt
o payi
nthesui
t.

Pr
ocedur
eonappl
icat
ionbysur
etyt
obedi
schar
ged(
Dischar
geofSecur
it
y):(
Rul
e
3)

I
. 
A sur
etyf
or 
theappear
anceof
 adef
endant
 mayat
 anyt
ime 
appl
ytot
heCour
t 
in
whi
chhe 
becamesuchsur
etyt
obedi
schar
gedf
rom hi
s obl
i
gat
ion.

i
i
. 
Onsuchappl
i
cat
ion 
bei
ngmade,
that
 Cour
tshal
lsummon 
thedef
endantt
o appear
or
, 
ifi
tthi
nks 
fi
t,mayi
ssueawar
rantf
orhi
sar
rest
 i
nthef
ir
sti
nst
ance.

i
i
i.
 Ont
heappear
anceof
 t
hedef
endanti
npur
suanceof
 t
hesummonsofwar
rantor
onhi
svol
unt
arysur
render
,theCour
tshal
ldi
rectt
hesur
etyt
obedi
schar
gedf
rom hi
s
obl
i
gat
ionandshal
lcal
lupon 
thedef
endantt
ofi
nd 
fr
eshsecur
it
y.–

Pr
ocedur
ewher
edef
endantf
ail
stof
urni
shsecur
it
yorf
indf
reshsecur
it
y:(
Rul
e3)
:

 
Wher
ethedef
endantf
ail
stocompl
ywi
thanyor
derunderr
ule2or
 r
ule3,t
heCour
t
maycommi
thi
mtot
heci
vi
lpr
isonunt
ilt
hedeci
sionoft
hesui
torwher
eadecr
ee 
i
s
passedagai
nstt
hedef
endantunt
ilt
hedecr
eehasbeensat
isf
ied:

Pr
ovi
dedt
hatnoper
sonshal
lbedet
ainedi
npr
isonundert
hisr
ulei
nanycasef
ora
l
ongerper
iodt
hansi
xmont
hs,norf
oral
ongerper
iodt
hansi
xweekswhent
he
amountorv
alueoft
hesubj
ectmat
terofsui
tdoesnotexceedf
if
tyr
upees:
Pr
ovi
dedal
sot
hatnoper
sonshal
lbedet
ainedi
npr
isonundert
hisr
uleaf
terhehas
compl
i
edwi
thsuchor
der
.

Ar
restonI
nsuf
fi
cientGr
ounds:Accor
dingt
osect
ion95,wher
e,i
nanysui
tinwhi
ch
anar
restorat
tachmenthasbeenef
fect
edand-

a.i
t appear
s,t
othe Cour
tthat such 
arr
est
 or at
tachment
 was 
appl
i
ed 
for
 on
i
nsuf
fi
cient
 gr
ound,
or

b.t
he 
sui
tof
 t
he 
plai
nti
fff
ail
s and i
tappear
sto-t
he Cour
t 
thatt
her
e was no
r
easonabl
eorpr
obabl
egr
oundf
ori
nst
it
uti
ngt
hesame,

ont
heappl
i
cat
ionof
 t
hedef
endantt
heCour
t 
may
,awar
dagai
nstt
hepl
aint
if
fby
i
ts 
ordersuchamount
,notexceedi
ngf
if
tyt
housandr
upees,asi
tdeemsr
easonabl
e
compensat
ion t
o t
he def
endantf
ort
he expense ori
njur
y(i
ncl
udi
ng i
njur
yto
r
eput
ati
on)causedt
ohi
m.

Pr
ovi
dedt
hataCour
tshal
lnotawar
dunder
 t
hissect
ion,anamountexceedi
ngt
he
l
i
mit
sofi
tspecuni
ary
 j
uri
sdi
cti
on.

At
tachmentBef
oreJudgment(
Order38Rul
es5-12)

Obj
ect
:InSar
darGov
indRaoVsDev
iSahai
AIR1982S.
C.989,

 
theCour
thel
dthat"
thesol
eobj
ectbehi
ndt
heor
derl
evy
ingat
tachmentbef
ore
j
udgmenti
stogi
vean 
assur
ancet
othepl
aint
if
fthathi
sdecr
eei
fmadewoul
dbe
sat
isf
ied.I
tisasor
tofguar
ant
eeagai
nstdecr
eebecomi
ngi
n f
ruct
uousf
orwantof
pr
oper
tyav
ail
abl
efr
om whi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fcansat
isf
ythedecr
ee.
"

Gr
ounds:Rul
e5(
1):

 
Wher
e,atanyst
ageofa 
sui
t,t
heCour
tissat
isf
ied,byaf
fi
dav
itorot
her
wiset
hat
t
hedef
endant
,wi
thi
ntentt
oobst
ructordel
ayt
heexecut
ionofanydecr
eet
hatmay
bepassedagai
nsthi
m–

a.i
saboutt
odi
sposeof
 t
hewhol
eorany
 par
tofhi
spr
oper
ty,
or

b.i
saboutt
oremov
ethewhol
eoranypar
tofhi
spr
oper
tyf
rom t
hel
ocal
 l
i
mit
soft
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heCour
t;

t
heCour
tmaydi
rectt
hedef
endant
,wi
thi
na 
ti
met
obef
ixedbyi
t,ei
ther
 t
ofur
nish
secur
it
yinsuchsum asmaybespeci
fi
edi
ntheor
der
,topr
oduceand 
placeatt
he
di
sposaloft
heCour
t,when 
requi
red,t
hesai
dpr
oper
tyort
hev
alueof
 t
hesameor
suchpor
ti
ont
her
eof
 asmaybesuf
fi
cientt
osat
isf
ythedecr
ee,ort
oappearand
showcause 
whyheshoul
dnotf
urni
shsecur
it
y.

Rul
e5(
2):

 
Thepl
aint
if
fshal
l
,unl
esst
heCour
tot
her
wisedi
rect
s,speci
fyt
hepr
oper
tyr
equi
red
t
obeat
tachedandest
imat
edv
aluet
her
eof
.

Rul
e5(
3):

 
TheCour
tmayal
soi
ntheor
derdi
rectt
hecondi
ti
onalat
tachmentoft
hewhol
eor
anypor
ti
onoft
hepr
oper
tysospeci
fi
ed.

Rul
e5(
4):

 
Ifanor
derof
 at
tachmenti
smadewi
thoutcompl
yi
ngwi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsofSub-
rul
e
1 
ofRul
e5,
suchat
tachmentshal
lbev
oid.

Pr
inci
ples:

 
Ther
emedyofanat
tachmentbef
orej
udgmenti
sanext
raor
dinar
yremedyandmust
beexer
cisedspar
ingl
yandst
ri
ctl
yinaccor
dancewi
tht
hel
aw 
andwi
tht
heut
most
car
e and caut
ion,
"and 
the Cour
tmustbe sat
isf
ied aboutt
he f
oll
owi
ng 
two
condi
ti
onsbef
oremaki
ngsuchor
der
 ofat
tachment
-

a.t
hatt
hedef
endanti
saboutt
odi
sposeoft
hewhol
eoranypar
tofhi
s
pr
oper
ty;
and

b.t
hatt
he di
sposali
swi
tht
he i
ntent
ion ofobst
ruct
ing ordel
ayi
ng t
he
execut
ionofanydecr
eet
hatmay
bepassedagai
nsthi
m.

Chandr
ikaPr
asadVsHi
ral
al,AI
R1924,PatH C,DawsonMi
l
larC.
J.,
-
  
stat
edt
hat
"
suchapoweri
sonl
ygi
venwhent
heCour
tissat
isf
iednotonl
ythatt
hedef
endanti
s
aboutt
odi
sposeofhi
spr
oper
ti
esort
ohedef
endantf
urni
shest
hesecur
it
yrequi
red,
t
oget
herwi
thsecur
it
yforcost
soft
heat
tachmentorwhent
hesui
tisdi
smi
ssed.
EMPORARYI
NJUNCTI
ON(
ORDERXXXI
XRULES1TO5)

Meani
ngofI
njunct
ion:Ani
njunct
ioni
sanor
derbyt
he 
Cour
ttoapar
tyt
othe 
eff
ect
t
hatheshal
ldoorr
efr
ainf
rom doi
ngapar
ti
cul
aract
.“Aj
udi
cialpr
ocess,bywhi
ch
one,whohasi
nvadedori
sthr
eat
eni
ngt
o i
nvadet
her
ight
s(l
egalor
 sui
tabl
e)of
anot
her
,isr
est
rai
nedf
rom cont
inui
ngorcommenci
ngsuchwr
ongf
ulact
."

Accor
dingt
oLor
dHal
sbur
y:

 
"Ani
njunct
ioni
saj
udi
cialpr
ocesswher
eby
 apar
tyi
sor
der
edt
oref
rai
n .am doi
ng
ort
o do 
a par
ti
cul
aractort
hing.
"In 
the f
ormercase i
tiscal
l
ed a 
Rest
ri
cti
ve
I
njunct
ionandt
hel
atercaseaMandat
oryI
njunct
ion.

Char
act
eri
sti
c ofI
njunct
ion:

 
An 
i
njunct
ion 
has 
thr
ee 
char
act
eri
sti
cs 
–

1.I
tisaj
udi
ci
alpr
ocess,

2.Theobj
ect
 t
her
ebyi
s r
est
rai
nt 
orpr
event
ion,
and

3.Thet
hingr
est
rai
nedorpr
event
ed 
i
sa 
wrongf
ulact
.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofI
njunct
ion:

 
Thel
awr
elat
ingt
oinj
unct
ioni
slai
ddowni
n t
heSpeci
fi
cRel
i
efAct
,1963(
Sect
ion36
t
o42)
.

 
An 
i
njunct
ion 
may
 be
cl
assi
fi
ed 
accor
ding 
to 
the 
rel
i
ef 
grant
ed 
or 
accor
ding 
to 
i
ts 
nat
ure 
or
accor
ding 
to 
theoper
ati
onofTi
me.

As 
regar
ds 
the 
"t
ime"
 of
 t
hei
r 
oper
ati
on 
the 
i
njunct
ion 
may
 be 
div
ided 
i
nto 
two 
cat
ego
r
ies-

i
) 
Per
pet
ual
 
or 
(Per
manent
),
 and

i
i
) I
nter
locut
ory
 Or
 (
Tempor
ary
)

i
.Per
pet
ualor(
Per
manent
):
 Aper
pet
uali
njunct
ionr
est
rai
nsapar
tyf
orev
erf
rom
doi
ngt
he 
speci
fi
cactandcanbegr
ant
edonl
yon 
mer
it
satt
heconcl
usi
onoft
het
ri
al
af
terhear
ingbot
h t
hepar
ti
est
othesui
ts.Sect
ion37(
2)of
 t
heSpeci
fi
c-Rel
i
efAct
,
1963

i
i.I
nter
locut
oryor(
Tempor
ary
):

Def
ini
ti
on:

 
Atempor
aryi
njunct
ionori
nter
imi
njunct
ion,
rest
rai
nsapar
tyt
empor
ari
l
yfr
om doi
ng
t
hespeci
fi
edactandcanbegr
ant
edonl
yunt
ilt
hedi
sposaloft
hesui
tor
 unt
ilt
he_
f
urt
heror
der
soft
he 
Cour
ts.I
tisr
egul
atedbyOr
der39 
rul
e1t
o5 
oft
heC.
P.C.and
maybegr
ant
ed 
atanyst
ageoft
hesui
t.Sect
ion37(
1)of
 t
heSpeci
fi
cRel
i
efAct
,1963

Obj
ect
:

 
The pr
imar
y obj
ect of gr
ant
ing t
empor
ary
 i
njunct
ion i
s t
o mai
ntai
n and
pr
eser
ve 
stat
usquoatt
het
imeofi
nst
it
uti
onoft
hepr
oceedi
ngsandt
opr
eventany
changei
nitunt
ilt
hef
inal
det
ermi
nat
ionoft
hesui
t.

Gr
ounds:[
Order39Rul
e1,
2andal
soSec.94(
c)]

 
A t
empor
aryi
njunct
ionmay
 begr
ant
ed 
byt
he 
Cour
tundert
hef
oll
owi
ngcases:

1.
 Wher
einanysui
titi
spr
ovedbyaf
fi
dav
itorot
her
wise:

a.t
hatanypr
oper
tyi
ndi
sput
einasui
t,i
sindangerofbei
ngwast
ed,
 
damaged
oral
i
enat
edbyanypar
tyt
othesui
t,orwr
ongf
ull
ysol
dinexecut
ionofa
decr
ee;
orRul
e1(
a).

b.t
hedef
endantt
hreat
ens,ori
ntendst
oremov
eordi
sposeofhi
spr
oper
ty
wi
thav
iewt
odef
raudi
nghi
scr
edi
tor
s,orRul
e1(
b)

c.t
hedef
endantt
hreat
enst
odi
sposest
hepl
aint
if
finr
elat
iont
oanypr
oper
ty
i
ndi
sput
eint
hesui
t,orRul
e1(
c)
TheCour
tmaybyor
dergr
ant
 at
empor
aryi
njunct
iont
orest
rai
nsuchact
,or
 make
suchot
heror
derf
ort
hepur
posesofst
ayi
ngandpr
event
ingt
hewast
ing,damagi
ng,
al
i
enat
ion,sal
e,r
emov
alordi
spossessi
onoft
hepr
oper
tyordi
spossessi
onoft
he
pl
aint
if
f,orot
her
wisecausi
ngi
njur
ytot
hepl
aint
if
finr
elat
iont
oanypr
oper
tyi
n
di
sput
eint
hesui
tast
heCour
tthi
nksf
it
,unt
ilt
hedi
sposaloft
hesui
torunt
ilf
urt
her
or
der
s.2.
Wher
e t
he def
endant i
s about
 t
o commi
t a 
breach 
of cont
ract
, or
ot
her
 i
njur
y ofany ki
nd,or
 Rul
e 2(
1)3.Wher
ethe Cour
tis 
oft
he opi
nion t
hat
t
he 
i
nter
estofj
ust
icesor
equi
res:
Sect
ion94(
c)

Pr
inci
ples:

 
Thepowert
ogr
antat
empor
aryi
njunct
ion 
i
sint
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
heCour
t,butt
his
di
scr
eti
on,
shoul
dbeexer
cisedr
easonabl
y,j
udi
ci
ousl
yandonsound 
l
egalpr
inci
ples.
Gener
all
y,bef
oregr
ant
ing t
hei
njunct
ion,t
heCour
tmustbesat
isf
ied about
 t
he
f
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons:

i
) 
Pri
ma 
faci
e case;

i
i
) I
rr
epar
abl
e I
njur
y; 
and

i
i
i) 
Bal
ance 
of 
conv
eni
ence

i
)Pr
ima 
faci
e case:

 
Theappl
i
cantmustmakeoutapr
imaf
aci
ecase 
i
nsuppor
toft
her
ightcl
aimed
by
him.TheCour
tmustbesat
isf
iedt
hatt
her
eisabonaf
idedi
sput
erai
sedbyt
he
appl
i
cantandont
hef
act
sbef
oret
heCour
tther
eisapr
obabi
l
ityoft
he 
appl
i
cant
bei
ngent
it
ledt
other
eli
efcl
aimed 
byhi
m.

I
ndeci
dingpr
imaf
aci
ecase;t
heCour
tist
obegui
dedbyt
hePl
aint
if
fscaseas
r
eveal
edi
nthepl
aint
,af
fi
dav
itsorot
hermat
eri
alspr
oducedbyhi
m..
.and"
whi
l
e
det
ermi
ning 
whet
her a pr
ima f
aci
e case had been made out
,the r
elev
ant
consi
der
ati
on i
s,whet
her
'on 
theev
idence l
ed,i
twaspossi
blet
o ar
ri
ve att
he
concl
usi
oni
nquest
ionandnotwhet
hert
hatwast
heonl
yconcl
usi
onwhi
chcoul
dbe
ar
ri
vedatt
hatev
idence.
"?

i
i)I
rr
epar
abl
eInj
ury
:
 
Theappl
i
cantmustf
urt
hersat
isf
ytheCour
tthathewi
l
lsuf
feri
rr
epar
abl
einj
uryi
f
t
hei
njunct
ionaspr
ayedi
snotgr
ant
ed,andt
her
eisno 
otherr
emedyopent
ohi
m by
whi
chhecanpr
otecthi
msel
ffr
om t
heconsequencesofappr
ehended 
i
njur
y.The
expr
essi
on"
ir
repar
abl
einj
ury
"meanst
hatt
he 
i
njur
ymustbemat
eri
alone,Le.whi
ch
cannotbeadequat
elycompensat
edbydamages.

i
ii
)Bal
anceofConv
eni
ence:

 
Thebal
anceofconv
eni
encemustbei
nfav
ouroft
heappl
i
cant
.Inot
herwor
dst
he
Cour
tmustbesat
isf
iedt
hatt
hecompensat
ion,mi
schi
efori
nconv
eni
encewhi
chi
s
l
i
kel
ytobecausedt
othe 
appl
i
cantbywi
thhol
dingt
hei
njunct
ionwi
l
lbe 
great
ert
han
t
hatwhi
chi
sli
kel
ytobecausedt
otheopposi
tepar
tybygr
ant
ingi
t.

Di
scr
eti
onar
yRemedy
:

 
Sincegr
antofi
njunct
ioni
sdi
scr
eti
onar
yandanequi
tabl
erel
i
ef,ev
eni
fal
lthe
condi
ti
onsar
esat
isf
ied,
theCour
tmayr
efuset
ogr
ant
 i
tforsomeot
herr
easonse.
g.,
on 
thegr
oundofdel
ay,
lat
chesoracqui
escenceorwher
etheappl
i
canthasnotcome
wi
th cl
ean hands or has suppr
essed mat
eri
al f
act
s, or wher
e monet
ary
compensat
ioni
sadequat
e r
eli
ef.

Not
ice:

 
TheCour
tshal
lbef
oregr
ant
ingani
njunct
ion,gi
venot
icet
otheopposi
tepar
ty,
exceptwher
eitappear
sthatt
heobj
ectofgr
ant
ingt
he 
i
njunct
ionwoul
dbedef
eat
ed
byt
hedel
ay.

 
Accor
ding 
to 
prov
iso 
to 
Rul
e 3,
 
when 
an 
ex 
par
te 
i
njunct
ion 
i
s pr
oposed 
to 
be 
giv
en 
t
he 
Cour
t 
has 
to 
recor
dther
easonsf
orcomi
ngt
otheconcl
usi
ont
hatt
heobj
ectof
gr
ant
ingt
hei
njunct
ionwoul
dbedef
eat
edbyt
hedel
ayandt
heCour
tshal
lor
dert
he
appl
i
cant–

a.
to 
del
i
ver or
 t
o send by
 regi
ster
ed 
post a 
copy of t
he appl
i
cat
ion f
or
i
njunct
ion 
toget
herwi
th 
–
 i
) 
a copy
 of
 af
fi
dav
it 
fi
led 
i
n suppor
t 
of 
appl
i
cat
ion,

i
i
) a 
copy
 of
 t
he 
Plai
nt,
 
and

i
i
i) 
copi
es 
of 
document
s on 
whi
ch 
the 
appl
i
cant
 r
eli
es,
 
and

b)t
ofi
l
e,on 
the 
day
 on whi
ch i
njunct
ion i
s gr
ant
ed or
 on t
he dayi
mmedi
atel
y
f
oll
owi
ng t
hatday
,anaf
fi
dav
itst
ati
ng t
hatt
hecopi
esaf
oresai
d hav
ebeenso
del
i
ver
edorsenti
mmedi
atel
ytot
heopposi
tepar
ty.

I
ncaseofex-
par
tei
njunct
ion,
theCour
tshal
lmakeanendeav
ourt
ofi
nal
l
ydi
sposeof
t
heappl
i
cat
ionwi
thi
n30day
sfr
om t
hedat
eonwhi
cht
heex-
par
tei
njunct
ionwas
gr
ant
ed.Wher
etheCour
tfi
ndsi
tdi
ff
icul
ttodi
sposeoft
heappl
i
cat
ionwi
thi
nthe
per
iodof30day
s,t
her
easonsar
erequi
redt
ober
ecor
ded.(
Rul
e3-
A).

 
An 
order
 of
 i
njunct
ion 
may
 be 
dischar
ged,
 
var
ied 
or 
set
 asi
de 
by 
the 
Cour
t 
on 
appl
i
ca
t
ion 
bei
ng 
made 
by 
any
par
tydi
ssat
isf
iedwi
thsuchor
der
;9orwher
esuch 
dischar
ged,
v
ari
ati
onorsetasi
dehasbeennecessi
tat
edbyt
hechangei
ntheci
rcumst
ances,or
wher
etheCour
tissat
isf
iedt
hatsuchor
derhascausedunduehar
dshi
ptot
heot
her
si
de.

Pr
ovi
dedt
hati
fanappl
i
cat
ionf
ort
empor
aryi
njunct
ionori
nanyaf
fi
dav
itsuppor
ti
ng
suchappl
i
cat
ion,apar
tyhasknowi
ngl
ymadeaf
alseormi
sleadi
ng 
stat
ementi
n
r
elat
iont
o amat
eri
al 
par
ti
cul
arandt
hei
njunct
ionwasgr
ant
edwi
thout"
giv
ing"nonce
t
o t
heopposi
tepar
ty,t
heCour
tshal
lvacat
ethei
njunct
ionunl
ess,f
orr
easonst
obe
r
ecor
ded,i
t 
consi
der
sthati
tisnotnecessar
ytodo 
i
nthei
nter
estofj
ust
ice.
"Fi
rst
Pr
ovi
sot
oRul
e4

Pr
ovi
dedf
urt
hert
hatwher
eanor
derf
ori
njunct
ionhasbeenpassedaf
tergi
vi
nga
par
tyanoppor
tuni
tyofbei
nghear
d,t
heor
dershal
l
 notbedi
schar
ged,v
ari
edorset
-
asi
deon 
theappl
i
cat
ionoft
hatpar
tyexceptwher
esuchdi
schar
ged,v
ari
ati
onorset
asi
de 
hasbeennecessi
tat
edbyt
hechange 
i
ntheci
rcumst
ances,
orunl
esst
heCour
t
i
ssat
isf
iedt
hat
" 
theor
derhascausedhar
dshi
p t
othatpar
ty.SecondPr
ovi
sot
oRul
e
4

 
Prov
idedal
sot
hati
fatanyst
ageoft
hesui
titappear
s't
otheCour
tthatt
hePar
ty"i
n
whosef
avourt
he 
orderofi
njunct
ionex
ist
sisdi
l
ati
ngt
hepr
oceedi
ngsori
sot
her
wise
abusi
ngt
hepr
ocessoft
heCour
t,i
tshal
lsetasi
det
heor
derf
ori
njunct
ion.U.
P.St
ate
Amendment

ConsequencesOfDi
sobedi
enceOrBr
eachOfI
njunct
ion:

 
Sect
ion 94(
c)and Rul
e 2-
A ofOr
der39 pr
ovi
de f
ort
he consequences of
di
sobedi
enceorbr
eachofanor
derofan 
i
njunct
ioni
ssuedbyt
heCour
t.Thepenal
ty
f
ordi
sobedi
enceorbr
each 
ofi
njunct
ionmaybeei
therar
restorat
tachmentofhi
s
pr
oper
tyorbot
hoft
heopposi
tepar
tywhohascommi
tt
edbr
each.Howev
er,t
he
det
ent
ion i
n ci
vi
lpr
ison shal
lnotexceed t
hree mont
hs and t
he 
att
achmentof
pr
oper
tyshal
lnotr
emai
nin 
for
ce f
ormor
ethan one 
year
.[Rul
e2-
A(1)
]Ift
he
di
sobedi
enceorbr
eachst
il
lcont
inues,
thepr
oper
tyat
tachedmaybesol
dandoutof
t
hepr
oceeds,t
heCour
tmayawar
dsuchcompensat
ionasi
t 
thi
nksf
itt
othei
njur
ed
par
ty.[
Rul
e2-
A(2)
]

Thet
ransf
ereeCour
tcanal
soexer
cisehi
spowerand 
canpuni
shf
orbr
eachof
i
njunct
iongr
ant
edby
 thet
ransf
erorCour
t.[
Rul
e2-
A(1)
]

I
njunct
iononi
nsuf
fi
cientgr
ounds:

 
Wheni
nanysui
tinwhi
chanor
deroft
empor
aryi
njunct
ionhasbeenobt
ainedbyt
he
pl
aint
if
foni
nsuf
fi
cientgr
ounds,orwher
ethesui
toft
he 
plai
nti
fff
ail
sandi
tappear
s
t
otheCour
tthatt
her
ewasnor
easonabl
eor
 pr
obabl
egr
oundf
ori
nst
it
uti
ngi
t,
on 
appl
i
cat
ionbei
ngmadebyt
hedef
endant
,theCour
tmayor
dert
hepl
aint
if
ftopay
such amountnotexceedi
ng one 
thousand r
upees,as i
tdeems a r
easonabl
e
compensat
iont
othedef
endantf
ort
heexpenseori
njur
ytor
eput
ati
oncausedt
o
hi
m. 

An 
order
 decl
i
ning 
to 
grant
 i
njunct
ion 
and 
i
ssui
ng 
not
ice 
to 
def
endant
s V/
s Rul
e 3 
of 
Or
der
 39 
i
s not
appeal
abl
eunderOr
der43Rul
e1(
2)oft
heCodebutwhent
heex-
par
tei
nter
imi
njunct
ioni
sref
usedi
l
legal
l
y,t
heCour
tcan 
i
nexer
ciseofi
ts 
powerof
Super
int
endenceunder
 Sect
ion115oft
heCode,
grantad-
int
eri
minj
unct
ion.
I
nter
locut
oryOr
der
s(Or
derXXXI
XRul
es6t
o10)

Meani
ng:

 
Int
eri
m or
der
sori
nter
locut
oryor
der
sar
e t
hoseor
der
spassedbyaCour
tdur
ing 
the
pendencyofasui
torpr
oceedi
ngwhi
chdonotdet
ermi
nef
inal
l
ythesubst
ant
ive
r
ight
sand l
i
abi
l
iti
esoft
hepar
ti
esi
nrespectoft
hesubj
ect
-mat
teroft
hesui
t
or
 pr
oceedi
ng.

 
Aft
er 
the 
sui
t 
is 
i
nst
it
uted 
by 
the 
plai
nti
ff
 and 
bef
ore 
i
t i
s f
inal
l
y di
sposed 
of,
 
the 
Cour
t
 may
 make 
i
nter
locut
ory
order
sasmayappeart
otheCour
ttobej
ustandconv
eni
ent
.
[
Sect
ion94(
e)]

 
Int
eri
m or
der
sori
nter
locut
oryor
der
sar
emadei
nor
dert
o assi
stt
hepar
ti
est
othe
sui
tint
he pr
osecut
ion oft
hei
rcase orf
ort
he 
pur
pose ofpr
otect
ion oft
he
subj
ect
 mat
teroft
hesui
t.

I
nter
locut
oryOr
der
sUnder
 Or
derXXXI
X:

1.
Powerof
 Cour
tto 
OrderI
nter
im Sal
e:

Ont
heappl
i
cat
ionofanypar
ty(
anappl
i
cat
ionbyt
hepl
aint
if
f 
underRul
es6or
 7may
bemade 
atanyt
ime 
aft
ert
hei
nst
it
uti
onoft
hesui
t 
whi
l
ebyt
hedef
endant
, 
itmaybe
made 
atanyt
imeaf
terappear
ance)t
othesui
t,
 t
heCour
tmay
,or
dert
hesal
eofany
mov
eabl
epr
oper
ty,bei
ngt
hesubj
ect
-mat
terofsuchsui
t,orat
tachbef
orej
udgment
i
n suchsui
t,whi
chi
ssubj
ectt
o speedyandnat
ural
 
del
ay,orwhi
chf
oranyj
ust
and 
suf
fi
cientcausei
tmaybedesi
rabl
etohav
ebeensol
datonce.

2.
Det
ent
ion,
Preser
vat
ion,
Inspect
ion,
etc,
ofSubj
ect
-mat
terofSui
t:

 
TheCour
tmaymakeanor
derf
ordet
ent
ion,pr
eser
vat
ionandi
nspect
ionofany
pr
oper
ty 
whi
chi
sthesubj
ect
-mat
teroft
hesui
t,oras 
towhi
chany
 quest
ionmay
ar
iset
her
ein;
 
andaut
hor
izeany
 per
sont
oent
eruponor
 i
ntoanyl
andorbui
l
ding 
i
n
t
hepossessi
on 
ofanyot
her
 par
tyt
osuchsui
t;
 andaut
hor
izeany
 sampl
etobet
aken,
oranyobser
vat
iont
obe 
madeorexper
imentt
obet
ri
ed,
whi
chmay
 seem necessar
y
orexpedi
entf
ort
hepur
poseofobt
aini
ngf
ull
inf
ormat
ionorev
idence.
Not
icet
oOpposi
tePar
ty:

 
Noor
derunderr
ule6or7shal
lbemadewi
thoutgi
vi
ngnot
icet
otheopposi
tepar
ty,
exceptwher
eitappear
s t
otheCour
tthatt
he 
obj
ectofmaki
ngsuchor
der
 woul
dbe
def
eat
ed 
by 
del
ay.

3.Whenpar
tymaybeputi
nimmedi
atepossessi
onofl
and,t
hesubj
ectmat
terof
sui
t:

Wher
elandpay
ingr
evenuet
o gov
ernment
,orat
enur
eli
abl
e t
osal
e,i
sthesubj
ect
mat
terofa 
sui
t,ort
hepar
tyi
npossessi
onofsuch 
l
andort
enur
enegl
ect
stopayt
he
gov
ernmentr
evenue,
ort
her
entduet
o.t
hepr
opr
iet
oroft
het
enur
e,ast
hecasemay
be,
andsuchl
andort
enur
eisconsequent
lyor
der
edt
obesol
d,anyot
herpar
ty 
tot
he
sui
tcl
aimi
ngt
ohav
eani
nter
esti
n suchl
andort
enur
emay
,uponpay
mentoft
he
r
evenueor
 r
entduepr
evi
ousl
ytot
hesal
e (
and wi
th orwi
thoutsecur
it
yatt
he
di
scr
eti
onoft
hecour
t),beputi
nimmedi
atepossessi
onoft
hel
and 
ort
enur
e;and
t
hecour
tini
tsdecr
eemayawar
dagai
nstt
hedef
aul
tert
heamountsopai
d,wi
th
i
nter
estt
her
eonatsuchr
ateast
hecour
tthi
nksf
it
,ormaychar
get
heamountso
pai
d,wi
thi
nter
estt
her
eonatsuchr
ateast
hecour
tor
der
s,i
nanyadj
ust
mentof
account
swhi
chmay
 bedi
rect
edi
nthedecr
ee 
passedi
nthesui
t.
 

4.Deposi
tofmoney
,et
c.,
incour
t:

 
Wher
ethesubj
ectmat
terofasui
tismoneyor
 someot
hert
hingcapabl
eofdel
i
ver
y
andanypar
tyt
her
etoadmi
tst
hathehol
dssuchmoneyorot
hert
hingsasat
ruef
or
anot
herpar
ty,ort
hati
tbel
ongsori
s duet
oanot
herpar
ty,t
hecour
tmayor
dert
he
samet
obedeposi
tedi
ncour
tordel
i
ver
edt
osuchl
astnamedpar
ty,
wit
horwi
thout
secur
it
y,subj
ectt
othef
urt
herdi
rect
ionoft
hecour
t.

RECEI
VER(
ORDERXL)

Meani
ng:

 
Thewor
dhasnotbeendef
inedi
ntheCode.Thesamemaybedef
inedasunder
:-
"
Ther
ecei
veri
sani
mpor
tantper
sonappoi
ntedbyt
heCour
ttocol
l
ectandr
ecei
ve,
pendi
ngt
hepr
oceedi
ngs,t
her
ent
s,i
ssuesandpr
ofi
tsofl
and,or
 per
sonalest
ate,
whi
chi
tdoesnotseem r
easonabl
e t
otheCour
tthatei
therpar
tyshoul
dcol
l
ect
or
 r
ecei
ve,orf
orenabl
i
ngt
hesame 
tobedi
str
ibut
edamongt
heper
sonsent
it
led.
"
Ther
ecei
veri
sappoi
ntedf
ort
hebenef
itofal
lconcer
ned;
hei
sther
epr
esent
ati
veof
t
heCour
t,andf
oral
lpar
ti
esi
nter
est
edi
n t
hel
i
tigat
ion,
wher
ein 
hei
sappoi
nted.
 Hei
s
an 
off
iceror
 r
epr
esent
ati
veoft
he 
Cour
tandhef
unct
ionsunderi
tsdi
rect
ions.

Appoi
ntment
:

 
Inor
dert
opr
eventt
heendsofj
ust
icef
rom bei
ngdef
eat
edt
heCour
tmay
,ifi
tisso
pr
escr
ibed,appoi
ntar
ecei
verofanypr
oper
ty 
andenf
orcet
heper
for
manceofhi
s
dut
iesby
 at
tachi
ngandsel
l
inghi
spr
oper
ty.
 Ther
emuner
ati
onf
ort
heser
vicesoft
he
r
ecei
vershal
lbepai
dbyt
heor
derofCour
t.

Or
derXL:Rul
e1(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hat
:-

Wher
eitappear
stot
hecour
ttobej
ustandconv
eni
ent
,thecour
tmaybyor
der
-

a.appoi
nt 
arecei
verofanypr
oper
ty,
whet
herbef
oreoraf
terdecr
ee;

b.r
emov
e25anyper
sonf
rom t
hepossessi
onor
 cust
odyoft
hepr
oper
ty;

c.commi
tthesamet
othepossessi
on,
cust
odyormanagementoft
her
ecei
ver
;and

d.conf
erupont
her
ecei
veral
lsuchpower
s,ast
obr
ingi
nganddef
endi
ngsui
tsand
f
ort
her
eal
i
zat
ion,management
,pr
otect
ion,pr
eser
vat
ionandi
mpr
ovementoft
he'
-
'
:
proper
ty,t
he col
l
ect
ion oft
he r
ent
s and pr
ofi
tst
her
eof
,the appl
i
cat
ion and
di
sposal
 
ofsuchr
ent
sandpr
ofi
ts,andt
he 
execut
ionofdocument
sast
heowner
hi
msel
fhas,
or 
suchoft
hosepower
sast
he 
cour
tthi
nksf
it
.

Dut
iesandEnf
orcement
 t
her
eof
:

Rul
e3:
Dut
ies:
Ever
yrecei
verso 
appoi
ntedshal
l
-

a.f
urni
shsuchsecur
it
y(i
fany
)ast
hecour
tthi
nksf
it
,dul
ytoaccountf
orwhat
heshal
lrecei
vei
nrespectoft
hepr
oper
ty;

b.submi
thi
saccount
satsuchper
iodsandi
nsuchf
orm ast
he 
cour
tdi
rect
s;

c.payt
heamountduef
rom hi
m as 
thecour
tdi
rect
s;and
 d.ber
esponsi
blef
oranyl
ossoccasi
onedt
othepr
oper
tybyhi
swi
l
lfuldef
aul
t
orgr
ossnegl
i
gence.

e.f
ail
stopayt
heamountduef
rom hi
m ast
hecour
tdi
rect
s,oroccasi
onsl
oss
t
othepr
oper
tybyhi
swi
l
lful
def
aul
torgr
ossnegl
i
gence.

Rul
e 4:
 Enf
orcementof
 Recei
ver
'sDut
ies:

Wher
ear
ecei
ver
-

a)
Fai
l
stosubmi
thi
saccount
satsuchper
iodsandi
nsuchf
orm ast
hecour
t
di
rect
s,or

b)
Fai
l
stopay
 theamountdue 
fr
om 
as 
thecour
tsdi
rect
s,or

c)
Occasi
onsl
osst
othepr
oper
tybyhi
s wi
l
lful
def
aul
torgr
ossnegl
i
gence,

t
hecour
tmaydi
recthi
spr
oper
tyt
obe 
att
achedandmaysel
lsuchpr
oper
ty,
andmay
appl
ythepr
oceedst
omakegoodanyamountf
oundt
obe 
duef
rom hi
m oranyl
oss
occasi
onedbyhi
m,and 
shal
lpayt
hebal
ance(
ifany
)to 
ther
ecei
ver
. 

Accor
ding 
tor
ule5acol
l
ect
ormaybeappoi
ntedasar
ecei
verwher
ethe 
proper
tyi
s
l
andpay
ingr
evenuet
otheGov
ernment
,orl
andofwhi
cht
he 
rev
enuehasbeen
assi
gned orr
edeemed,and t
he cour
tconsi
der
sthatt
he i
nter
est
s oft
hose
concer
ned 
wil
lbepr
omot
edby
 themanagementoft
heCol
l
ect
or,
thecour
tmay
,wi
th
t
heconsentoft
heCol
l
ect
or,
appoi
nthi
mtobe 
recei
verofsuchpr
oper
ty.

Appeal
s(Sect
ion96t
o112,
Order41-
45)

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
 Thepr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ingt
oappeal
sar
e cont
ainedi
nSect
ions96t
o112
andOr
der
sXLIt
oXLVoft
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eandcanbesummar
izedas
under
:

a.Fi
rst
 Appeal
,
 Sect
ions 
96 
to 
99-
A, 
107 
and 
Order
 XLI

b.Second 
Appeal
,
 Sect
ions 
100 
to 
103,
 
108 
and 
Order
 XUI
c.Appeal
s f
rom 
Order
s Sect
ions 
104,
 
108 
and 
Order
 XLI
II

d.Appeal
s by
 I
ndi
gent
 per
sons 
Order
 XLI
V

e.Appeal
s t
o Supr
eme 
Cour
t 
Sect
ion 
109 
and 
Order
 45

Meani
ng:

 
Theappealmeans"t
heJudi
cialex
ami
nat
ionoft
hedeci
sionsbya 
higherCour
tof
t
he.Deci
sionsofani
nfer
iorCour
t”

Ri
ghtt
oAppeal
:

 
Ther
ightt
oappeali
sav
est
edr
ight
.Ther
ightt
oappeali
sasubst
ant
iver
ightand
anappeali
sacr
eat
ureof
 st
atut
eandt
her
eisnor
ightof
 appealunl
essi
tisgi
ven
cl
ear
lyi
n expr
esst
ermsbyast
atut
e.Appeali
sav
est
edr
ightandaccr
uest
othe
l
i
tigantandexi
stsasonandf
rom t
hedat
etheLi
scommencesandal
thoughi
tmay
beact
ual
l
yexer
cisedwhent
headv
ersej
udgmenti
spr
onounced.Ther
ightofappeal
i
sto 
begov
ernedbyt
hel
aw pr
evai
l
ing 
att
hedat
eoft
hei
nst
it
uti
onof
 t
hesui
tor
pr
oceedi
ngandnotbyt
hel
aw 
thatpr
evai
l
satt
hedat
eofi
ts 
deci
sionoratt
he 
dat
e
oft
hef
il
ing 
oft
heappeal
. 
Thi
svest
edr
ightcanbet
akenawayonl
ybya 
subsequent
enact
menti
fitsopr
ovi
desexpr
essl
yorbynecessar
yimpl
i
cat
ion,
andnotot
her
wise.

Fi
rstAppeal:
 (
Sect
ions 
96– 
99-
A,107and 
OrderXLI
)

Appealf
rom Or
igi
nalDecr
ee:S.96

 
oft
heCodepr
ovi
desas:
1. 
Sav
ewher
eot
her
wise 
expr
essl
ypr
ovi
dedi
nthe 
bodyof
t
hisCodeor
 byanyot
herl
aw f
ort
het
imebei
ngi
nfor
ce,anappealshal
l
 l
ief
rom
ev
ery decr
ee passed byany
 Cour
texer
cisi
ng or
igi
nalj
uri
sdi
cti
on t
othe Cour
t
aut
hor
ized.t
ohearappeal
s f
rom t
hedeci
sionofsuchCour
t.
2. 
Anappealmayl
e
f
rom anor
igi
nal
 
decr
eepassed 
expar
te.
3. 
Noappealshal
lli
e f
rom adecr
eepassed
byt
heCour
t 
wit
htheconsent
 ofpar
ti
es.
4. 
Noappealshal
lli
e,
 exceptona 
quest
ion
ofl
aw,
from a 
decr
eei
nanysui
toft
he 
nat
urecogni
zabl
ebyCour
tsofsmal
lcauses,
whent
heamountorv
alueoft
hesubj
ect
-mat
teroft
heor
igi
nal
 
sui
tdoesnotexceed
t
ent
housandr
upees.
WhomayAppeal
:

 
Thef
oll
owi
ngper
sonsar
eent
it
ledt
opr
eferanappeal
:

1.Apar
tyt
othesui
twhoi
sadv
ersel
yaf
fect
edbyt
hedecr
ee{
Sect
ion96(
1)}
,orhi
s
l
egal
repr
esent
ati
ve.(
Sect
ion146)

2.A 
per
soncl
aimi
ngundera 
ti
tl
epar
tyt
o t
hesui
tor
 at
ransf
ereeof
 i
nter
est
sofsuch
par
ty,who,so 
farasi
nter
esti
sconcer
ned,i
sboundbyt
hedecr
ee,pr
ovi
dedhi
s
name 
i
sent
eredont
her
ecor
doft
hesui
t.(
Sect
ion146)

3.Aguar
dianadl
i
tem appoi
ntedbyt
heCour
tinasui
tbyoragai
nstami
nor
.(Sect
ion
147,
Order32,
Rul
e5)

4.Anyot
herper
son,wi
tht
hel
eav
eoft
heCour
t,i
fhei
sadv
ersel
yaf
fect
edbyt
he
decr
ee.
 

An 
appealmay
 l
ie agai
nst
 an ex
- par
te 
decr
ee {
S-96(
2)}and 
no appeal
 
shal
l
 l
ie
f
rom 
adecr
ee 
passed 
wit
hconsentofpar
ti
es{
S-96(
3)}
.Thepr
ovi
sionofS-
96(
3)i
s
baseduponpr
inci
pleofEst
oppel
s.Oncet
hedecr
eei
sshownt
ohav
ebeen 
passed
wi
tht
heconsentofpar
ti
es,Sect
ion96(
3)becomesoper
ati
veandbi
ndst
hem.I
t
cr
eat
esandEst
oppel
sbet
weent
he 
par
ti
esasaj
udgmenton 
consent
.Ther
eshal
lbe
noappeali
npet
tycasesaspr
ovi
dedi
nSect
ion96(
4)andanappeall
i
esagai
nst
pr
eli
minar
ydecr
eeasi
nthecaseofal
ldecr
ees,unl
essaf
inaldecr
eehasbeen
passedbef
oret
hedat
eoff
il
inganappeal
,butt
her
eshal
lbenoappealagai
nstf
inal
decr
eewhent
her
ewasnoappealagai
nstpr
eli
minar
ydecr
ee.I
nfact
,fi
naldecr
ee
owesi
ts 
exi
stencet
othepr
eli
minar
ydecr
ee.Condi
ti
onsbef
oref
il
inganappeal
:An
appealcanbef
il
edagai
nstev
erydecr
eepassedbyanyCour
tinexer
ciseofor
igi
nal
j
uri
sdi
cti
onupon 
thesat
isf
act
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wocondi
ti
ons:

i
) 
The 
subj
ect
 mat
ter
 of
 t
he 
appeal
 
must
 be 
a "
decr
ee"
, 
and

i
i
) The 
par
ty 
appeal
i
ng 
must
. 
hav
e been 
adv
ersel
y 
aff
ect
ed 
by 
such 
det
ermi
nat
ion.

Or
derXLI-Appealf
rom Or
igi
nalDecr
ees.

For
m ofAppeal
:Rul
e1t
o4:
Memor
andum ofAppeal
: 
Cont
ainst
hegr
oundsonwhi
cht
hej
udi
cialexami
nat
ion
i
s i
nvi
ted.I
n or
der t
hat an appealmay be v
ali
dly pr
esent
ed,t
he f
oll
owi
ng
r
equi
rement
smustbecompi
l
edwi
th:

a.
 I
tmust
 bei
nthe 
for
m of
 memor
andum set
ti
ng 
for
tht
he 
groundsof
 obj
ect
ions
t
o t
hedecr
eeappeal
edf
rom.

b.
 I
tmust
 besi
gnedby
 theappel
l
antCour
t 
orhi
spl
eader
.

c.
 I
t 
must
 be 
present
ed 
to 
theCour
t.

d.
 Thememor
andum 
mustbe 
accompani
edby
 acer
ti
fi
ed 
copyof
 t
hedecr
ee.

e.
 Thememor
andum mustbeaccompani
edbyacer
ti
fi
edcopyoft
hej
udgment
unl
esst
heCour
tdi
spenseswi
thi
t;and

f
. 
Wher
ethe appeal
 
is agai
nsta 
money decr
ee,
 
the appel
l
antmustdeposi
t-
the
decr
etalamountor
 f
urni
sht
hesecur
it
yinr
espectt
her
eofasper
 t
hedi
rect
ionoft
he
Cour
t.

Appeal
sFr
om Appel
lat
eDecr
ees

 
(SecondAppeal
Sect
ions100t
o103andOr
der42)

Sect
ion-
100SecondAppeal
:

1.
 Sav
easot
her
wise 
prov
idedi
nthebodyof
 t
hisCodeorby
 anyot
herl
aw f
or 
the
t
imebei
ngi
nfor
ce,
anappealshal
ll
iet
otheHi
ghCour
tfr
om ev
erydecr
eepassedi
n
appealbyanyCour
tsubor
dinat
etot
heHi
ghCour
t,i
ftheHi
ghCour
tis,
 
sat
isf
iedt
hat
t
hecasei
nvol
vesasubst
ant
ial
quest
ion 
ofl
aw.

2.
 Anappeal
 
mayl
i
eunder
 t
hissect
ion 
fr
om an 
appel
l
atedecr
eepassedex-par
te.

3.
 I
nan 
appealunder
 t
hissect
ion,t
he 
memor
andum of
 appealshal
l
 pr
eci
sel
yst
ate
t
he 
subst
ant
ial
quest
ionofl
awi
nvol
vedi
ntheappeal
.

4.
 Wher
etheHi
ghCour
tissat
isf
iedt
hatasubst
ant
ialquest
ionof
 l
awi
sinv
olv
edi
n
anycase,
 
itshal
lfor
mul
atesuchquest
ion.
5.
 Theappealshal
lbehear
d ont
hequest
ionsof
ormul
atedandt
he 
respondent
shal
l
, 
aft
erhear
ing 
oft
heappeal
,beal
l
owedt
oar
guet
hatt
hecasedoesnoti
nvol
ve
suchquest
ion

Pr
ovi
dedt
hatnot
hingi
nthi
ssub-
sect
ionshal
lbe 
deemedt
otakeawayorabr
idge
t
he 
poweroft
heCour
ttohear
,forr
easonst
ober
ecor
ded,t
heappealonanyot
her
subst
ant
ialquest
ionofl
aw,notf
ormul
atedbyi
t,i
fiti
ssat
isf
iedt
hatt
hecase
i
nvol
vessuch 
quest
ion.

Subst
ant
ialQuest
ionofLaw:
 Meansasubst
ant
ialquest
ionofl
aw asbet
weent
he
par
ti
esi
nthecasei
nvol
ved.A 
quest
ionofl
awi
sa 
subst
ant
ialasbet
weent
hepar
ti
es
i
f 
thedeci
siont
urnsone 
wayort
heot
heront
hepar
ti
cul
arv
iewof
 l
aw.I
fitdoesnot
af
fectt
hedeci
sion,
itcannotbesai
dtobe 
asubst
ant
ial
quest
ionofl
aw.

For
m ofSecondAppeal
;

 
A memor
andum ofsecondappeal
 
preci
sel
yst
atest
hesubst
ant
ialquest
ionofl
aw
i
nvol
ved,
but
,unl
i
ket
hememor
andum of1stappeal
,i
tneednotsetoutt
he 
groundof
obj
ect
ionst
othedecr
eeappeal
edf
rom.Or
der41Rul
e1.
AppealFr
om Or
der
s

 
(Sect
ion104andOr
der43)

Sect
ion104:

 
Order
sfr
om whi
chappeal
li
es-

1.
 Anappealshal
l
 l
ief
rom t
he 
fol
l
owi
ngor
der
s,andsav
easot
her
wise 
expr
essl
y
pr
ovi
dedi
n t
hebodyoft
hisCodeorbyanyl
awf
ort
het
imebei
ngi
nfor
ce,f
rom no
ot
heror
der
s:

I
.An 
orderunderSect
ion 
35 
A; 
[Sec.
 104(
1) 
(f
f)]

I
I.
anor
derunderSect
ion91orSect
ion92r
efusi
ngl
eav
etoi
nst
it
uteasui
tof
t
henat
urer
efer
redt
oinSect
ion91orSect
ion92,
 
ast
hecasemaybe;[
Sec.
104(
1) 
(f
fa)
]

I
II
.anor
derunderSect
ion95;
[Sec.
104(
1)(
g)]

I
V.anor
derunderanyoft
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heCodei
mposi
ngaf
ineor
di
rect
ingt
he 
arr
estordet
ent
ioni
ntheCi
vi
lpr
isonofanyper
sonexceptwher
e
suchar
restordet
ent
ioni
sinexecut
ionofadecr
ee;
[
Sec.
104(
1)(
h)]

V.anor
dermadeunderr
ulesf
rom whi
chanappeali
sexpr
essl
yal
l
owedby
r
ules;
[Sec.104(
1)(
i)
]

Pr
ovi
dedt
hatnoappealshal
ll
ieagai
nstanyor
derspeci
fi
edi
ncl
ause(
ff)sav
eont
he
gr
oundt
hatnoor
der
,oranor
derf
ort
hepay
mentofal
essamount
,oughtt
ohav
e
beenmade.{
Prov
isot
o,Sect
ion104(1)
}

2.
No 
appeal
shal
l
 l
ief
rom any
 or
derpassedi
nappeal
 
under
 t
his 
Sect
ion.

Sect
ion105:

a.
 Sav
eas 
other
wiseexpr
essl
y 
prov
ided,no 
appealshal
lli
e f
rom any
 or
dermade
by
 aCour
t 
int
heexer
ciseofi
tsor
igi
nalorappel
l
atej
uri
sdi
cti
onbut
,wher
eadecr
ee
i
sappeal
edf
rom,anyer
rordef
ectori
rr
egul
ari
tyi
nanyor
der
,af
fect
ingt
hedeci
sion
oft
hecasemaybe 
setf
ort
hasagr
ound 
ofobj
ect
ioni
nthememor
andum ofappeal
.
b.
 Not
wit
hst
andi
ngany
thi
ngcont
ainedi
nsub-
sect
ion(
1)wher
eanypar
tyaggr
iev
ed
by
 anor
derofr
emandf
rom whi
chanappeal
li
esdoesnotappeal
 
ther
efr
om,
heshal
l
t
her
eaf
terbepr
ecl
udedf
rom di
sput
ingi
tscor
rect
ness.

 
Sect
ion106:WhatCour
tst
ohearappeal
s: 
Wher
eanappealf
rom anyor
deri
s
al
l
owedi
tshal
lli
etot
heCour
ttowhi
chanappealwoul
dli
efr
om t
hedecr
eei
nthe
sui
tinwhi
chsuchor
derwasmade,orwher
esuchor
deri
smadebyaCour
t(not
bei
ngaHi
ghCour
t)i
ntheexer
ciseofappel
l
atej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
hent
otheHi
ghcour
t.

Appeal
sfr
om Or
der
s(Or
derXLI
II
)

Rul
e-1:
 Appeal
sfr
om Or
der
s: 
Anappealshal
lli
etot
hef
oll
owi
ngor
der
sundert
he
pr
ovi
sionsofSect
ion104,
namel
y:

1.
Rul
e-1 
(a)
: 
Anor
derunderr
ule10of
 Or
derVI
Iret
urni
ngapl
aintt
obepr
esent
edt
o
t
hepr
oper
 Cour
texceptwher
ethepr
ocedur
especi
fi
edi
n Rul
e10AofOr
derVI
Ihas
beenf
oll
owed;

2.
Rul
e-1 
(c)
: 
Anor
derunderr
ule9ofOr
derI
Xrej
ect
ing 
anappl
i
cat
ion(
inacaseopen
t
oappeal
)foranor
dert
osetasi
det
hedi
smi
ssal
ofasui
t;

3.
Rul
e-1 
(d)
: 
Anor
derunderr
ule13ofOr
derI
Xrej
ect
inganappl
i
cat
ion(
inacase
opent
oappeal
)foranor
dert
osetasi
deadecr
eepassedexpar
te;

4.
Rul
e-1 
(f
) 
: 
Anor
derunderr
ule21of
 Or
derXI
;

5.
Rul
e-1 
(i
) 
: 
Anor
derunderr
ule34ofOr
derXXIonanobj
ect
iont
othedr
aftofa
documentorofendor
sement
;

6.
Rul
e-1 
(j
) 
: 
Anor
derunderr
ule72or
 r
ule92ofOr
derXXIset
ti
ngasi
de 
orr
efusi
ng
t
osetasi
de 
asal
e;

7.
Rul
e-1 
(j
a) 
: 
Anor
derr
eject
inganappl
i
cat
ionmadeundersub-
rul
e(1)ofr
ule106of
Or
derXXI
,pr
ovi
dedt
hatanor
deront
heor
igi
nalappl
i
cat
ion,t
hati
stosay
,the
appl
i
cat
ionr
efer
redt
oinsubr
ule(
1) 
of 
rul
e 105oft
hatOr
der
 i
s appeal
abl
e.

8.
Rul
e-1 
(k)
: 
Anor
derunderr
ule9ofOr
derXXI
Iref
usi
ngt
osetasi
det
heabat
ement
ordi
smi
ssal
ofasui
t;

9.
Rul
e-1 
(I
) 
: 
Anor
derunderr
ule10of
 Or
derXXI
Igi
vi
ngorr
efusi
ngt
ogi
vel
eav
e;

10.
Rul
e-1 
(n)
 :
 Anor
derunderr
ule2ofOr
derXXVr
eject
inganappl
i
cat
ion(
inacase
opent
oappeal
) 
foranor
dert
osetasi
det
hedi
smi
ssal
ofasui
t;

11.
Rul
e-1 
(na)
: 
Anor
derunderr
ule5orr
ule 
7ofor
derXXXI
IIr
eject
inganappl
i
cat
ion
f
orper
missi
on 
to 
sueasani
ndi
gentper
son;

12.
Rul
e-1 
(p)
 :
 Or
deri
nint
erpl
eadersui
tsunderr
ule3,
rul
e4orr
ule6ofOr
derXXXV;

13.
Rul
e-1 
(q)
 :
 Anor
derunderr
ule2,
rul
e3 
orr
ule6of
 Or
derXXXVI
II
;

14.
Rul
e-1 
(r
) 
: 
Anor
derunderr
ule1,
rul
e2,
rul
e2A,
rul
e"4 
orr
ule10of
 Or
derXXI
X.15.

Rul
e-1(
s):
 Anor
derunderr
ule1or
 r
ule4ofOr
der
 XL;
16.

Rul
e-1(
t):
 Anor
derofr
efusal
underr
ule19ofOr
derXLIt
ore-admi
t,orunderr
ule21
ofOr
derXLIt
ore-hear
,anappeal
;
17.

Rul
e-1(
u):
 Anor
derunderr
ule23or
 r
ule23-
AofOr
derXLIr
emandi
ngacase,
wher
e
anappeal
woul
dli
efr
om t
hedecr
ee 
oft
heAppel
l
ateCour
t;18.

Rul
e-1(
w):
 Anor
derunder
 r
ule4of
 Or
derXLVI
Igr
ant
ingan 
appl
i
cat
ionf
orr
evi
ew.

1.
 Wher
e any
 or
der i
s made under
 t
his Code 
agai
nst a 
par
ty and 
ther
eupon
any
 j
udgmenti
s pr
onouncedagai
nstsuchpar
tyanda 
decr
eei
sdr
awnup,
such 
par
ty
may
,inanappeal
 
agai
nstt
hedecr
ee,cont
endt
hatsuchor
dershoul
dnothav
ebeen
madeandt
hej
udgmentshoul
dnothav
ebeenpr
onounced.

2.
 I
nanappealagai
nst
 adecr
eepassedI
n asui
taf
ter
 r
ecor
dingacompr
omi
se 
or
r
efusi
ngt
orecor
d acompr
omi
se,i
tshal
lbeopent
o t
heappel
l
antt
ocont
estt
he
decr
ee 
ont
hegr
oundt
hatt
he 
compr
omi
seshoul
d,orshoul
dnothav
ebeenr
ecor
ded.

Rul
e:2.Pr
ocedur
e: 
Ther
ulesof
 Or
derXLI[
{(
andOr
der
 XLI
-A)byAl
l
ahabadHi
gh
Cour
tAmendment
}]
shal
lappl
y,sof
arasmaybe,
toappeal
sfr
om or
der
s.

REFERENCE(
Sect
ion-113andOr
derXI
II
)

Sect
ion 113 
prov
idespr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ing t
oref
erenceand empower
sanyCour
t
(
subor
dinat
eCour
t)t
ost
ateacaseandr
efert
hesamef
ort
heopi
nionoft
heHi
gh
Cour
t.Suchanopi
nioncanbesoughtwhent
heCour
tit
sel
ffeel
ssomedoubtabout
a 
quest
ionofl
aw.Thepr
ovi
sionsar
esubj
ectt
osuchcondi
ti
onsandl
i
mit
ati
onsas
maybepr
escr
ibed.

Obj
ect
: 
Theobj
ectf
orr
efer
encei
stoenabl
ethesubor
dinat
eCour
tst
oobt
aini
nnon-
appeal
abl
ecasest
heopi
nionoft
heHi
ghCour
t,onaquest
ionofl
aw andt
her
eby
av
oidt
hecommi
ssi
onofaner
rorwhi
chcoul
dnotber
emedi
edl
ateron.

Condi
ti
ons f
orAppl
icat
ions:(
Order46 Rul
e 1)
 The f
oll
owi
ng condi
ti
ons must
be 
ful
fi
ll
ed,
bef
oreHi
ghCour
tent
ert
ainsar
efer
encef
rom a 
sub-
ordi
nat
eCour
t,i
.e.

1.Pendency
:

 
Ther
emustbependencyofasui
torappeali
nwhi
cht
hedecr
eei
snott
he 
subj
ectt
o
appeal
orapendi
ngpr
oceedi
ngi
nexecut
ionofsuchdecr
ee.

2.
 Quest
ion 
of 
law:

 
A quest
ionofl
aworusagehav
ingt
hef
orceof
 l
awmustar
isei
nthe 
cour
seofsuch
sui
t,appeal
orpr
oceedi
ng;
and

3.
 Doubt
 i
n mi
nd 
of 
Cour
t:

 
The Cour
ttr
ying t
he sui
t,appealorex
ecut
ing t
he decr
ee mustent
ert
aina
r
easonabl
edoubtonsuchquest
ion.

Quest
ionsofl
aw:

 
Thesubor
dinat
eCour
tmaybei
n doubtr
elat
ingt
othequest
ionsof
 l
aw,whi
chmay
be-
1. 
Thosewhi
ch 
rel
atet
o t
hev
ali
dit
y ofany
 Act
,Or
dinanceor
 Regul
ati
onand 
the
r
efer
ence 
uponsuchquest
ionsofl
aw ar
eobl
i
gat
oryupont
hef
ulf
il
lmentoft
he
f
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
ons:

1.
Iti
snecessar
ytodeci
desuchquest
ioni
nor
dert
odi
sposeoft
hecase;

2.
TheSub-or
dinat
eCour
tisoft
hev
iew t
hatt
hei
mpugned Act
,Or
dinanceor
Regul
ati
oni
sul
tr
avi
res;
and

3.
Thatt
her
eisnodet
ermi
nat
ionbyt
heSupr
emeCour
torbyt
heHi
ghCour
t,t
owhi
ch
suchCour
tisSubor
dinat
ethatsuchAct
,Or
dinanceorRegul
ati
oni
sul
tr
avi
res.

2.
 Ot
her
 Quest
ions:
 I
nthi
scaset
her
efer
ence 
i
sopt
ional
.

Pr
ocedur
e: 
WhocanmakeRef
erence:
 Ar
efer
encecanbemadebyt
heCour
tsuo-
mot
uoronappl
i
cat
ionofany
 par
ty.

Rul
e 1:
 The Ref
err
ing Cour
tmustf
ormul
atet
he quest
ion of
 l
aw and gi
vei
ts
opi
nion 
ther
eon.

Rul
e2:
 TheCour
tmayei
therst
ayt
hepr
oceedi
ng 
ormaypassadecr
eeor
 or
der
,
whi
chcannotbeexecut
edunt
ilr
ecei
ptofj
udgmentofHi
ghcour
tonr
efer
ence.

Rul
e3:
 TheHi
ghCour
taf
terhear
ingt
he 
par
ti
es,
ifi
tsodesi
res,
shal
ldeci
de 
thepoi
nt
ofr
efer
enceand 
theSubor
dinat
eCour
tshal
ldi
sposeoft
hecasei
naccor
dancewi
th
t
hesai
ddeci
sion.
 

Pr
ovi
sion asi
n Sect
ion 113:
 Thepr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ing t
oref
erence,ashasbeen
speci
fi
edi
n s.113oft
heCodear
easunder
- 

Sect
ion113:
 

Ref
erencet
oHi
ghCour
t:
 Subj
ectt
osuchcondi
ti
onsandl
i
mit
ati
onsasmaybe
pr
escr
ibed,
anycour
tmayst
ateacaseandr
efert
he 
samef
ort
heopi
nionoft
heHi
gh
Cour
t,and 
theHi
ghCour
tmaymakesuchor
dert
her
eonas 
i
tthi
nksf
it
:

PROVI
DEDt
hatwher
ethecour
tissat
isf
iedt
hatacasependi
ngbef
orei
tinv
olv
esa
quest
ion9St
othev
ali
dit
yofanyAct
,Or
dinanceorRegul
ati
onorofanypr
ovi
sion
cont
ained i
n an Act
,Or
dinance orRegul
ati
on,t
he det
ermi
nat
ion ofwhi
ch i
s
necessar
yfort
hedi
sposaloft
he 
case,andi
sofopi
niont
hatsuch 
Act
, 
Ordi
nance,
Regul
ati
on or
 pr
ovi
sion i
s i
nval
i
d or
 i
noper
ati
ve,
 
buthas 
notbeen 
so decl
ared 
by
t
he 
HighCour
ttowhi
cht
hatCour
tissubor
dinat
eorby
 theSupr
emeCour
t,t
heCour
t
shal
lst
ateacaseset
ti
ngouti
tsopi
nionandt
her
easons 
ther
efor
,andr
efert
hesame
f
ort
heopi
nionof
, 
theHi
ghCour
t.

Expl
anat
ion:I
nthi
s sect
ion,"
Regul
ati
on"means any Regul
ati
on of
 t
he Bengal
,
BombayorMadr
asCodeofRegul
ati
onasdef
inedi
ntheGener
al 
ClausesAct
,1897
(
10of1897)
, 
ori
n"t
heGener
alCl
ausesActofaSt
ate.

Power
s and Dut
yof
 Ref
erenci
ng Cour
t:
 A 
ref
erence can 
be made 
on a 
quest
ion
of
 l
awar
isen 
bet
weent
hepar
ti
esl
i
tigat
ing,
inasui
t,appealorexecut
ionpr
oceedi
ng,
dur
ingt
he 
pendencyofsuchsui
t,appealorpr
oceedi
ngandt
heCour
tis 
i
ndoubton
such 
quest
ionofl
aw.

Power
sandDut
yofHi
ghCour
t:
 TheHi
ghCour
tent
ert
ainst
heconsul
ti
ngj
uri
sdi
cti
on
i
ncasesofr
efer
enceandcannei
thermakeanyor
der
 onmer
it
snorcani
tmake
suggest
ions.I
ncaseofr
efer
encet
heHi
ghCour
tmayanswert
hequest
ionr
efer
red
t
oitand 
sendbackt
hecaset
other
efer
ri
ngCour
tfordi
sposali
naccor
dancewi
th
l
aw.
33Wher
eacasei
sref
err
ed 
tot
heHi
ghCour
tunder
 Rul
e1ofOr
derXLVIor
undert
hepr
ovi
sot
osect
ion 
113,
theHi
ghCour
t 
mayr
etur
nthecase 
foramendment
,
andmayal
ter
,cancelorset
-asi
deanydecr
eeoror
derwhi
cht
heCour
tmaki
ng
r
efer
encehaspassedor
 madei
nthecaseoutofwhi
cht
her
efer
encear
ose,and
makesuchor
derasi
tthi
nksf
it
.

Rev
iew(
Sect
ion114andOr
derXLVI
I)

Meani
ng:

 
Rev
iewmeansr
e-exami
nat
ionorr
econsi
der
ati
onoft
hecaseby
 thesamej
udge.I
tis
aj
udi
cialr
e-exami
nat
ionoft
hecasebyt
hesame 
Cour
tandbyt
hesameJudge.I
n i
t,
a Judge,who hasdi
sposed oft
he mat
ter
,rev
iewshi
sear
li
eror
deri
n cer
tai
n
ci
rcumst
ances.

Sect
ion114andOr
derXLVI
I:
 Thepr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ingt
orev
iewar
e pr
ovi
dedi
nS.114
(
subst
ant
iver
ight
)andOr
derXLVI
I(pr
ocedur
e).Thegener
alr
ulei
sthatoncet
he
j
udgmenti
ssi
gnedand 
pronouncedoranor
deri
smadebyt
heCour
t,i
thasno
j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oal
teri
t.Rev
iewi
sanex
cept
iont
othi
sgener
alr
ule.

Sect
ion114:

Rev
iew:
 Subj
ectasaf
oresai
d,anyper
sonconsi
der
ing 
himsel
faggr
iev
ed

a.byadecr
eeoror
derf
rom whi
chanappeali
sal
l
owedbyt
hisCode,
butf
rom
whi
chnoappeal
hasbeenpr
efer
red;

b.byadecr
eeoror
derf
rom 
whi
ch 
noappeal
isal
l
owedbyt
hisCode,
or

c.byadeci
siononar
efer
encef
rom aCour
tof
 Smal
lCauses,

mayappl
yforar
evi
ewofj
udgmentt
othe 
Cour
twhi
chpassedt
hedecr
eeormade
t
he 
orderandt
heCour
tmaymakesuchor
dert
her
eon 
asi
tthi
nksf
it
.

Whomayappl
ytoRev
iew:

 
Anyper
sonaggr
iev
edbyadecr
eeor
 or
dermayappl
yfora 
rev
iew ofJudgment
wher
eno appeali
sal
l
owed orwher
e an 
appeali
sal
l
owed butno appealhas
been 
fi
ledagai
nstsuchdecr
eeoror
derorbyadeci
siononar
efer
encef
rom asmal
l
cause

An '
aggr
iev
ed per
son'
.
 means a per
son who 
has suf
fer
ed a l
egalgr
iev
ance or
agai
nstwhom 
adeci
sionhasbeenpr
onouncedwhi
chhaswr
ongf
ull
ydepr
ivedhi
m of
somet
hingorwr
ongf
ull
yref
usedi
nsomet
hingorwr
ongf
ull
y 
aff
ect
edhi
sti
tl
eto
somet
hing.
 

A 
per
son 
who 
i
s not
 a 
par
ty 
to 
the 
decr
ee 
or 
order
 cannot
 appl
y 
for
 r
evi
ew 
since 
on 
g
ener
al 
pri
nci
ple 
of 
B.W,
suchdecr
eeoror
deri
snotbi
ndi
ngonhi
m andt
her
efor
ehe
cannotbesai
dtobe 
anaggr
iev
edper
sonwi
thi
nthemeani
ngofsect
ion114and
or
der47Rul
e (
1).
 

A 
par
tywhohas 
ari
ghtt
o appealbutdoesnot
 f
il
eanappeal
,mayappl
yfor
 ar
evi
ew
of
 j
udgment
,ev
eni
fnot
wit
hst
andi
ngt
hependancyofanappeal
 
bysomeot
herpar
ty,
except
s?
 i
.Wher
ethe gr
ound ofsuch appeali
s common t
othe appl
i
cant
 and
t
he 
appel
l
ant
,or

i
i
.When,bei
ngr
espondent
,hecanpr
esentt
othe 
Appel
l
ateCour
tthecaseon
whi
chheappl
i
esf
ort
her
evi
ew.

Gr
oundsofRev
iew:
 Or
derXLVI
I,
Rul
e(1)pr
ovi
dest
hef
oll
owi
ng 
grounds:

i
.Di
scov
eryof
 newandi
mpor
tantmat
terorev
idence,
 
whi
chaf
tert
heexer
cise
ofduedi
l
igence,wasnotwi
thi
nhi
s(aggr
iev
edper
son'
s)knowl
edgeorcoul
d
notbepr
oducedbyhi
m(aggr
iev
edper
son)
att
het
imewhent
hedecr
eewas
passedoror
dermade;
or 

 
i
i.onaccountofsomemi
stakeor
 er
rorappearon 
thef
ace 
oft
her
ecor
d;or

i
i
i.f
oranyot
hersuf
fi
cientr
eason.

Expl
anat
iont
osect
ion114speci
fi
cal
l
ypr
ovi
dest
hat"
thef
actt
hatt
hedeci
sionona
quest
ionofl
aw 
orwhi
cht
hej
udgmentoft
heCour
tisbasedhasbeenr
eser
vedor
modi
fi
edbyt
hesubsequentdeci
si
onorasuper
iorcour
tinanyot
hercase,shal
lnot
beagr
oundf
orr
evi
ewofsuchj
udgment
".

Pr
ocedur
e:

 
Wher
etheCour
tisoft
heopi
niont
hatt
her
e i
snotsuf
fi
cientgr
oundf
orar
evi
ew,i
t
shal
lrej
ectt
heappl
i
cat
ion 
other
wisei
tshal
lgr
antt
hesame 
butnosuchappl
i
cat
ion
shal
l
 begr
ant
eewi
thoutpr
evi
ousnot
icet
otheopposi
tepar
ty;t
oenabl
ehi
mto
appearand be hear
din suppor
t 
oft
he decr
ee oror
der
,a r
evi
ew ofwhi
ch i
s
appl
i
ed 
for
. 
Wher
emor
ethanone 
Judgehear
sar
evi
ew appl
i
cat
ionandt
heCour
t
i
s equal
l
ydi
vi
dedt
heappl
i
cat
ionshal
lber
eject
ed.

AppealAgai
nstOr
deronappl
icat
ionU/
s114:
 
Anor
deroft
heCour
trej
ect
ingt
he
appl
i
cat
ionshal
lnobeappeal
abl
e,butanor
dergr
ant
ingt
heappl
i
cat
ionmaybe
obj
ect
edt
oatoncebyanappealf
rom t
heor
dergr
ant
ingt
heappl
i
cat
ionor
 i
nan
appeal
from 
thedecr
eeoror
der
 f
inal
l
ypassedormadei
nthesui
t.

BarofCer
tai
nAppl
icat
ion:
 Noappl
i
cat
iont
orev
iewanor
dermadeonanappl
i
cat
ion
f
orar
evi
ewor'
decr
eeoror
derpassedormadeonar
evi
ewshal
lbeent
ert
ained.

REVI
SION(
SECTI
ON115)

Meani
ng:
 '
Rev
isi
on'means "
the act
ion ofr
evi
sing,especi
all
y cr
it
icalorcar
eful
exami
nat
ionorper
usal
 
wit
hav
iewt
ocor
rect
ingori
mpr
ovi
ng"
. 
Rev
isi
oni
s"t
he 
actof
exami
ningact
ioni
nor
dert
oremov
eandef
ectorgr
antr
eli
efagai
nstt
hei
rr
egul
aror
i
mpr
operexer
ciseornon-exer
ciseofj
uri
sdi
cti
onbyal
owerCour
t"
.

Obj
ect
: Theobj
ectof
 Sect
ion115i
stopr
eventt
hesubor
dinat
e Cour
tsf
rom act
ing
ar
bit
rar
il
y,capr
ici
ousandi
l
legal
l
yori
rr
egul
arl
yint
heexer
ciseoft
hei
rjur
isdi
cti
on.I
t
enabl
est
heCour
ttocor
rect
,whennecessar
y,er
ror
sofj
uri
sdi
cti
on'
commi
tt
edbyt
he
subor
dinat
eCour
tsandpr
ovi
dest
hemeanst
oaggr
iev
edpar
tyt
oobt
ainr
ect
if
icat
ion
ofanon-
 appeal
abl
eor
der
.Thepower
sU/
s115ar
eint
endedt
omeett
heendsof
j
ust
iceandwher
esubst
ant
ialj
ust
icehasbeenr
ender
edbyt
heor
der
 oft
hel
ower
Cour
ttheHi
ghCour
twi
l
lnoti
nter
fer
e.

Pr
ovi
sionU/
s115:

1. The 
High Cour
t 
may
 cal
lfor t
he 
recor
d of
 any
 case whi
ch 
has 
been 
deci
ded
by
 any
 COl
 
subor
dinat
etosuchHi
ghCour
tandi
nwhi
chnoappeall
i
est
her
eto,
andi
f
suchsubor
dinat
ecour
tappear
s-

a.t
ohav
eexer
cisedaj
uri
sdi
cti
onnot
 vest
edi
nitby
 l
aw,
or

b.t
ohav
efai
l
edt
oexer
ciseaj
uri
sdi
cti
onso 
vest
ed,
or

c.t
ohav
eact
edi
ntheex
erci
seofi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
l
legal
l
yorwi
thmat
eri
al
i
rr
egul
ari
ty,
TheHi
ghCour
tmaymakesuchor
deri
n t
hecaseasi
tthi
nksf
it:

PROVI
DEDt
hatt
heHi
ghCour
tshal
lnot
,undert
hissect
ion,
var
yorr
ever
se 
anyor
der
made,oranyor
derdeci
dingani
ssue,i
nthecour
seofasui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ng,
exceptwher
ethe 
order
,ifi
thadbeenmadei
nfav
ouroft
hepar
tyappl
yi
ngf
or
r
evi
sion,
woul
dhav
efi
nal
l
ydi
sposedoft
hesui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ngs.

2.
 TheHi
gh 
Cour
tshal
l
 not
,under
 t
hissect
ion 
var
yor
 r
ever
seany
 decr
eeor
 or
der
agai
nst
 Whi
chanappeall
i
esei
thert
otheHi
ghCour
tort
oanycour
tsubor
dinat
e
t
her
eto.

3.
 A 
rev
isi
onshal
lnotoper
ateasa 
stayofsui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ngbef
oret
hecour
t
exceptwher
esuchsui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ngi
sst
ayedbyt
heHi
ghCour
t.

Expl
anat
ion:
 I
nthi
ssect
ion,t
he expr
essi
on "
anycase whi
ch 
hasbeen deci
ded"
i
ncl
udesany
 or
dermade,oranyor
derdeci
dingani
ssue,i
nthecour
seofasui
tor
ot
herpr
oceedi
ng.

Pr
ovi
sionr
elat
ingt
oRev
isi
oni
nUt
tarPr
adesh:
 ForS.115,t
hef
oll
owi
ngsect
ion
shal
l
 besubst
it
utedandbedeemedt
o hav
ebeensubst
it
utedwi
thef
fectf
rom Jul
y1,
2002,
 
namel
y:

"
115.Rev
isi
on-

1.
 A 
super
iorCour
tmayr
evi
se 
anor
derpassedi
nacase 
deci
dedi
nanor
igi
nalsui
t
orot
her
 pr
oceedi
ngby
asubor
dinat
eCour
twher
enoappeall
i
esagai
nst
'the'or
der
andwher
ethesubor
dinat
eCour
thas:

a)
exer
ciseda 
j
uri
sdi
cti
onnot
 vest
edi
nit
 byl
aw;
or

b)
fai
l
edt
o exer
cisea 
j
uri
sdi
cti
onso 
vest
ed;
or

c)
act
edi
nexer
ciseofi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
l
legal
l
yorwi
thmat
eri
ali
rr
egul
ari
ty.

2.
 A 
rev
isi
onappl
i
cat
ionundersub-
sect
ion(
1),
.
whenf
il
edi
ntheHi
gh 
Cour
t.shal
l
cont
ain 
acer
ti
fi
cat
eont
hef
ir
stpageofsuch 
appl
i
cat
ion,
bel
owt
het
it
le.
0Mhe'
case,
t
o t
heef
fectt
hatnor
evi
sioni
nthe 
casel
i
est
othedi
str
ictCour
tbutl
i
esonl
ytot
he
Hi
ghCour
tei
therbecauseofv
aluat
ionorbecauset
heor
dersoughtt
ober
evi
sed
waspassed 
byt
hedi
str
ictCour
t.

3.
 Thesuper
iorCour
t 
shal
lnot
,undert
hissect
ion,v
ary
 orr
ever
seanyor
der
 made
exceptwher
e-,
 

a.t
heor
der
,ifi
thadbeenmadei
nfav
ouroft
hepar
tyappl
yi
ngf
orr
evi
sion,
woul
dhav
efi
nal
l
ydi
sposedoft
hesui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ng;
or
 b.t
heor
der
,ifal
l
owedt
ost
and,woul
doccasi
onaf
ail
ureofj
ust
iceorcause
i
rr
epar
abl
einj
uryt
othepar
tyagai
nstwhom i
tismade.

4.
 A 
rev
isi
onshal
lnotoper
ateasast
ay 
ofsui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ngbef
oret
heCour
t
exceptwher
e suchsui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ngi
sst
ayedbyt
hesuper
iorCour
t.

Expl
anat
ionI
 :
 I
nthi
ssect
ion,

-
a)t
he 
expr
essi
on 
"super
ior
 Cour
t"
 means-

I
. 
the di
str
ict
 Cour
t, wher
e t
he v
aluat
ion 
of a 
case deci
ded by
 a
Cour
t 
subor
dinat
eto 
i
tdoes 
notexceedf
ivel
akhr
upees;

 
i
i.
 t
heHi
ghCour
t,
 wher
etheor
dersought
 t
o ber
evi
sed was 
passed i
na
case 
deci
dedbyt
hedi
str
ictCour
torwher
ethev
alueoft
heor
igi
nal
 
sui
tor
ot
herpr
oceedi
ngsi
nacasedeci
ded 
byaCour
tsubor
dinat
etot
hedi
str
ict
Cour
texceedsf
ivel
akh 
rupees.

b)t
he 
expr
essi
on "
order
" 
incl
udes 
an 
order
 deci
ding 
an 
i
ssue 
i
n any
 or
igi
nal
 
sui
tor
ot
herpr
oceedi
ngs.

Expl
anat
ion 
II
:

 
Thepr
ovi
sionsoft
hissect
ionshal
lal
sobeappl
i
cabl
etoor
der
spassed,bef
oreor
af
tert
hecommencementoft
hissect
ion,i
nor
igi
nalsui
tsorot
herpr
oceedi
ngs
i
nst
it
utedbef
oresuchcommencement
."
-U.
P. 
Act14of2003,
S.2(
w.e.
f.1-
7-2002)
.

Condi
ti
ons:

 
Thef
oll
owi
ng condi
ti
onsmustbesat
isf
ied bef
oret
he 
rev
isi
onalpowercan be
exer
cised:

a.acase 
musthav
e been 
deci
ded;

b.t
heCour
tdeci
dingt
hecasemustbeonewhi
chi
saCour
tsub-
ordi
nat
etot
heHi
gh
Cour
tort
heSessi
onCour
ts,
ast
hecasemaybe;
c.t
heor
dershoul
dbeonei
nwhi
chnoappeal
li
es;
and

d.t
he 
sub-
ordi
nat
eCour
t 
musthav
e

i
.ex
erci
sedj
uri
sdi
cti
onnotv
est
edi
nitbyl
aw;
or

i
i
.fai
l
edt
oexer
cisej
uri
sdi
cti
onv
est
edi
nit
;or

i
i
i.
 act
edi
ntheexer
ciseofi
ts 
j
uri
sdi
cti
oni
l
legal
l
yorwi
thmat
eri
ali
rr
egul
ari
ty.

Appl
icat
ionofS.115:“
…Whi
l
eexer
cisi
ngi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
onU/
s115,
iti
snotcompet
ent
t
otheHi
ghCour
ttocor
recter
ror
soff
act
,howev
ergr
osst
heymaybe,
orev
ener
ror
s
ofl
aw,unl
esst
hesai
der
ror
shav
erel
ati
onst
othej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
he 
Cour
ttot
ryt
he
di
sput
eit
sel
f.Asci
s.(
a),
(b)and(
c) 
ofsect
ion115i
ndi
cat
e,i
tisonl
yincaseswher
e
t
hesub-
ordi
nat
eCour
thas 
exer
cisedaj
uri
sdi
cti
onnotv
est
edi
nitbyl
aw,orhas
f
ail
edt
oexer
ciseaj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
l
legal
l
yorwi
thmat
eri
ali
rr
egul
ari
tyt
hatt
her
evi
sional
j
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
he 
HighCour
tcanbepr
oper
lyi
nvoked.
..
."

I
twasdeci
dedbyt
heSupr
emeCour
tinr
eSmt
.Vi
dyav
atiVsShr
iDev
idas 
AIR1977
S.C.397,t
hatar
evi
sionagai
nstor
deronr
evi
ew appl
i
cat
ion 
bysub-
judget
oHi
gh
Cour
tdi
rect
lywi
thoutgoi
ng 
i
ntoappeal
toDi
str
ictCour
t,i
smai
ntai
nabl
e.

Meani
ng ofExpr
essi
on "
case Deci
ded"
: 
Apex Cour
tin Bal
dev
das v
.Fi
lmi
stan
Di
str
ibut
ors

 
AIR 1970SC,hel
dthatacasemaybe 
sai
dto hav
ebeen deci
ded 
i
ftheCour
t
adj
udi
cat
esf
ort
hepur
pose 
oft
hesui
tsomer
ightorobl
i
gat
ionoft
hepar
ti
esi
n
cont
rov
ersy
.Ev
eryor
deri
nthesui
tcannotber
egar
dedasacasedeci
dedwi
thi
nthe
meani
ngof
 S.115.

Expl
anat
iont
oS.
115,whi
chwasaddedbyt
heAmendmentActof1976,makesi
t
cl
ear
 t
hatt
heexpr
essi
on"
casedeci
ded"i
ncl
udesanyor
dermade,oranyor
der
deci
dingani
ssue,i
nthecour
seofasui
torpr
oceedi
ng.Theexpr
essi
on'
anycase
whi
chhasbeendeci
ded'
,now,
aft
ert
heAmendmentActmeans"
eachdeci
sion 
whi
ch
t
ermi
nat
es 
apar
tof
 t
hecont
rov
ersy
 i
nvol
vi
ngt
he 
quest
ionofj
uri
sdi
cti
on.
I
nter
locut
oryOr
der
s:

 
Sect
ion 
115appl
i
esev
en 
toi
nter
locut
ory
 or
der
s. 
Int
erl
ocut
oryOr
der
swhi
ch 
arenot
appeal
abl
ear
esubj
ect
 t
orev
isi
onU/
s115oft
heCode,
ift
hecondi
ti
onsl
aid 
downi
n
t
hesect
ionar
eful
fi
ll
ed.

Li
mit
ati
onf
orRev
isi
on:

 
Theper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onf
orr
evi
sionappl
i
cat
ioni
s90day
sfr
om t
hedat
eofdecr
eeor
or
dersoughtt
ober
evi
sed.

Abat
ement
:

 
The pr
ovi
sions ofOr
derXXI
Ido notappl
ytor
evi
sion appl
i
cat
ion and such
appl
i
cat
iondoesofabat
eont
hedeat
hoft
heappl
i
cantoronaccountoff
ail
uret
o
br
ingl
egal
hei
rsofdeceasedappl
i
cantr
ecor
d.

No l
ett
ers pat
entappeall
i
es f
rom an 
ordermade i
nthe exer
cise of
 r
evi
sional
j
uri
sdi
cti
onandnor
evi
sionl
i
esagai
nstanor
derpassedbyasi
ngl
ejudgeofaHi
gh
Cour
t.

RESTI
TUTI
ON

Rest
it
uti
oni
s"anactofr
est
ori
ngat
hingt
oit
spr
operowner
",
 andmeansr
est
ori
ng
t
o apar
tyt
hebenef
itwhi
cht
heot
herpar
tyhasr
ecei
vedunderadecr
eesubsequent
ly
hel
dto 
bewr
ong.Thepr
ovi
sions'
el
ati
ngt
orest
it
uti
onhav
ebeenpr
ovi
dedi
nsect
ion
144oft
heCode.Sect
ion144does 
notconf
eranynew subst
ant
iver
ight
.Itmer
ely
r
egul
atest
hepoweroft
hecour
tint
hatbehal
f.

Thedoct
ri
neofr
est
it
uti
oni
sanequi
tabl
epr
inci
ple 
andi
sbasedupont
hewel
l
-known
maxi
m"act
usur
iaenemi
nem gr
avabi
t"
,i.
e.t
heactofcour
tshal
lhar
m noone.

Lor
dCai
rnshasexpl
ainedi
nAl
exenderRoservCompt
oirD'
sEscompt
edePar
is,
(
1871)LR3PCt
hat"
oneoft
hef
ir
stand 
highestdut
iesofal
lcour
tsi
sto 
takecar
e
t
hatt
heactoft
hecour
t 
doesnoi
njur
ytot
hesui
tor
s".
The l
aw al
so i
mposes an obl
i
gat
ion on t
he par
tywho r
ecei
ved benef
itofan
er
roneous 
j
udgment
 t
o make 
rest
it
uti
on 
to 
the 
other
 par
ty 
for
 what
 he 
has 
l
ost
; 
and
i
t 
is 
the 
dut
y of
 t
he 
cour
t 
to 
enf
orcet
hisobl
i
gat
ion.

Meani
ng:

 
Thepr
inci
pleoft
hedoct
ri
neofr
est
it
uti
oni
sthat
,ont
her
ever
salofadecr
eet
hel
aw
i
mposesanobl
i
gat
ionont
hepar
tyt
othesui
twhor
ecei
vedanunj
ustbenef
itoft
he
er
roneousdecr
eet
omaker
est
it
uti
ont
otheot
herpar
tyf
orwhat
 hehasl
ost
.The
obl
i
gat
ionar
isesaut
omat
ical
l
yont
he 
rev
ersalormodi
fi
cat
ionoft
hedecr
eeand
necessar
il
ycar
ri
eswi
thi
tther
ightt
orest
it
uti
onofal
lthathasbeendoneundert
he
er
roneousdecr
ee;andt
hecour
t 
inmaki
ngt
her
est
it
uti
oni
sboundt
o r
est
oret
he
par
ti
es,sof
arast
hey
 canber
est
ored,
tot
hesameposi
ti
ont
heywer
einatt
het
ime
whent
hecour
tbyi
tser
roneousact
ionhaddi
spl
acedt
hem f
rom,

I
ll
ust
rat
ion:

 
A obt
ainsadecr
eeagai
nstBf
or 
possessi
onofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyandi
nexecut
ion
oft
hedecr
eeobt
ainspossessi
ont
her
eof
.Thedecr
eei
ssubsequent
lyr
ever
sedi
n
appeal
. 
Bisent
it
ledunderhi
ssect
iont
orest
it
uti
onoft
hepr
oper
ty,
event
hought
her
e
.
is-
--
-nodi
rect
ionf
or 
rest
it
uti
oni
nthedecr
eeof
 t
heappel
l
ateCour
t.

Condi
ti
ons:
 Bef
orer
est
it
uti
oncanbeor
der
edundert
hissect
ion,t
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hree
condi
ti
onsmustbesat
isf
ied:

a.Ther
est
it
uti
onsoughtmustbei
nrespectoft
hedecr
eeoror
derwhi
chhad
beenr
ever
sedorv
ari
ed;

b.Thepar
tyappl
yi
ngf
orr
est
it
uti
onmustbeent
it
ledt
obenef
itundert
he
r
ever
singdecr
eeoror
der
;and

 
c.Ther
eli
efcl
aimed mustbepr
oper
lyconsequent
ialont
her
ever
salor
v
ari
ati
onoft
hedecr
eeoror
der
.

I
not
herwor
ds,(
i)t
her
emustbeaner
roneousj
udgment
;(i
i
)thebenef
itoft
hat
er
roneousj
udgmenthasbeenr
ecei
vedbyonepar
ty;
and(
ii
i)t
heer
roneousj
udgment
hasbeenr
ever
sed,
setasi
deormodi
fi
ed.
 
Ift
hese condi
ti
ons ar
e sat
isf
ied,t
he cour
tmustgr
antr
est
it
uti
on.I
tis not
di
scr
eti
onar
ybutobl
i
gat
ory
.

Who MayAppl
y?:
 I
n or
dert
o ent
it
le 
aper
son t
o appl
y 
undert
hissect
ion,t
wo
condi
ti
onsmustbesat
isf
ied:

a.Hemustbea 
par
ty 
tot
he 
decr
ee 
oror
derv
ari
edorr
ever
sed.Theexpr
essi
on
"
par
ty"i
snotconf
inedt
omeanonl
yat
echni
calpar
tyt
othesui
torappealbut
i
ncl
udesanybenef
ici
aryundert
hef
inal
judgment
;and

b.Hemusthav
ebecomeent
it
ledt
oanybenef
itbywayofr
est
it
uti
onorot
her
wise
undert
her
ever
singdecr
eeoror
der
.Thus,
atr
espassercannotgetr
est
it
uti
on.

Agai
nstWhom Rest
it
uti
onCanbeGr
ant
ed:

 
Rest
it
uti
oncanbeor
der
edundert
hissect
ionnotonl
yagai
nstt
hepar
tyt
othe
l
i
tigat
ion,butal
soagai
nsthi
slegalr
epr
esent
ati
ves,e.
g.,t
ransf
ereependent
eli
te,
at
tachi
ng decr
ee-
hol
der
,et
c.Sect
ion 144 appl
i
es onl
ytot
he par
ti
es 
ort
hei
r
r
epr
esent
ati
vesanddoes 
notappl
ytosur
eti
es.Hence,
rest
it
uti
oncannotbecl
aimed
agai
nstasur
ety
.Ital
socannotbegr
ant
edagai
nstabonaf
ide 
auct
ion-
pur
chaser
.

WhoMayGr
antRest
it
uti
on:

 
Anappl
i
cat
ionf
orr
est
it
uti
onl
i
est
othecour
twhi
chhaspassedt
hedecr
eeormade
t
heor
der
.

I
nher
entPowert
oGr
antRest
it
uti
on:

 
Sect
ion144oft
heCodeembody
ingt
hedoct
ri
neofr
est
it
uti
ondoesnotconf
erany
new subst
ant
iver
ightt
othepar
ty.notav
ail
abl
eundert
hegener
all
aw.I
tmer
ely
r
egul
atest
hepowerofcour
ts.Thedoct
ri
nei
sbasedonequi
tyandagai
nstunj
ust
enr
ichment
. Sect
ion 144 i
s not exhaust
ive. Hence, t
her
e i
s al
way
s an
i
nher
ent
 j
uri
sdi
cti
ont
oor
derr
est
it
uti
on.

Li
mit
ati
onandAppeal
:

 
Anappl
i
cat
ionunderSect
ion144i
sanappl
i
cat
ionf
orexecut
ion 
ofadecr
eeandi
s
gov
ernedbyAr
ti
cle136oft
heLi
mit
ati
onAct
,1963.Theper
iodof
 l
imi
tat
ionf
orsuch
an 
appl
i
cat
ori
stwel
vey
ear
sandi
twi
l
lst
artf
rom t
hedat
eof
 t
heappel
l
atedecr
eeor
or
der
.The det
ermi
nat
ion of(
quest
ion underSect
ion 144 has been expr
essl
y
decl
aredt
o bea"
decr
ee"under
 Sect
ion2(
2)oft
heCodeand 
i
s,t
her
efor
e,appeal
abl
e.

CAVEAT(
Sect
ion148-
A)

Meani
ng:
 Thewor
dhasnotbeendef
ined i
n t
heCode.Li
ter
all
y,means"
lethi
m
bewar
e",af
ormanot
ice.I
tisacaut
ionr
egi
ster
edi
napubl
i
cCour
torof
fi
cet
o
i
ndi
cat
etot
heof
fi
cial
sthatt
heyar
enott
oacti
nthemat
terment
ionedi
nthecav
eat
wi
thoutf
ir
stgi
vi
ng 
not
icet
othecav
eat
.

Cav
eatmeant"
any
thi
ngi
nthenat
ureofanopposi
ti
onatanyst
age,andi
snot
conf
inedt
otheopposi
ti
onatt
hegr
eatseal
,whi
chwast
hemeani
ngof'
cav
eat
'under
t
heol
dpr
act
ice.

I
tisal
egalnot
icegi
venbyan 
i
nter
est
edpar
tyt
osomeof
fi
cer
snott
odoacer
tai
n
actunt
ilt
hepar
tyi
nhear
dinopposi
ti
on.

Pr
ovi
sion:
 Sect
ion148-
Aoft
heCodepr
ovi
desf
orl
odgi
ngof
 acav
eat
.

Sect
ion148-
A: 
Rightt
olodgeacav
eat
:

1.
Wher
eanappl
i
cat
ioni
sexpect
edt
obemade,orhasbeenmade,i
nasui
tor
pr
oceedi
ngi
nst
it
uted,
oraboutt
obei
nst
it
uted,
inaCour
t,anyper
soncl
aimi
ngar
ight
t
oappearbef
oret
heCour
tont
hehear
ingofsuchappl
i
cat
ionmayl
odgea 
cav
eati
n
r
espectt
her
eof
.

2.
Wher
eacav
eathasbeenl
odgedundersub-
sect
ion(
1),t
heper
sonbywhom t
he
cav
eathasbeenl
odged(
her
einaf
terr
efer
redt
oast
hecav
eator
)shal
lser
veanot
ice
oft
hecav
eatbyr
egi
ster
edpost
,acknowl
edgmentdue,ont
heper
sonbywhom t
he
appl
i
cat
ionhasbeen,
ori
sexpect
edt
obe,
madeundersub-
sect
ion(
1).
3.
Wher
e,af
teracav
eathasbeenl
odgedundersub-
sect
ion(
1),anyappl
i
cat
ioni
s
f
il
edi
nanysui
torpr
oceedi
ng,t
heCour
tshal
lser
vea 
not
iceoft
heappl
i
cat
ionon
t
he 
cav
eat
or.

4.
Wher
eanot
iceofanycav
eathasbeenser
vedont
heappl
i
cant
,heshal
lfor
thwi
th
f
urni
sht
hecav
eat
or,att
hecav
eat
or'
sexpense,wi
thacopyoft
heappl
i
cat
ion 
made
byhi
m andal
sowi
th 
copi
esofanypaperordocumentwhi
chhav
ebeen,ormay,
be,
.
fi
ledby'
hi
minsuppor
toft
heappl
i
cat
ion.

5.
Wher
eacav
eathasbeenl
odgedundersub-
sect
ion(
1),suchcav
eatshal
lnot
r
emai
ninf
orceaf
tert
heexpi
ryofni
net
yday
sfr
om t
hedat
eonwhi
chi
twasl
odged
unl
esst
heappl
i
cat
ionr
efer
redt
oinsub-
sect
ion(
1)hasbeenmadebef
oret
heexpi
ry
oft
hesai
dper
iod.

Wher
ecav
eatl
ie:

 
Accor
ding t
o S.148-
A,a cav
eatcan be l
odged i
n a sui
torpr
oceedi
ng.The
expr
essi
on'
Civ
ilPr
oceedi
ng'
 
inS.
 141oft
he,Codei
ncl
udes 
allpr
oceedi
ngs,
 
whi
ch
ar
enot
 or
igi
nal
proceedi
ngs.

Wher
ecav
eatdoesnotl
ie:

 
Thepr
ovi
sionsofsect
ion148-
Aar
eappl
i
cabl
eonl
y 
int
hecaseswher
e t
he'
cav
eat
or
i
sent
it
ledt
obehear
dbef
oreanyor
deri
smadeont
heappl
i
cat
ional
readyf
il
ed 
or
pr
oposed t
o be f
il
ed,butdoes notappl
yin cases wher
ethe Code does not
cont
empl
atenot
ice.

Whocanf
il
ecav
eat
: 
A necessar
yaswel
laspr
oper
 par
tymayl
odgea 
cav
eatU/
s
148-
A.A 
cav
eatmaybef
il
edbyanyper
sonwhoi
sgoi
ngt
obeaf
fect
edbyani
nter
im
or
derl
i
kel
ytobepassedonanappl
i
cat
ionwhi
chi
sexpect
edt
obemadei
nasui
tor
pr
oceedi
ngi
nst
it
utedoraboutt
obei
nst
it
utedi
naCour
t.

Whomaynotf
il
ecav
eat
: A 
str
angert
othepr
oceedi
ngora 
per
sonsuppor
ti
ngt
he
appl
i
cat
ionf
ori
nter
imr
eli
efmadebyt
heappl
i
cantcannotl
odgeacav
eat
.
Ti
meLi
mit
: 
Accor
dingt
osub-
sect
ion(
5),
acav
eatf
il
ed 
U/s148-
A(1)shal
lremai
nin
f
orce 
forni
net
yday
sfr
om t
hedat
eofi
tsf
il
ing.

Fai
lur
etohearCav
eat
or: 
Onceacav
eati
sfi
l
ed,i
tisa 
condi
ti
onpr
ecedentf
or
passi
ngani
nter
im or
dert
oser
veanot
iceoft
heappl
i
cat
ionont
he 
cav
eat
orwhoi
s
goi
ngt
obeaf
fect
edbyt
hei
nter
im or
der
.Butani
nter
im or
derpassedwi
thout
hear
ing 
thecav
eat
ori
snotwi
thoutj
uri
sdi
cti
onand 
oper
atesunl
essset
-asi
de.

I
NHERENTPOWERSOFCOURTS(
SECTI
ONS148,
149AND151TO153-
A)

Gener
al:
 Ev
eryCour
tisconst
it
utedf
ort
hepur
poseofadmi
nist
eri
ngj
ust
icebet
ween
t
hepar
ti
esand,t
her
efor
e,mustbedeemedt
o possess,asanecessar
ycor
oll
ary
,al
l
such power
s as maybe 
necessar
yto do t
he r
ightand t
o undo t
he wr
ong i
n
t
he 
cour
se ofadmi
nist
rat
ion ofj
ust
ice.The Code i
s a pr
ocedur
al 
l
aw and t
he
pr
ovi
sionst
her
eofmustbe 
l
iber
all
yconst
ruedt
oadv
ancet
hecauseofj
ust
iceand
f
urt
heri
tsends.

Thei
nher
entpower
sar
einaddi
ti
ont
othe 
power
sspeci
fi
cal
l
yconf
err
edont
heCour
t
byt
heCode.Theyar
ecompl
ement
aryt
othosepower
sandt
heCour
tis 
fr
eet
o
exer
ciset
hem f
ort
heends 
ofj
ust
iceort
opr
eventt
heabuseoft
hepr
ocessoft
he
Cour
t.

The Code i
s notexhaust
ive and f
ort
he si
mpl
ereason t
hatt
he 
l
egi
slat
urei
s
i
ncapabl
eofcont
empl
ati
ngal
lthepossi
bleci
rcumst
anceswhi
chmayar
isei
nfut
ure
l
i
tigat
ions, i
nher
ent power
s come t
o t
he r
escue i
n such unf
oreseen
ci
rcumst
ances.
 As

RagbubarDay
al,
Just
icei
nManobar
lal
.VSet
hHeer
alalAI
R1962SC,
 ri
ght
lyst
ates:
'
'
Thei
nher
entpowerhasnotbeenconf
err
edupont
he 
Cour
t,i
tisapoweri
nher
enti
n
t
heCour
tbyv
irt
ueof
 i
tsdut
yto do 
j
ust
icebet
ween 
thepar
ti
es 
bef
orei
t.
" 
Thus,
t
his 
poweri
s necessar
yin 
thei
nter
est
 ofj
ust
ice.
 Sect
ions148,149,
151,
152,
153and
153-
A oft
he Code enactt
he Law r
elat
ing t
othe i
nher
entpower
s ofa Cour
t
i
ndi
ff
erentci
rcumst
ances.
1.
Enl
argement
 of
 t
ime:
 
Sect
ion 
148

2.
Pay
ment
 of
 Cour
t 
Fees:
 
Sect
ion 
149

3.
Under
 Sect
ion 
151:
-

i
) 
Ends 
of 
Just
ice:
 
Sect
ion 
151

i
i
) Abuse 
of 
Process 
of 
Cour
t:
 Sect
ion 
151

4.Amendment
s of
 Judgment
s,Decr
ees,Or
der
s and 
Other
s Recor
ds:
 
Sect
ions 
152,
153and153-
A

1.
 Enl
argement
 of
 t
ime 
Sect
ion 
148:
 
Prov
ides t
hatwher
e any per
iod i
s f
ixed or
gr
ant
edbyt
heCour
tfort
hedoi
ngofanyact
,theCour
thaspowert
oenl
arget
hesai
d
per
iodev
eni
ftheor
igi
nal
per
iodhasexpi
redonf
ulf
il
lmentoft
woCondi
ti
ons:

i
) 
A per
iod 
must
 hav
e been 
fi
xed 
or 
grant
ed 
by 
the 
Cour
t;
 and

i
i
) Such 
per
iod 
must
 be 
for
 doi
ng 
an 
act
 pr
escr
ibed 
or 
all
owed 
by 
the 
Code.

2.
 Pay
ment
 of
 Cour
t 
Fees 
Sect
ion 
149:
 Empower
stheCour
ttoal
l
owapar
tyt
omake
upt
hedef
ici
encyofCour
tFeespay
abl
eonapl
aint
,memor
andum ofappeal
,et
c.
ev
enaf
tert
heexpi
ryoft
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onpr
escr
ibedf
orf
il
ingofsuch 
sui
ts,
appeal
s et
c.Sect
ion 4 ofCour
tFees 
act
,1870 pr
ovi
des t
hatno document
char
geabl
ewi
thCour
tFeeundert
heActshal
lbef
il
edorr
ecor
dedi
nany
 Cour
tof
Just
ice,
unl
esst
her
equi
redCour
tfeei
spai
d.

Thi
ssect
ioni
sasor
tofpr
ovi
sot
othatr
ulebyal
l
owi
ng 
thedef
ici
ttobemadegood
wi
thi
nthet
imef
ixedbyt
heCour
t.I
fthepr
operCour
tfeei
snotpai
datt
het
imi
ngof
f
il
ingsui
torappealet
c.,butt
hedef
ici
tCour
tfeei
spai
dwi
thi
n t
het
imef
ixedbyt
he
Cour
t,
 i
tcannotbet
reat
edas 
ti
mebar
red.Thedef
ect
ivedocumenti
sret
rospect
ivel
y
v
ali
dat
edf
ort
hepur
posesof
 l
imi
tat
ionaswel
lasCour
tfees.

3.
 Ends 
of 
Just
ice:
 Sect
ion 
151:
 Thei
nher
entpower
ssav
edbysect
ion151can 
be
usedt
osecur
etheendsofj
ust
ice.Thust
heCour
tcanr
ecal
lit
sownOr
der
sand
cor
rectmi
stakes,cansetasi
deas 
expar
teor
deragai
nstt
hepar
ty,et
c.et
c.What
woul
d meet t
he ends 
of j
ust
ice woul
d al
way
s depend 
upon t
he f
act
s and
ci
rcumst
ancesofeachcaseandt
he 
requi
rement
sofj
ust
ice.

4.
 Abuseof
 pr
ocess 
of 
Cour
t:Sect
ion 
151:

 
Thei
nher
entpower
ssav
edbysect
ion151canal
sobeusedt
opr
eventt
heabuse
of
 t
hepr
ocessofaCour
t,whi
chmay
 becommi
tt
edbyaCour
tit
sel
for
 byapar
ty.

AbusesbyaCour
t: 
Wher
eaCour
templ
oysapr
ocedur
eindoi
ngsomet
hingwhi
chi
t
nev
eri
ntendedt
odoandt
her
eismi
scar
ri
ageofj
ust
ice,t
hei
njust
icesodonet
o t
he
par
tymustber
emedi
edont
hebasi
soft
hedoct
ri
neact
uscur
iaenemi
nem gr
avabi
t
(
anactoft
heCour
tshal
lhar
m noone)

AbusesbyaPar
ty: 
e.g.
,byobt
aini
ngbenef
it
sbypr
act
isi
ngf
raudon 
theCour
t,or
uponapar
tyt
o t
hesui
t,orci
rcumv
ent
ingt
hest
atut
orypr
ovi
sionset
c,et
c.

5.
 Amendment
sofJudgment
s,Decr
ees,
 
Orderand 
OtherRecor
ds:
 Sect
ions152,
153 
and153-
A:

Sect
ions152:
 Enact
sthecl
eri
calorar
it
hmet
icalmi
stakesi
njudgment
s,decr
ees
and or
der
s ar
isi
ng f
rom anyacci
dent
alsl
i
p oromi
ssi
ons;mayat
 anyt
ime be
cor
rect
edbyt
heCour
t 
eit
herofi
tsownmot
ion(
suomot
o)oronappl
i
cat
ionofanyof
t
hepar
ti
es.Thesect
ioni
sbasedupon 
twoi
mpor
tantpr
inci
ples:

i
) 
an 
act
 of
 t
he 
Cour
t 
shoul
d not
 pr
ejudi
ce 
any
 par
ty,
 
andi
i
)iti
sthedut
y'
 oft
heCour
ts
t
oseet
hatt
hei
rrecor
dsar
etr
ueandt
heyr
epr
esentt
hecor
rectst
ateof
 af
fai
rs.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion:

 
A f
il
esasui
tagai
nstBf
orRs.10,
000/
-andi
nter
esti
n aCour
tX.TheCour
tpassesa
decr
eef
orRS.
10,
000/
-aspr
ayed.Thedecr
eecanbe 
amendedundert
hissect
ion,

 
A f
il
es 
a sui
t 
agai
nst
 B 
for
 Rs.
 10,
000/
and 
i
nter
est
 i
n a 
Cour
t 
X. 
The 
Cour
t 
passes 
a d
ecr
ee 
for
 Rs.
5,OOO/
-onl
yandnot
hingmor
e.Aappl
i
est
oamendt
hedecr
eebyaddi
ng
apr
ayerf
ort
hei
nter
est
.Thedecr
eecannotbeamendedunder
 t
hissect
ion.I
f
aggr
iev
edbyt
hedecr
ee,
Amayf
il
eanappeal
or 
anappl
i
cat
ionf
orr
evi
ew.

Sect
ions153:
 Conf
ersagener
alpoweront
heCour
ttoamenddef
ect
sorer
ror
sin
"
anypr
oceedi
ngi
nasui
t"andt
omakeal
lnecessar
yamendment
sfort
hepur
poseof
det
ermi
ning t
he r
ealquest
ion att
he i
ssue bet
ween t
he par
ti
es t
o,t
he sui
t 
or
pr
oceedi
ngs.

Sect
ions 153-
A: 
Prov
ides t
hatwher
ethe appel
l
ate 
Cour
tdi
smi
sses an appeal
summar
il
yunder
 Or
der41,
Rul
e11,t
hepowerofamendmentunderSect
ion152can
be 
exer
cisedbyt
heCour
toft
he 
fi
rsti
nst
ance.

Ambi
tandScope: 
Ofi
nher
entpower
sofaCour s151bySubbaRao,Just
tu/ ice,as
het
hen 
wasi
nRam ChandVKanhay
alalAI
R,1966SC1899,
aft
erconsi
der
ingal
lthe
l
egal
 
casesont
hesubj
ectpr
onounced;

"
Thei
nher
entpowerofaCour
tisi
naddi
ti
ont
oandcompl
ement
aryt
othepower
s
expr
essl
yconf
err
ed undert
heCode.Butt
hepowerwi
l
l 
notbeexer
cised i
fit
s
exer
cise i
sinconsi
stentwi
th,orcomes i
nto 
conf
li
ctwi
th,any oft
he power
s
expr
essl
yorbynecessar
yimpl
i
cat
ionconf
err
edbyt
heot
herpr
ovi
sionsoft
heCode.
I
fther
ear
eexpr
esspr
ovi
sionsex
haust
ivel
ycov
eri
ngapar
ti
cul
art
opi
c,t
heygi
ver
ise
t
oanecessar
yimpl
i
cat
iont
hatnopowershal
lbeexer
cisedi
nrespectoft
hesai
d
t
opi
c ot
her
wise t
han i
n mannerpr
escr
ibed by t
he sai
d pr
ovi
sions What
ever
l
imi
tat
ionsar
eimposedbyconst
ruct
ionont
hepr
ovi
sionsofsect
ion151oft
he
Code,t
heydo notcont
rolt
heundoubt
edpoweroft
heCour
tconf
err
ed under
Sect
ion151oft
heCodet
omakeasui
tabl
eor
dert
opr
eventt
heabuseoft
he
pr
ocessoft
heCour
t.
” 

I
MPORTANTQUESTI
ONS

Q.
1.Except
ion 
tot
he 
rul
ethatwhenonce 
j
udgmenthas 
beenpr
onouncedandsi
gned
byt
hecour
t,
 t
hecour
tcannotal
teri
t.Di
scuss.

Q.
2.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyi
nher
entpower
sofci
vi
lcour
t?Di
scuss.

Q.
3.Def
inei
njunct
ionandst
ate 
i
ts 
kinds.Whencana 
tempor
ary
 i
njunct
ion 
bei
ssued?
Q.
4.Expl
aint
hepower
sofan 
appel
l
atecour
t.
 Canaddi
ti
onalev
idencebe 
all
owed
i
n appeal
?

Q.
5.What
 ar
ethepower
sof
 t
hecour
ts 
toi
ssuecommi
ssi
ons?
 Forwhatpur
poses 
a
commi
ssi
oncan 
bei
ssuedbyt
hecour
t?

Q.
6.Whatar
ethePower
sofaCour
tof
 r
evi
sion?
 Expl
ain.

a)
 Let
ter
 of
 Request

b)
 Ar
rest
 bef
ore 
j
udgment
.

c)
 At
tachment
 bef
ore 
j
udgment
.

d)
 I
nter
locut
ory
 Or
der

e)Rest
it
uti
on

f
)Cav
eat

Q.
7. 
Dist
ingui
sh 
bet
ween 
the 
fol
l
owi
ng:

a)
 Appeal
 
and 
Rev
isi
on

b)
 Ref
erence 
and 
Rev
isi
on

c)
 Ref
erence 
and 
Rev
iew

d)
 Appeal
 
and 
Rev
iew
 UNI
T-V

LI
MITATI
ON OFSUI
TS,APPEALSAND APPLI
CATI
ONS,PERI
OD OFLI
MITATI
ON,
CONTI
NUOUS RUNNI
NG OF TI
ME, EFFECT OF SUFFI
CIENT CAUSE FOR NOT
PREFERRI
NG APPEALS OR MAKI
NG APPLI
CATI
ONS WI
THI
N THEPERI
OD OF
LI
MITATI
ON,LEGALDI
SABI
LITY,COMPUTATI
ONOFPERI
ODOFLI
MITATI
ONAND
EXCLUSI
ON OF TI
ME I
N LEGAL PROCEEDI
NG,EFFECT OF “
DEATH”
,“FRAUD”
,
“
MISTAKE”OR“
ACKNOWLEDGMENTI
NWRI
TING”
,ACQUI
SITI
ONOFOWNERSHI
P
BYPOSSESSI
ON

I
NDI
ANLI
MITATI
ONACT,
1963(
W.E.
F.01-
01-
1964)

Lawof
 Li
mit
ati
ons:

 
TheLaw ofLi
mit
ati
onsl
i
mit
sorpr
escr
ibesat
imeaf
tert
hel
apseofwhi
chsui
t 
or
ot
herpr
oceedi
ngscannotbemai
ntai
nedi
naCour
tofl
aw or
 t
heper
sonsl
i
abl
eto
sueshal
lbecomeexemptf
rom answer
ingt
her
ein.I
tdoesnotpost
poneorsuspend
t
her
ightofcl
aimant
s,i
tmer
elypr
escr
ibesaper
iod 
fort
hei
nst
it
uti
onofsui
tand
f
orbi
dst
hem f
rom bei
ngbr
oughtaf
terper
iods,eachofwhi
chst
art
sfr
om some
def
ini
teev
ent
.Itonl
yrest
rai
nst
hehol
derofar
ightf
rom enf
orci
nghi
sri
ghtby
r
ecour
set
olawaf
terpr
escr
ibedper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on.
 

Nat
ureofAct
:

 
"Ther
uleofl
i
mit
ati
oni
sar
uleofpr
ocedur
e,a 
branchofadj
ect
ivel
aw.Thei
ntent
ion
oft
hel
awofl
i
mit
ati
oni
snott
ocr
eat
ear
ightwher
ether
eisnone,
nor
 t
oext
ingui
sha
r
ightwher
ether
eisone,butt
oint
erposeabaraf
teracer
tai
nper
iodt
oenf
orcean
exi
sti
ngr
ight
."
1Thepl
eaofl
i
mit
ati
oncanber
aisedonl
yasagai
nstt
hepl
aint
if
fand
notagai
nstt
hedef
endant
.

Law i
s"l
ex f
eri
":
 I
tmeans whet
heran obl
i
gat
ion i
sto be enf
orced ornot
depends 
excl
usi
vel
yupont
hel
aw ofl
i
mit
ati
onsoft
hecount
ryi
n whi
cht
hesui
tis
br
ought(
lex 
fer
i)
 
Acti
saCompl
ete 
Code:TheLi
mit
ati
onActi
sanexhaust
ivecodegov
erni
ng 
l
awof
l
i
mit
ati
oni
n I
ndi
ainr
espectofal
lmat
ter
sspeci
fi
cal
l
ydeal
twi
thbyi
tandt
heI
ndi
an
Cour
tsar
enot
 per
mit
tedt
otr
avelbey
ondi
tspr
ovi
sionst
oaddort
osuppl
ement
t
hem.I
nter
pret
ati
onCl
ause2:
Int
hisAct
,unl
esst
hecont
extot
her
wiser
equi
res–

a)
"appl
i
cant
"incl
udes-

i
.A 
pet
it
ioner
;

i
i
.Anyper
sonf
rom or
 t
hroughwhom 
anappl
i
cant
 der
iveshi
s r
ight
 t
oappl
y;

i
i
i.
anyper
son whoseest
atei
srepr
esent
ed byt
heappl
i
cantasexecut
or,
admi
nist
rat
ororot
herr
epr
esent
ati
ve;

b)
“appl
i
cat
ion”i
ncl
udesapet
it
ion;

c)
"bi
l
l 
ofexchange"i
ncl
udesa 
hundi
 
anda 
cheque;

d)
“def
endant
” 
incl
udes-

e)“
bond”i
ncl
udesanyi
nst
rument
swher
ebyaper
sonobl
i
geshi
msel
ftopaymoney
t
o anot
heron condi
ti
on t
hatt
he obl
i
gat
ion shal
lbe 
voi
difa speci
fi
ed acti
s
per
for
medori
s notper
for
med,ast
hecasemaybe;anyper
sonf
rom ort
hrough
whom adef
endantder
iveshi
sli
abi
l
ityt
obesued;anyper
sonwhoseest
atei
s
r
epr
esent
edbyt
hedef
endantasex
ecut
or,
admi
nist
rat
orot
herr
epr
esent
ati
ve;

f
) 
"easement
"incl
udes 
ari
ghtnot
 ar
isi
ng f
rom cont
ract
,by whi
ch one per
son
i
s ent
it
ledt
oremov
eandappr
opr
iat
eforhi
sownpr
ofi
tanypar
toft
he 
soi
lbel
ongi
ng
t
oanot
herorany
thi
nggr
owi
ngi
norat
tachedt
o,orsubsi
sti
ngupon,t
hel
andof
anot
her
;

g)
 "
goodf
ait
h"-
not
hing 
shal
lbedeemed 
tobedone 
i
ngoodf
ait
hwhi
chi
s notdone
wi
th 
duecar
eandat
tent
ion;

h)
 "
plai
nti
ff
 i
ncl
udes-

i
)anyper
son 
fr
om 
ort
hrough 
whom 
apl
aint
if
fder
ives 
hisr
ightt
osue;

i
i
) anyper
son whose est
atei
srepr
esent
ed byt
he pl
aint
if
fas execut
or,
 admi
nist
rat
ororot
herr
epr
esent
ati
ve;
 

j
) 
"per
iodof
 l
imi
tat
ion"meanst
he 
per
iodof
 l
imi
tat
ion 
prescr
ibedf
or 
anysui
t,
 appeal
or
 appl
i
cat
ionbyt
heSchedul
e,and"
prescr
ibedper
iod"meanst
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on
comput
edi
naccor
dancewi
tht
he 
prov
isi
onsoft
hisAct
;

k)
 "
promi
ssor
y not
e" 
means any
 i
nst
rument wher
eby
 the maker
 engages
absol
utel
y 
topayaspeci
fi
edsum ofmoneyt
oanot
heratat
imet
her
einl
i
mit
ed,
oron
demand,
oratsi
ght
;

l
) 
"t
ort
" 
meansa 
civ
ilwr
ong 
whi
chi
s notexcl
usi
vel
ythebr
each 
ofa 
cont
ractor
 t
he
br
each 
ofat
rust
;

m)
 "
tr
ust
ee"does 
noti
ncl
udea 
benami
dar
, 
a mor
tgageer
emai
ning 
i
n possessi
on
af
tert
hemor
tgageehasbeensat
isf
iedOra 
per
soni
nwr
ongf
ulpossessi
onwi
thout
t
it
le.

LI
MITATI
ONOF 
SUI
TS,
APPEALANDAPPLI
CATI
ONS

Per
iodofLi
mit
ati
on: 
Law ofl
i
mit
ati
oni
sbasedonwel
lknownmaxi
m"I
nter
est
r
epubl
icautsi
tfi
nisl
it
um"
  
i.
e.,I
tisi
nthei
nter
estoft
heSt
atet
hatt
her
eshoul
dbe
an 
endt
oIni
ti
ati
vepr
ocess.Thel
aw ofl
i
mit
ati
oni
sbasedont
hepr
inci
plet
hatt
he
l
awai
dst
hedi
l
igentandnott
hei
ndol
ent
,thatamanwhohasnegl
i
gent
lysl
eptov
er
hi
sri
ght
sforanunduel
engt
hoft
imewi
l
lnotbeal
l
owedt
oli
ti
gat
einr
espectoft
hem.

Law ofLi
mit
ati
oni
sanabsol
utel
aw andt
hepar
ti
escannotev
adei
tbywayof
pr
ivat
eagr
eement
.ThusunderSect
ion28oft
heCont
ractAct
,anagr
eementwhi
ch
l
i
mit
sthet
imewi
thi
nwhi
chany
 par
tyt
her
etomayenf
orcehi
sri
ght
sbyt
heusual
l
egalpr
oceedi
ngsi
nor
dinar
ytr
ibunal
sisv
oid.Si
mil
arl
y,anagr
eementbet
weent
he
par
ti
est
hatdef
endantwi
l
lnotpl
eadt
hel
aw ofl
i
mit
ati
oni
nasui
tbr
oughtagai
nst
hi
m byt
heot
heri
svoi
d.

I
nLi
viv
.Rai
ngi3Bor
n207,
itwasobser
vedt
hatt
he 
obj
ectoft
heActi
snott
ocr
eat
e
ordef
inecauses 
ofact
ionbutsi
mpl
ytopr
escr
ibet
he 
per
iodwi
thi
nwhi
chexi
sti
ng
r
ight
scan 
beenf
orcedi
nCour
tof
 Law.Sect
ion3(
1)oft
he 
Limi
tat
ionActpr
ovi
des
asunder
:

"
Subj
ectt
othepr
ovi
sionscont
ainedi
nSect
ions4t
o24,ev
erysui
tinst
it
uted,appeal
pr
efer
red and appl
i
cat
ion madeaf
tert
hepr
escr
ibed per
iod shal
lbedi
smi
ssed,
al
thoughl
i
mit
ati
onhasnotbeensetupasadef
ence.

"
SoSect
ion3ofLi
mit
ati
onActgi
vest
hegener
alr
uleof
 l
imi
tat
ionbypr
ovi
dingt
hata
sui
t 
oranappealor
 anappl
i
cat
ionf
il
edbey
ondt
het
imepr
escr
ibedt
her
eforshal
lbe
di
smi
ssedal
thoughl
i
mit
ati
oni
snotsetup 
asdef
enceby
 opposi
tepar
ty.

I
nAshokK.Khur
anav
.Mi
sSt
eel
manI
ndust
ri
esandot
her
s,AI
R2000Del
hi336

 
i
twasobser
ved:"
Mer
ereadi
ngofSect
ion3oft
heActshowst
hati
tismandat
ory
andabsol
utei
nnat
ure.I
tenj
oinsupont
hecour
ttodi
smi
ssanysui
tinst
it
uted,
appeal
pr
efer
redorappl
i
cat
ionmadeaf
tert
hepr
escr
ibedper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on,al
though
l
i
mit
ati
onhasnotbeensetupasadef
ence.Cour
tshav
enodi
scr
eti
onori
nher
ent
power
stocondonet
hedel
ayi
fthesui
tisf
il
ed 
bey
ondt
hepr
escr
ibed,per
iodof
l
i
mit
ati
on,
rat
heradut
yiscastont
hecour
ttodi
smi
sst
hesui
t,appealorappl
i
cat
ion
i
fthesame 
i
sbar
redbyl
i
mit
ati
onunl
essmat
teri
scov
eredbySect
ions4t
o24 
oft
he
Act
.

"
Soi
tbecomescl
eart
hatpr
ovi
sionsofSect
ion3oft
heActar
emandat
oryi
nnat
ure.
Sect
ion3enj
oinsacour
ttodi
smi
ssev
erysui
t,appealorappl
i
cat
ion,whi
chi
snot
wi
thi
nthepr
escr
ibed 
per
iod.Gat
eway
sfr
om t
heper
empt
orypr
ovi
sionsofSect
ion3
ar
epr
ovi
dedbySect
ions4t
o24.I
not
herwor
ds,
thecour
thasnopower
,apar
tfr
om
t
hepr
ovi
sionsofSect
ions4t
o24,
 
tor
eli
eveal
i
tigantf
rom t
hebar
 ofl
i
mit
ati
onev
en
onequi
tabl
econsi
der
ati
onorongr
oundsofhar
dshi
pori
nexer
ciseofi
tsi
nher
ent
power
s.

Sect
ion4oft
heActpr
ovi
dest
hatwher
ethepr
escr
ibedper
iod 
foranysui
t,appeal
or
 appl
i
cat
ion expi
res on a daywhen t
he cour
tis cl
osed,t
he sui
t,appealor
appl
i
cat
ionmaybei
nst
it
uted,
pref
err
edormade 
ont
hedaywhent
hecour
treopens.
ThenSect
ion5oft
heActpr
ovi
dest
hatanappealoranyappl
i
cat
ionot
hert
hant
he
appl
i
cat
ionunderanyoft
hepr
ovi
sionsofor
derOr
der21oft
heCodeofCi
vi
l
Pr
ocedur
e may be admi
tt
ed af
tert
he pr
escr
ibed per
iod i
fthe appel
l
antor
appl
i
cant
 sat
isf
iest
heCour
tthathehassuf
fi
cientcausef
ornotpr
efer
ri
ngan 
appeal
ormaki
ngt
heappl
i
cat
ion 
wit
hinsuchper
iod.Sect
ions6t
o8 
oft
heActext
endt
he
per
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on 
i
ncaseswher
ethel
i
mit
ati
onexpi
res 
bef
oret
hecessat
ionof
di
sabi
l
ity
,i.
e.,
minor
it
y, 
i
nsani
tyori
diocy
.

Sect
ions12t
o15of
 t
heActpr
ovi
def
orex
cludi
ngcer
tai
nper
iodsi
ncomput
ing
t
he 
per
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on.ThenSect
ions16t
o24oft
heActpr
ovi
def
ort
heef
fectof
deat
h,f
raud,mi
stake,acknowl
edgement'
i
n wr
it
ing,par
tpay
ment
,addi
ti
on or
subst
it
uti
onofnew 
plai
nti
ff
sordef
endant
s,andcont
inuouswr
ong.I
n suchcases,

t
he 
Act
 pr
ovi
des 
the 
dat
e f
rom 
whi
ch 
the 
fr
esh 
per
iod 
of 
l
imi
tat
ion 
shal
l
 begi
n t
o r
un.

“
Limi
tat
ionbar
sther
emedybutdoesnotdest
royt
her
ight
”

Sect
ion3ofI
ndi
anLi
mit
ati
onl
aysdown 
thegener
alr
uleof
 Li
mit
ati
onActandr
eads
asunder
:

"
Subj
ectt
othe pr
ovi
sions cont
ained i
n Sect
ions 4 t
o 24 
(i
ncl
usi
ve)
,ev
erysui
t
i
nst
it
uted,
appeal
pref
err
ed,
andappl
i
cat
ionmadeaf
tert
hepr
escr
ibedper
iodshal
lbe
di
smi
ssed;
alt
houghl
i
mit
ati
onhasnotbeensetupasadef
ence.
"

TheLi
mit
ati
onActt
huspr
escr
ibesper
iodwi
thi
nwhi
chv
ari
oussui
ts,appeal
s or
appl
i
cat
ionsf
orr
espect
ivecl
aimscanbei
nst
it
utedi
ncour
tsofl
aw.I
fapar
tyor
cl
aimantf
ail
stodoso,
itcannotcl
aim anyf
urt
herr
emedyat
 l
aw.

Ther
uleofl
i
mit
ati
oni
sar
uleofpr
ocedur
e.I
tdoesnotei
thercr
eat
eorext
ingui
sha
r
ight
.Int
hewor
dsofSi
rRi
char
dCouchi
nHar
rynat
hv.Mat
her
,20LA.
 188:"
The
i
ntent
ionoft
hel
aw ofl
i
mit
ati
oni
snott
ogi
ver
ightwher
ether
eisnonenort
o
ext
ingui
shar
ightwher
ether
eisonebutt
oint
erposea 
baraf
teracer
tai
nper
iodt
oa
sui
ttoenf
orceanexi
sti
ngr
ight
.

"
Limi
tat
iont
hussi
mpl
ybar
sthej
udi
cialr
emedy
,wi
thoutext
ingui
shi
ngt
her
ight
.For
exampl
e,wher
ether
ecov
eryofadebthasbecomet
imebar
redbyt
hel
apseof
pr
escr
ibedt
ime,
ther
ightt
othedebti
snotext
ingui
shedandt
hesameappl
i
est
othe
debt
orwi
thoutbei
ngawar
eoft
hemoneyduet
ohi
m ont
hegr
oundt
hathi
scl
aimf
or
r
ecov
eryoft
hedebthadbecomet
imebar
red.
I
nPunj
abNat
ionalBankandot
her
sv.Sur
ender
aPr
asadSi
nha,AI
R1992SC1815
Sect
ion 3 ofLi
mit
ati
on 
Actbar
s t
he r
emedy
 butdoes 
notdest
roy
 the r
ight
 t
o
whi
ch 
ther
emedy
 rel
ates.Ri
ght
 t
odebt
 cont
inuest
oexi
stnot
wit
hst
andi
ngr
emedyi
s
bar
red.Ri
ghtcanbeexer
cisei
nanyot
hermannert
hanbymeansof
 sui
t.I
tisset
tl
ed
l
aw t
hatt
hecr
edi
torwoul
dbeent
it
ledt
oadj
ust
,fr
om pay
mentofsum bydebt
or
t
owar
dst
imebar
reddebt
.Iti
sal
soequal
l
yset
tl
edl
aw t
hatcr
edi
torwhenhei
sin
possessi
onofadequat
esecur
it
ydebtduecoul
dbeadj
ust
ed 
fr
om secur
it
yinhi
s
possessi
on.

LawofLi
mit
ati
oni
sanabsol
utel
awandt
hepar
ti
escannotev
adei
tbywayofpr
ivat
e
agr
eement
.ThusunderSect
ion28oft
heCont
ractAct
,anagr
eementwhi
chl
i
mit
s
t
het
imewi
thi
nwhi
chany
 par
tyt
her
etomayenf
orcehi
sri
ght
sbyt
heusuall
egal
pr
oceedi
ngsi
nor
dinar
ytr
ibunal
sisv
oid.Si
mil
arl
y,anagr
eementbet
weent
hepar
ti
es
t
hatdef
endantwi
l
lnotpl
eadt
hel
awofl
i
mit
ati
oni
nasui
tbr
oughtagai
nsthi
m byt
he
ot
heri
svoi
d.

Except
ion:

 
Howev
er,t
her
eisoneexcept
iont
orul
ethatl
aw of
 l
imi
tat
ionbar
sther
emedybut
nott
he 
ri
ght
.Thi
shasbeeni
ncor
por
atedi
n Sect
ion27oft
heAct
.TheSect
ion
pr
ovi
des:

"
Att
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heper
iodher
ebyl
i
mit
ed 
toanyper
sonf
ori
nst
it
uti
ngasui
t
f
or 
possessi
onofanypr
oper
tyhi
sri
ghtt
osuchpr
oper
tyshal
lbeext
ingui
shed.

"
InFi
rstNat
ionalBankLt
d.v
.Set
hSant
lal
,AI
R1954Punj
ab328 
i
twasobser
ved:
"
Sect
ion27oft
heLi
mit
ati
onActi
s,howev
er,anexcept
iont
o t
hegener
alr
ule 
thati
n
per
sonalact
ions,t
heLi
mit
ati
onActbar
sonl
yther
emedyanddoesnotext
ingui
sh
t
her
ight
.Inasui
tforpossessi
onofanypr
oper
tyont
hedet
ermi
nat
ionoft
heper
iod
ofl
i
mit
ati
onnetonl
ythe 
remedybutt
her
ightal
so,i
sext
ingui
shedunder
 Sect
ion27.
Butadebtdoesnotceaset
obe 
due,becausei
tcannotber
ecov
eredaf
tert
he
expi
rat
ion 
oft
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onpr
ovi
dedf
ori
nst
it
uti
ngasui
tfor
 i
tsr
ecov
ery
.
Af
teradebtbecomesbar
redaper
soni
sst
il
ldeemedt
oowe.
"

EFFECT OFSUFFI
CIENT CAUSE FOR NOT PREFERRI
NG APPEALS OR MAKI
NG
APPLI
CATI
ONSWI
THI
NTHEPERI
ODOFLI
MITATI
ON

Thepr
ovi
sionsofSect
ion5oft
heActar
eanexcept
iont
othegener
alr
ulel
aiddown
i
nSect
ion3t
hat
 ev
erysui
tinst
it
uted,appealpr
efer
redandappl
i
cat
ionmadeaf
ter
t
hepr
escr
ibedper
iodshal
lbedi
smi
ssed.

Sect
ion5

 
ofI
ndi
an 
Limi
tat
ionActpr
ovi
des:

"
Anyappealoranyappl
i
cat
ionot
hert
hanan-
appl
i
cat
ionunderanyoft
hepr
ovi
sions
ofOr
derXXIofCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908,maybeadmi
tt
edaf
tert
hepr
escr
ibed
per
iodi
ftheappel
l
antort
heappl
i
cantsat
isf
iest
hecour
tthathehad 
suf
fi
cient
causef
ornotpr
efer
ri
ngt
heappeal
 
ormaki
ngt
ir
eappl
i
cat
ionwi
thi
nsuchper
iod.

"
Expl
anat
ionsay
s:I
ftheappel
l
antort
heappl
i
cantwasmi
sledbyt
heor
der
,pr
act
ice
orj
udgmentoft
heHi
ghCour
tinascer
tai
ningorcomput
ingt
hepr
escr
ibedper
iod,i
t
maybeasuf
fi
cientcausewi
thi
nthemeani
ngoft
hisSect
ionf
orext
ensi
onof
per
iod 
ofl
i
mit
ati
on.

I
twi
l
lbeseenf
rom t
heabov
ethatt
hepr
ovi
sionscont
ainedi
nSect
ion5appl
i
es
onl
y 
toappealandcer
tai
nappl
i
cat
ionsment
ionedt
her
einandnot
 t
othesui
ts.The
r
easoni
sthatper
iod 
prescr
ibedf
orappl
i
cat
ionsandappeal
sment
ionedi
nthi
s
Sect
iondoesnotexceedsi
xmont
hswhi
l
eforsui
titext
endsf
rom 3t
o12y
ear
s.
Ther
efor
e,t
hisconcl
usi
on hasbeen gi
ven i
nthi
s Sect
ion f
orappl
i
cat
ions and
appeal
sincer
tai
nci
rcumst
ances.

'
Suf
fi
cientCause'
:
 I
tis necessar
yto get
 t
he benef
itoft
his Sect
ion t
hatt
he
cour
t 
mustbesat
isf
iedwi
tht
he'
suf
fi
cientcause'f
ornotpr
efer
ri
ngt
heappealor
appl
i
cat
ion.Thet
erm'
suf
fi
cientcause'
usedher
ehas 
notbeendef
inedi
nthi
sAct
.It
s
meani
ng,t
her
efor
e,canbeaccept
edasacause,whi
chi
sbey
ondt
hecont
roloft
he
par
tyi
nvoki
ngt
heai
doft
hisSect
ion.Thi
ster
m'suf
fi
cientcause'
mustofcour
se,
be
gi
venal
i
ber
almeani
ngsoast
oadv
ancesubst
ant
ialj
ust
icewhenany
 negl
i
genceor
i
nact
ionorwantof
 bonaf
idei
s'noti
mput
abl
etot
heappel
l
ant
.Thesuf
fi
cientcause
canbedet
ermi
nedf
rom t
hef
act
sandci
rcumst
ancesofapar
ti
cul
arcase.
Soanyappealorappl
i
cat
ion(
othert
hanonemadeunderOr
derXXIofC,
P.C.
)maybe
admi
tt
edaf
terpr
escr
ibedper
iodi
fappel
l
antor
 appl
i
cantast
hecasemaybeshows
"
suf
fi
cientcause"f
ornotpr
efer
ri
ng appealormaki
ng appl
i
cat
ion wi
thi
nthe
pr
escr
ibedper
iod.Butmer
epr
oofofexi
stenceof"
Suf
fi
cientCause"f
ornotf
il
ingt
he
pr
oceedi
ng wi
thi
n t
he pr
escr
ibed per
iod doesnot
,under
 t
he sect
ion,i
pso f
act
o
compelt
heCour
ttoext
endt
het
ime.Thecour
thasadi
scr
eti
ont
oadmi
torr
efuse
t
hepr
oceedi
ngev
en'
ifsuf
fi
cientcausei
sshown,

I
nSandhy
aRaniv
.SudhaRaniAI
R1978SC537 
Supr
emeCour
tobser
ved:

"
Iti
sundoubt
edl
ytr
uet
hati
ndeal
i
ngwi
tht
hequest
ionofcondoni
ngt
hedel
ay
under
 Sect
ion 5,t
he par
ty seeki
ng r
eli
ef has t
o sat
isf
ythe Cour
tthat he
had 
suf
fi
cientcausef
ornotpr
efer
ri
ngt
heappealormaki
ngt
heappl
i
cat
ionwi
thi
n
t
he pr
escr
ibed t
ime and 
thi
s has al
way
s been under
stood t
o mean t
hatt
he
Expl
anat
ionhast
ocov
ert
hewhol
eper
iod 
ofdel
ay.Howev
eri
tisnotpossi
blet
olay
downpr
eci
sel
yast
o whatf
act
sormat
ter
swoul
dconst
it
ute'
suf
fi
cientcause'
under
Sect
ion 5.Butt
hose 
wor
ds shoul
d be l
i
ber
all
y 
const
rued so as t
o adv
ance
subst
ant
ialj
ust
icewhennonegl
i
genceoranyi
nact
ionor
 wantofbonaf
idesi
s
i
mput
abl
etoapar
ty,i
.e.
,thedel
ayi
nfi
l
inganappl
i
cat
ion 
shoul
dnothav
ebeen 
for
r
easonswhi
chi
ndi
cat
ethepar
ty'
snegl
i
gencei
nnott
aki
ngnecessar
yst
epswhi
ch
he 
woul
dhav
eorshoul
dhav
e t
aken.Whatwoul
dbesuchnecessar
yst
epswi
l
lagai
n
dependupon 
theci
rcumst
ancesofapar
ti
cul
arcase.

Di
scr
eti
oni
sconf
err
edont
heCour
tbef
orewhi
chanappl
i
cat
ionf
orcondoni
ngdel
ay
i
smadeandi
ftheCour
taf
terkeepi
ngi
nvi
ew r
elev
antpr
inci
plesexer
cisesi
ts
di
scr
eti
ongr
ant
ingr
eli
efunl
essi
tisshownt
obemani
fest
lyunj
ustorper
ver
se,t
he
Supr
emeCour
twoul
d bel
oat
het
oint
erf
erewi
th 
i
t.

"
Expl
anat
iont
oSect
ion5say
sthat"
thef
actt
hatt
heappel
l
antort
heappl
i
cantwas
mi
sled byanyor
der
,pr
act
iceorj
udgmentoft
heHi
ghCour
tin 
ascer
tai
ning or
comput
ingt
hepr
escr
ibedper
iodmaybe 
"suf
fi
cientcause"wi
thi
nthemeani
ngoft
his
Sect
ion"
,Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeexampl
esofwhati
sandwhati
snot"
Suf
fi
cient
Cause"
:
1.I
ll
ness:

 
Il
lnessi
sconsi
der
edas 
'
suf
fi
cientcause't
ogetbenef
itofSect
ion5,butmer
e
pl
ea 
ofi
l
lnessi
snotsuf
fi
cientcausef
ornotf
il
ingpr
oceedi
ngi
nti
meunl
essi
tis
shownt
hatt
heappel
l
antor
 appl
i
cantwasut
ter
lydi
sabl
edt
o at
tendt
oany
 dut
y.

2.I
mpr
isonment
:

 
A per
soncanbegi
ven 
thebenef
itofSect
ion5 
i
fhei
sunder
goi
ng 
i
mpr
isonmentdue
t
osomecr
imi
nalact
.Thet
imespentbyhi
min 
thej
ailmaybededuct
ed 
fr
om t
he
pr
escr
ibedper
iodof
 t
ime.

3.
 Mi
staken 
Legal
 Adv
ice:

 
Ami
stakenadv
icegi
venbyal
egalpr
act
it
ionermayi
nci
rcumst
ancesofpar
ti
cul
ar
casegi
ver
iset
o'Suf
fi
cientCause'
wit
hint
hemeani
ng 
ofSect
ion5.I
nSt
ateofWB.v
.
The 
Admi
nist
rat
or,
 
Howr
ah 
Muni
cipal
i
ty,
 
AIR 
1972 
SC 
749,
 
it 
was 
hel
d t
hat
 i
f 
a par
ty 
h
ad 
act
ed 
i
n a 
par
ti
cul
armanneronawr
ong adv
icegi
venbyhi
slegaladv
isor
,he
cannotbehel
dgui
l
tyf
ornegl
i
gencesoast
odi
sent
it
let
hepar
tyt
opl
eadsuf
fi
cient
causeunderSect
ion5pr
ovi
dedt
hatnonegl
i
gence,
nori
nact
ionnorwantofbonaf
ide
i
s i
mput
abl
etoapar
ty.

4.I
ll
it
eracy
:

 
Thef
actt
hatappel
l
antwasi
l
li
ter
ate 
i
snotsuf
fi
cientr
easont
ocondonet
hedel
ay.

5.
 Del
ay 
in 
obt
aini
ng 
copi
es:

 
Whenadel
ayi
scaused:

1)
inobt
aini
ngacopyoft
heor
derordecr
eeofacour
tandsuchdel
aywascausedby
t
heof
fi
ceroft
hecour
t.

2)
byt
hecour
tit
sel
fini
ssui
ngor
der
s.

3)
duet
othemet
hodwr
ongl
yadopt
edi
npr
ocur
ingt
hecopyoft
hedecr
eeoror
derof
t
hecour
t.

Suchdel
ayshal
lbedeemed 
assuf
fi
cientcausef
orgr
ant
ingbenef
itofSect
ion5 
of
t
hisAct
.

Thepowergi
vent
othecour
tsunderSect
ion5abov
eisdi
scr
eti
onar
yyeti
thast
o be
exer
cisedi
naj
udi
cialmannerkeepi
ngi
nvi
ew t
he 
speci
alci
rcumst
ancesofeach
case.

I
nCol
lect
or,LandAcqui
sit
ionv
.Mst
.Kat
ij
i,AI
R1987S.C.
 1353,t
hei
rLor
dshi
psof
t
heSupr
emeCour
tlai
ddownt
hef
oll
owi
nggui
dingpr
inci
ples:

1.
 Or
dinar
il
ya 
l
iti
gantdoes 
notst
and 
tobenef
it
 byl
odgi
ngan 
appeal
lat
e.

2.
 Ref
usi
ngt
ocondone 
del
aycanr
esul
t 
inamer
it
ori
ousmat
terbei
ngt
hrownout
 at
t
hev
ery
 thr
eshol
dandcauseofj
ust
icebei
ngdef
eat
ed.Asagai
nstt
hiswhendel
ay
i
s condonedt
hehi
ghestt
hatcan 
happeni
sthatacausewoul
dbedeci
dedonmer
it
s
af
terhear
ingt
hepar
ti
es.

3.
 "
Ever
yday
'sdel
aymustbeexpl
ained"doesnotmean 
thatapedant
icappr
oach
shoul
dbe 
made.Whynotev
eryhour
'sdel
ay,ev
erysecond'
sdel
ay?Thedoct
ri
ne
mustbeappl
i
edi
na 
rat
ional
commonsensepr
agmat
icmanner
.

4.
 When 
subst
ant
ial
 
just
ice 
and 
techni
cal
 
consi
der
ati
ons 
are 
pit
ted 
agai
nst
 each 
othe
r
, 
cause 
ofsubst
ant
ialj
ust
icedeser
vest
obepr
efer
redf
ort
heot
hersi
decannot
cl
aimt
ohav
evest
edr
ighti
ninj
ust
icebei
ngdoneofa 
non-
del
i
ber
atedel
ay.

5.
 Ther
eisno 
presumpt
iont
hatdel
ay 
i
soccasi
oneddel
i
ber
atel
y,oron 
accountof
cul
pabl
e negl
i
gence;
oronaccountof
 mal
afi
des.Al
i
tigantdoesnotst
andt
o benef
it
byr
esor
ti
ng 
todel
ay.

6.
 I
t must
 be gr
asped 
that j
udi
ciar
y i
s-r
espect
ed not
 on account
 of i
ts 
power
t
o l
egal
i
zei
njust
ice 
ont
echni
calgr
oundsbutbecausei
tiscapabl
eofr
emov
ing
i
njust
iceandi
tisexpect
edt
odoso.

I
twaspoi
ntedoutt
hatt
heCour
tsshoul
dadoptl
i
ber
alappr
oachi
nthemat
terof
condonat
ionofdel
aykeepi
ngi
nvi
ewt
heabov
epr
inci
ples.

LEGALDI
SABI
LITY
Gener
all
yli
mit
ati
onbegi
nst
orunf
rom t
hedat
eofcauseofact
ion.Butt
heI
ndi
an
Li
mit
ati
onActi
tsel
fpr
ovi
descer
tai
nex
cept
ionst
othi
sgener
alpr
inci
ple.Thus,i
na
casewher
etheaggr
iev
edpar
tyi
ssuf
fer
ingwi
thsomel
egaldi
sabi
l
ity
,theper
iodof
l
i
mit
ati
ondoesnotr
unf
rom t
hedat
eoft
he 
accr
ualoft
hecauseofact
ionbutr
uns
f
rom asubsequentdat
e, 
onwhi
cht
hedi
sabi
l
ityceases.I
nthi
sconnect
ionSect
ions6,
7 
and8ofI
ndi
anLi
mit
ati
onActar
ethecount
erpar
tofeachot
herand 
theyuni
tedl
y
f
orm oneuni
t.Thegener
alr
uler
egar
dingdi
sabi
l
ityi
spr
ovi
dedbySect
ion6whi
ch
r
eadsasunder
:

1.
Wher
eaper
sonent
it
ledt
oinst
it
uteasui
tormakeanappl
i
cat
ionf
ort
heexecut
ion
ofdecr
eei
satt
het
imef
rom whi
cht
hepr
escr
ibedper
iodi
stober
eckoned,ami
nor
ori
nsane,orani
diot
,hemayi
nst
it
utet
hesui
tormaket
heappl
i
cat
ionwi
thi
nthe
sameper
iodaf
tert
hedi
sabi
l
ityhasceased,aswoul
dot
her
wisehav
ebeenal
l
owed
f
rom t
het
imespeci
fi
edt
her
efori
nthet
hir
dcol
umnoft
heschedul
e.

2.
Wher
esuchper
soni
s,att
het
imef
rom whi
cht
hepr
escr
ibedper
iodi
stobe
r
eckoned,
aff
ect
edbyt
wosuchdi
sabi
l
iti
es,
orwher
e,bef
ore 
hisdi
sabi
l
ityhasceased,
he 
i
saf
fect
edbyanot
herdi
sabi
l
ity
,hemayi
nst
it
utet
hesui
tormakeappl
i
cat
ion
wi
thi
nthesameper
iodaf
terbot
hdi
sabi
l
iti
eshav
eceasedaswoul
dot
her
wisehav
e
beenal
l
owedf
rom t
he 
ti
mesospeci
fi
ed.

3.Wher
ethe di
sabi
l
ity cont
inues up t
othe deat
h oft
hatper
son hi
slegal
r
epr
esent
ati
vemayi
nst
it
utet
hesui
tormaket
heappl
i
cat
ionwi
thi
nthesameper
iod
af
tert
hedeat
h,aswoul
dot
her
wisehav
ebeenal
l
owedf
rom t
het
imesospeci
fi
ed.

4.
Wher
ethel
egalr
epr
esent
ati
ver
efer
redt
oinsub-sect
ion(
3)i
satt
hedeat
hof
per
son t
o whom her
e pr
esent
s,af
fect
ed byanyofsuch di
sabi
l
iti
es t
he r
ules
cont
ainedi
nsub-
sect
ions(
1)and(
2)shal
lappl
y.

5.
Wher
eaper
son 
underdi
sabi
l
ity
,di
esaf
tert
hedi
sabi
l
ity
 ceasesbutwi
thi
nthe
per
iod 
all
owedt
ohi
m undert
hisSect
ion,hi
slegalr
epr
es19nt
ati
vemayi
nst
it
utet
he
sui
tormaket
heappl
i
cat
ionwi
thi
nthesameper
iod af
tert
hedeat
h,aswoul
d
ot
her
wisehav
ebeenav
ail
abl
etot
hatper
sonhadhenotdi
ed.

Expl
anat
ion:
 f
ort
hepur
posesof
 t
hisSect
ion'
minor
'incl
udesachi
l
din 
thewomb.
”So
Sect
ion6 doesnotpr
eventr
unni
ng 
ofl
i
mit
ati
onbutonl
yext
endst
heper
iod 
of
l
i
mit
ati
on'
ont
hegr
ound 
ofdi
sabi
l
ityofper
sonent
it
ledt
osueorappl
y.Sect
ion6
excusesani
nsaneper
son,
minorandani
diott
ofi
l
e asui
tormakeanappl
i
cat
ionf
or
t
heexecut
ionofadecr
eewi
thi
nthet
imepr
escr
ibedbyl
awandenabl
eshi
mtof
il
e
t
hesui
tormakeanappl
i
cat
ionaf
tert
hedi
sabi
l
ityhasceased,
count
ingt
heper
iodof
t
imef
rom t
hedat
eonwhi
cht
hedi
sabi
l
ityceased.I
fonedi
sabi
l
itysuper
veneson
anot
herdi
sabi
l
ityoronedi
sabi
l
ityi
sfol
l
owedbyanot
herwi
thoutl
eav
ingagapt
he
sui
torappl
i
cat
ionf
orexecut
ionmaybef
il
edaf
terbot
hdi
sabi
l
iti
eshav
eceasedt
o
exi
st.I
fthedi
sabi
l
ityordi
sabi
l
iti
escont
inuet
il
ltheper
son'
sdeat
hthent
hel
egal
r
epr
esent
ati
veoft
hedeceasedonwhom t
het
it
ledev
olv
esi
sal
l
owedt
o f
il
easui
tor
makeanappl
i
cat
ionf
orexecut
ionwi
thi
nthet
imeal
l
owedbyl
aw count
ingi
tfr
om
t
he 
deat
hoft
heper
sonent
it
led.Themer
efactt
hatt
her
eisaguar
dianf
ort
heper
son
underdi
sabi
l
itydoesnotdepr
ivesuchper
sonoft
he 
i
ndul
gencegr
ant
edbySect
ion6.

I
nAkht
arHussai
nv.Qudr
atAl
iAI
R1923Oudh.31i
t 
wasobser
vedt
hat
 Sect
ion6
of
 Li
mit
ati
onActhasnoappl
i
cat
ioni
ncase 
ofappeal
s.Legal
 
disabi
l
ityi
s,i
nabi
l
ityt
o
sue 
owi
ngt
omi
nor
it
y,l
unacyori
diocy
.Theef
fectofl
egaldi
sabi
l
ityi
sthati
text
ends
t
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onbuti
tdoesnotpr
eventt
heper
iodf
rom r
unni
ng.

Somet
imesasi
tuat
ionar
iseswhenoneoft
he 
sev
eralper
sonsj
oint
lyent
it
ledt
o
i
nst
it
uteasui
tor
 t
oexecut
eadecr
eei
sunder
 di
sabi
l
ity
.Int
hisconnect
ionSect
ion7
ofActsay
sthati
foneoft
hesev
eralper
sonsj
oint
lyent
it
ledt
oinst
it
uteasui
tor
makeanappl
i
cat
ionf
ort
heexecut
ionofadecr
ee,
isunderanysuchdi
sabi
l
ityanda
di
schar
gecanbegi
venwi
thoutt
heconcur
renceofsuchper
son,t
het
imewi
l
lrun
agai
nstal
loft
hem.Howev
er,i
fsuchdi
schar
gecannotbegi
ven,t
imewi
l
lnotr
unas
agai
nst any of t
hem unt
ilone of t
hem becomes capabl
e of gi
vi
ng such
di
schar
ge 
wit
houtt
heconcur
renceoft
heot
heror
 unt
ilt
hedi
sabi
l
ityhasceased.

SoSect
ion7ofLi
mit
ati
onActwoul
dappl
ywhent
her
ightt
osuei
sjoi
nti
rr
espect
ive
ofwhet
hert
hesubst
ant
iver
ighti
sjoi
ntornot
.Sect
ion8ofI
ndi
anLi
mit
ati
onAct
makesi
tcl
eart
hatRul
escont
ainedi
nSect
ions6 
and7ar
esubj
ectt
o t
hef
oll
owi
ng
condi
ti
ons:

1.Theycannotbeappl
i
edt
othesui
tst
oenf
orce 
ri
ght
s ofpr
e-empt
ion.
 2.Theycannotbeappl
i
edt
oanyoft
hecasesi
nwhi
chext
ensi
onofper
iodof
i
mit
ati
onf
ormor
ethant
hreey
ear
sfr
om t
hecesat
ionof
 di
sabi
l
ityort
hedeat
h
ofa 
per
sonast
hecasemaybe,
 
issoughtf
or.

CONTI
NUOUSRUNNI
NGOFTI
ME(
SECTI
ON9)

I
tisaf
undament
alpr
inci
pleofl
awofl
i
mit
ati
ont
hat"
Oncet
het
imehascommenced
t
oruni
twi
l
lnotceaset
odosobyr
easonofanysubsequentev
ent
."I
not
herwor
ds,
t
het
imer
unscont
inuousl
yandwi
thoutanybr
eakor
:int
err
upt
ionunt
ilt
heent
ir
e
pr
escr
ibed per
iod 
has r
un outand no di
sabi
l
ity or
 i
nabi
l
ityt
o sue occur
ri
ng
subsequent
lycanst
opi
t.Thi
srul
ehasbeen 
embodi
edi
nSect
ion9oft
heActi
nthe
f
oll
owi
ng 
wor
ds:

"
Wher
eoncet
imehasbegunt
orun,
nosubsequentdi
sabi
l
ityori
nabi
l
ityt
oinst
it
utea
sui
tormakeanappl
i
cat
ionst
opsi
t.

"
Prov
idedt
hat
,wher
elet
ter
sofadmi
nist
rat
iont
otheest
ateofa 
credi
torhav
ebeen
gr
ant
edt
ohi
s debt
or,
ther
unni
ngoft
heper
iodofal
i
mit
ati
onf
orasui
ttor
ecov
ert
he
debtshal
lbesuspendedwhi
l
eadmi
nist
rat
ioncont
inues.

"
Thi
sSect
ionappl
i
esnotonl
yto 
sui
tsbutt
oappl
i
cat
ionsaswel
l
.Thi
shas 
notbeen
expr
essl
ypr
ovi
dedi
n t
heSect
ion.

I
fatt
hedat
eonwhi
cht
he 
causeofact
ionar
oset
hepl
aint
if
fwasunderno 
disabi
l
ity
,
ori
nabi
l
ity
,thent
imewi
l
lnat
ural
l
ybegi
ntor
unagai
nsthi
m becauset
her
eisno
r
easonwhyt
heor
dinar
ylawshoul
dnothav
eful
loper
ati
on.Sect
ion9say
sthatonce
t
imehasbegunt
orun,nosubsequentdi
sabi
l
ityori
nabi
l
ityt
osuecanst
opi
ts
r
unni
ng.Thi
sappl
i
est
oa 
per
sonhi
msel
faswel
last
o hi
srepr
esent
ati
ves-
in-
int
erest
af
terhi
sdeat
h.

TheSect
ioncont
empl
atesacaseofsubsequentandnotof
 i
nit
ialdi
sabi
l
ity
,thati
s,i
t
cont
empl
atest
hosecaseswher
ethedi
sabi
l
ityoccur
redaf
tert
heaccr
ualoft
he
causeofact
ion;
wher
eascasesofi
nit
ialdi
sabi
l
ityhav
ebeenpr
ovi
dedf
orbySect
ion
6.

Di
sabi
li
tyori
nabi
li
tyt
o sue:Di
sabi
l
ityhasbeen def
ined ast
he wantofl
egal
qual
i
ficat
iont
oactandi
nabi
l
ityoft
hephy
sicalper
sont
o act
.Thusaccor
dingt
o
Cal
cut
ta Hi
gh Cour
tin Poor
an Chandr
a v
.Sasson,
 
AIR 1919 
Cal
.1018,
 
disabi
l
ity
i
s t
hest
ate 
ofbei
ng 
minor
, 
insaneor
 i
diot
,wher
eas 
i
ll
ness,
pov
ert
y et
c.ar
einst
ances
of
 i
nabi
l
ity
.

I
nUni
onof
 I
ndi
av.Tat
aEngi
neer
ingand 
Locomot
iveCo.Lt
d.AI
R1989Pat
.272
i
t 
wasobser
ved"
tr
uei
t 
ist
hati
nter
msofSect
ion9whent
imehasbegunt
orun,
 
no
subsequentdi
sabi
l
ityori
nabi
l
ityt
oinst
it
uteasui
tormakeanappl
i
cat
ionst
opsi
tbut
Sect
ion9doesnotpr
ovi
def
oracomput
ati
onofper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on.
"

Except
ions:

 
The pr
inci
ple ofSect
ion 9 i
s st
ri
ctl
y appl
i
ed 
and no except
ions ot
hert
han
t
hose 
whi
cht
heActi
tsel
fpr
escr
ibescanber
ecogni
sed.Thust
her
unni
ng 
oft
imei
s
suspendedi
nfol
l
owi
ng 
eightcases-

1.Thepr
ovi
sot
oSect
ion9cont
ainsexcept
iont
othegener
alr
ulet
hatoncet
ime
begi
nst
orun,
nosubsequentdi
sabi
l
ityori
nabi
l
ityt
osuecanst
opi
t.Thepr
ovi
sol
ays
downt
hatwhenadmi
nist
rat
ionofanest
atehasbeengi
vent
oadebt
oroft
he
deceased,not
imewi
l
lrunagai
nstsuchadebt
orunt
ilt
headmi
nist
rat
ionofest
ate
whi
chhasbeenent
rust
edt
ohi
m hasbeenf
ini
shed.I
nsuchcases,t
hel
awpr
event
s
t
hedut
yofpr
oper
lyadmi
nist
eri
ngt
heest
atet
ocomei
ntoconf
li
ctwi
tht
her
ightof
t
he 
per
sont
osuef
ort
hedebt
,thehandt
ogi
veandt
hehandt
orecei
vei
sthesame.

2.
Thet
imespenti
nobt
aini
ngacopyoft
hedecr
ee,
sent
enceoror
derappeal
edf
rom
orsoughtt
ober
evi
ewedshal
lbeexcl
udedwhi
l
ecomput
ingt
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on
pr
escr
ibedf
oranappealoranappl
i
cat
ionf
orl
eav
etoappl
i
cat
ionand 
anappl
i
cat
ion
f
orr
evi
ewofj
udgment
.In 
thesamewayt
het
imespenti
nobt
aini
ngt
hecopyoft
he
awar
d shal
lbe excl
uded,whi
l
e comput
ing t
he per
iod of
 l
imi
tat
ion t
ofi
l
e an
appl
i
cat
iont
osetasi
deanawar
d(Sect
ion12)
.

3.
Thet
imet
akenf
orpr
osecut
inganappl
i
cat
ionf
orl
eav
eist
obeexcl
udedi
fleav
eis
necessar
ywhi
l
ecomput
ingt
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onf
orasui
torappeal
(Sect
ion13)
.

4.
When t
he pl
aint
if
fhas been pr
osecut
ing wi
th due di
l
igence anot
hersame
pr
oceedi
ngst
het
imespenti
nitshal
lbeexcl
udedwhi
l
e comput
ingt
heper
iodof
l
i
mit
ati
on(
Sect
ion14)
.

5.Whenani
njunct
ionor
derhasbeenobt
ainedt
ost
ayt
hei
nst
it
uti
onofsui
t,t
het
ime
Gpenti
nobt
aini
ngi
njunct
ionoror
dershal
lbeexcl
udedwhi
l
ecomput
ingt
heper
iod
ofl
i
mit
ati
on(
Sect
ion15(
1).

6.Whennot
icei
sser
vedbef
oret
hei
nst
it
uti
onofasui
t,t
hel
i
mit
ati
onshal
lbe
suspendeddur
ingt
heper
iodofnot
ice(
Sect
ion15(
1)

7.The per
iod ofl
i
mit
ati
on shal
lbe suspended dur
ing t
he t
ime f
orwhi
ch t
he
pr
oceedi
ngst
osetasi
det
hesal
ehav
ebeenpr
osecut
edi
nasui
tforpossessi
onby
pur
chaseratanexecut
ionsal
e(Sect
ion15(
4).

8.
Ift
hedef
endanti
sabsentf
rom I
ndi
aori
nthet
err
it
ori
esbey
ondI
ndi
a,undert
he
admi
nist
rat
ionoft
heCent
ralGov
ernment
,thet
imeupt
owhi
chhehasbeenabsent
shal
lbeexcl
udedwhi
l
e comput
ingt
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on(
Sect
ion15(
5))
.

COMPUTATI
ON OF PERI
OD 
OF LI
MITATI
ON AND EXCLUSI
ON OF 
TIME I
N
ROCEEDI
NG

Sect
ion3ofI
ndi
anLi
mit
ati
onActgi
vest
hegener
alr
uleof
 l
imi
tat
ionbypr
ovi
ding
"
Subj
ectt
othepr
ovi
sionscont
ainedi
nSect
ions4t
o24,ev
erysui
tinst
it
uted,appeal
pr
efer
red,and appl
i
cat
ion made af
tert
hepr
escr
ibed per
iod shal
lbe di
smi
ssed
al
thoughl
i
mit
ati
onhasnotbeensetupasadef
ence.

"
Sot
her
ulet
hatsui
t,appealorappl
i
cat
ion 
fi
ledaf
tert
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on,
shal
lbe
di
smi
ssedi
ssubj
ectt
opr
ovi
sionscont
ainedi
nSect
ions4t
o24oft
heAct
.Sect
ions
12t
o15ofLi
mit
ati
onActpr
ovi
def
ori
t,excl
udi
ngcer
tai
nper
iodswhi
l
ecomput
ing
t
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onpr
escr
ibed.

Sect
ion12ofActsay
sthati
ncomput
ingt
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on 
ofanysui
t,appeal
or
 appl
i
cat
ion-

a.t
he 
day
 fr
om 
whi
ch 
per
iod 
i
s t
o be 
reckoned.

b.t
heday
 on 
whi
chj
udgmentcompl
ainedofwas 
pronounced.
c.t
imer
equi
sit
e f
or 
obt
aini
ng 
acopy
 of
 decr
ee,sent
enceoror
der
 appeal
edf
rom 
or
sought
 t
o ber
evi
sedorr
evi
ewed.

d.t
imer
equi
sit
eforobt
aini
ngt
hecopyofj
udgmentonwhi
chdecr
eeoror
deri
s
f
ounded.

e.t
imer
equi
sit
eforobt
aini
ngacopyof
 awar
dshal
lbeexcl
uded.

I
nPar
thasar
thyv
.St
ateofA.
P.AI
R1966SC38,i
t 
wasobser
vedt
hati
n comput
ing
orcal
cul
ati
ng 
theper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onf
rom apar
ti
cul
arpoi
nt,Sect
ion12enabl
est
he
excl
usi
onof
 at
imef
rom t
hatper
iodcausedbyanev
entt
hati
nter
venedbet
weent
he
commencementand 
ter
minat
ionofsai
dper
iod.

Sect
ion13oft
heActl
aysdownt
hatt
het
imedur
ingwhi
cht
heappl
i
canthasappl
i
ed
f
orl
eav
etosueas'
pauper
'shal
lbeex
cluded.Accor
dingt
othi
sSect
ion,appl
i
cat
ion
musthav
ebeen 
madef
orper
missi
ont
osueaspauperi
nasui
tandsamei
srej
ect
ed.
Sucht
imewhi
cht
heappl
i
canthasspenti
ngoodf
ait
hforobt
aini
ngper
missi
on,
shal
l
beexcl
udedi
ncomput
ingpr
escr
ibedper
ioduponpay
mentofcour
tfees.

Sect
ion14oft
heActt
henpr
ovi
des:

 
Incomput
ingt
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onpr
escr
ibedf
orsui
torappl
i
cat
ion,t
het
ime
dur
ingwhi
cht
hepl
aint
if
fhasbeenpr
osecut
ingwi
thduedi
l
igenceanot
herci
vi
l
pr
oceedi
ng,shoul
dbeexcl
uded.Thepr
oceedi
ngi
nsuchacaseshoul
dhav
ebeen
f
oundedupont
hesamecauseofact
ionandi
spr
osecut
edi
ngoodf
ait
hincour
t
whi
chf
rom def
ectofj
uri
sdi
cti
onor
 ot
hercauseofl
i
kenat
ure,
ist
oent
ert
aini
t.

I
nMadhavRaoNar
ayanRaoPat
war
dhanV.R.K.Gov
indBhanuAI
R1958SC767

I
twasobser
vedt
hat"
theessent
ialr
equi
sit
esf
orappl
i
cat
ionofSect
ion14oft
heAct
ar
ethatt
hepar
tyseeki
ngt
hebenef
itofSect
ion14 
hadt
oaf
fi
rmat
ivel
yshow

i
.that
 he 
had 
been 
prosecut
ing 
the 
prev
ious 
sui
t 
wit
h di
l
igence

i
i
.that
 t
hemat
teri
n i
ssue 
i
n t
hepr
evi
ous 
sui
t 
and 
new 
sui
t 
aret
he 
same

i
i
i.t
hatt
he 
prev
ious 
sui
t 
waspr
osecut
ed 
i
n good 
fai
th,
and
i
v. t
hat
 t
he cour
t 
was unabl
e t
o ent
ert
ain 
that
 sui
t 
on 
account of def
ect
of
 j
uri
sdi
cti
on 
or 
other
 cause 
of 
a l
i
ke 
nat
ure.

ThenSect
ion15oft
heActpr
ovi
des-

1.
Incomput
ingt
he 
per
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on 
forappl
i
cat
ionf
or 
theexecut
ionof
 adecr
ee,
t
he 
execut
ionofwhi
chhasbeenst
ayedbyi
njunct
ionoror
der
,thet
imeoft
he
cont
inuanceoft
hei
njunct
ionor
 or
der
,thedayonwhi
chi
twasi
ssuedormade,and
t
hedayonwhi
chi
twaswi
thdr
awni
stobeexcl
uded.

2.
Incomput
ingt
he 
per
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on 
foranysui
t 
ofwhi
chnot
ice 
hasbeengi
ven
or
 f
orwhi
cht
he 
consentorsanct
ionoft
hegov
ernmentoranyot
heraut
hor
it
yis
r
equi
redi
naccor
dancewi
tht
her
equi
rement
sofanyl
awf
ort
het
imebei
ngi
nfor
ce
ofsuchnot
iceorast
hecasemaybe,t
het
imef
orobt
aini
ngsuchconsentor
sanct
ioni
stobe 
excl
uded.

3.
Incomput
ingt
he 
per
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on 
foranysui
t 
orappl
i
cat
ionf
or 
execut
ionof
a 
decr
ee by any
 recei
ver or '
i
nter
im r
ecei
ver
'appoi
nted i
n pr
oceedi
ngs f
or
t
he 
adj
udi
cat
ionofaper
sonasor
 ani
nsol
ventorbyanyl
i
qui
dat
ororpr
ovi
sional
l
i
qui
dat
orappoi
ntedi
n pr
oceedi
ngsf
ort
hewi
ndi
ngupofacompany
,theper
iod
begi
nni
ngwi
tht
hedat
eofi
nst
it
uti
onofsuchpr
oceedi
ngsandendi
ngwi
tht
hedat
e
ofi
nst
it
uti
onofsuchpr
oceedi
ngsandendi
ng 
wit
htheexpi
ryoft
hreemont
hsf
rom
t
he 
dat
eofappoi
ntmentofsuchr
ecei
verorl
i
qui
dat
or,ast
hecasemaybe,i
sto 
be
excl
uded.

4.
Incomput
ingt
he 
per
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onf
or 
asui
tforpossessi
onbyapur
chaser
 '
ata
sal
e i
nexecut
ionofadecr
ee't
het
imedur
ingwhi
chapr
oceedi
ngt
osetasi
det
he
sal
ehasbeenpr
osecut
edi
stobeexcl
uded.

5.I
n comput
ing t
he 
per
iod ofl
i
mit
ati
on 
foranysui
t 
the t
ime dur
ing whi
ch t
he
def
endanthas 
absent
edf
rom I
ndi
aandf
rom t
het
err
it
ori
esout
sideI
ndi
aundert
he
admi
nist
rat
ionoft
heCent
ral
Gov
ernmenti
stobeexcl
uded(
Sect
ion15)
.

EFFECTOF"
DEATH"
,"FRAUD"
,"MI
STAKE"OR"ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI
NWRI
TING"

Sect
ion 16 
ofI
ndi
an Li
mit
ati
on Actpr
ovi
des r
egar
ding t
he ef
fectofdeat
h,i
n
comput
ingt
hel
i
mit
ati
onper
iod.Sect
ion16say
s:

1.Wher
eaper
sonwhowoul
d,i
fhewer
eli
vi
ng,
hav
eri
ghtt
oinst
it
uteasui
torr
ightt
o
makeappl
i
cat
ion,di
esbef
oresuchr
ightaccr
uesorwher
eri
ghtt
oinst
it
utesui
tor
make 
appl
i
cat
ionassur
esonl
yont
hedeat
hofaper
son,
theper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onshal
l
becomput
edf
rom t
het
imewhent
her
eisal
egalr
epr
esent
ati
veofdeceasedcapabl
e
ofi
nst
it
uti
ngsuchsui
t 
ormaki
ngsuchappl
i
cat
ion.

2.
Wher
eaper
sonagai
nstwhom,i
fhewer
eli
vi
ng,ar
ightt
oinst
it
utesui
tormake
appl
i
cat
ionwoul
dhav
eaccr
ued,di
esbef
oresuchr
ightaccr
uesorwher
e r
ightt
o
i
nst
it
uteasui
tormake 
appl
i
cat
ionagai
nstanyper
son-
accr
uesonl
yondeat
hofsuch
per
son,t
heper
iod 
ofl
i
mit
ati
onshal
lbecomput
edf
rom t
het
imewhent
her
eisl
egal
r
epr
esent
ati
veof
 deceasedagai
nstwhom pl
aint
if
fmayi
nst
it
utesuchsui
tormake
suchappl
i
cat
ion.
"

Sect
ion17 
ofI
ndi
anLi
mit
ati
onActdeal
swi
tht
heef
fectof'
fr
aud'or'
mist
ake'on
per
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onpr
escr
ibedbyt
heAct
.

 
Accor
ding 
toSect
ion17: 
Thel
i
mit
ati
onshal
lbecomput
edf
rom t
het
ime 
whent
he
f
raud becameknown t
otheper
son def
rauded.Ther
efor
e,i
fanyper
son 
byt
he
exer
ciseoff
raudhas 
keptawayot
herper
sonsf
rom t
heknowl
edget
hathehasa
r
ightt
ofi
l
easui
t,l
i
mit
ati
onwi
l
lbecomput
edf
rom t
het
imewhensuchf
raudbecame
knownt
otheper
sonsodef
rauded.

Wher
e anydocumentnecessar
yto est
abl
i
sh such r
ighthas been f
raudul
ent
ly
conceal
ed f
rom 
him orwher
ethe sui
torappl
i
cat
ion i
sfort
he r
eli
ef 
fr
om t
he
consequenceofami
stake,l
i
mit
ati
onshal
lbecomput
edf
romt
het
imewhenhef
ir
st
hast
hemeansofpr
oduci
ng t
hedocumentor
 compel
l
ingi
tspr
oduct
ionandi
n
l
att
ercasewhent
hepl
aint
if
fort
heappl
i
canthasdi
scov
eredt
hemi
stakeorcoul
d
hav
edi
scov
eredi
t.I
tshoul
dbef
rom t
hedat
eoft
he 
discov
eryoft
hedocument
.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
etheessent
ial
 
condi
ti
onsf
orget
ti
ngt
headv
ant
ageof
 t
heabov
e
Sect
ion:

1)Thecause 
of 
act
ion 
of 
plai
nti
ffhas 
been 
conceal
edf
rom hi
m by
 fr
aud.
2)Thef
raudhasbeendonebyt
hedef
endantoraper
sont
hroughhi
m orwhocl
aims
underhi
m.

3)Thepl
ainti
sint
imesi
nce 
thedi
scov
ery
 of
 t
hef
raud.

Except
ions:

 
Thef
oll
owi
ng,
howev
er,
areexcept
ionst
other
ulel
aiddown 
abov
e:

"
Not
hingi
nthi
sSect
ionshal
lenabl
eanysui
t 
tobei
nst
it
uted,
appl
i
cat
iont
obemade
t
o r
ecov
erorenf
orceandchar
geagai
nstor
 setasi
deanyt
ransact
ionaf
fect
ingany
pr
oper
ty,
whi
ch,

1.
Int
hecaseoff
raud,i
thasbeenpur
chasedf
orv
aluabl
econsi
der
ati
onbyaper
son
whowasnotapar
tyt
othef
raudanddi
dnotatt
het
imeoft
hepur
chaseknow or
hav
ereasont
obel
i
evet
hatanyf
raudhadbeencommi
tt
ed,
or

2.
int
he case ofmi
stake,i
thas been pur
chased f
orv
aluabl
e consi
der
ati
on
subsequent
lyt
othet
ransact
ioni
nwhi
cht
hemi
stakewasmadebyaper
sonwhodi
d
notknow,
orhav
ereasont
obel
i
eve,
thatt
hemi
stakehadbeenmade,
or

3.
Int
he case ofa conceal
ed document
,ithas been pur
chased f
orv
aluabl
e
consi
der
ati
onbyaper
sonwhowasnotapar
tyt
otheconceal
mentand,di
dnotat
t
het
imeofpur
chaseknow 
orhav
ereasont
o bel
i
evet
hatdocumenthasbeen
conceal
ed.

"
Themai
nobj
ectoft
hisSect
iont
okeept
her
ightofaper
sont
osuesuspendedso
l
ongashei
s notmadeawar
eoft
hef
raudt
obecommi
tt
edagai
nsthi
m.Such
a 
per
iodi
sexcl
udedf
rom t
hepr
escr
ibedper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on.I
tisbasedont
he
pr
inci
plet
hataper
sonshoul
dnotbedepr
ivedofhi
slegalr
ightt
o suesi
mpl
y
becauset
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onex
pir
edandhecoul
dnothav
eknowl
edgeoff
raud
donewi
thhi
m orl
i
kel
ytobedonewi
thhi
m. 

Accor
ding 
to 
Sect
ion 
17(
1) 
wher
e t
he 
execut
ion 
of 
a decr
ee 
or 
order
 wi
thi
n t
he 
per
io
d 
of 
l
imi
tat
ion 
has 
beenpr
event
edbyf
raudorf
orceoft
he 
j
udgmentdebt
or,
thecour
t
mayon t
heappl
i
cat
ion ofj
udgmentcr
edi
tor
madeaf
tert
heexpi
ryofper
iod 
of
l
i
mit
ati
on,ext
end t
he per
iod f
ort
he 
execut
ion ofdecr
ee oror
der
.Butsuchan
appl
i
cat
ionmustbemadebyt
hej
udgmentcr
edi
torwi
thi
noney
earf
rom t
hedat
eof
di
scov
eryoff
raudor
thecessi
onoff
orceast
he 
casemaybe

 
Val
id 
Acknowl
edgement
 under
 Sect
ion 
18:
 
Sect
ion18ofI
ndi
an 
Limi
tat
ionActl
ays
down:

1.
Wher
ebef
oret
heexpi
rat
ionoft
hepr
escr
ibedper
iodf
orasui
torappl
i
cat
ioni
n
r
espectofanypr
oper
tyorr
ight
,anacknowl
edgementofl
i
abi
l
ityi
nrespectofsuch
pr
oper
tyorr
ighthasbeenmadei
nwr
it
ingsi
gnedbyt
hepar
tyagai
nstwhom such
pr
oper
tyorr
ighti
scl
aimed,orbyanyper
sont
hroughwhom heder
iveshi
s t
it
leor
l
i
abi
l
ity
,af
reshper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onshal
lbe 
comput
edf
rom t
het
imewhent
he
acknowl
edgementwassosi
gned.

2.
Wher
ethewr
it
ingcont
aini
ngt
heacknowl
edgementi
sundat
edor
alev
idencemay
begi
venoft
het
imewheni
twassi
gned;butsubj
ectt
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
heI
ndi
an
Ev
idenceAct
,1872,
oral
evi
denceofi
tscont
ent
sshal
lnotbe 
recei
ved.
"

Expl
anat
ion(
a) 
addedt
oSect
ion18say
s"anacknowl
edgementmaybesuf
fi
cient
t
houghi
tomi
tst
ospeci
fyt
heexactnat
ureoft
hepr
oper
tyorr
ight
,or
 av
erst
hatt
he
t
ime f
orpay
ment
,del
i
ver
y,per
for
mance orenj
oymenthasnoty
etcome ori
s
accompani
ed 
byar
efusalt
opay,del
i
ver
,per
for
m orper
mitt
oenj
oy,ori
scoupl
ed
wi
thacl
aimt
osetof
f,ori
s addr
essedt
oaper
sonot
hert
han 
aper
sonent
it
led,t
o
t
hepr
oper
tyorr
ight
.

"
Sowher
epr
escr
ibedper
iodf
orsui
torappl
i
cat
ioni
nrespectofsomepr
oper
tyor
r
ighthasbegunt
orun 
buthasnotexpi
red,anacknowl
edgementi
nwr
it
ingofsuch
r
ighthasbeenmade,
 
afr
eshper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
onshoul
dbecomput
edf
rom t
he 
ti
me
whent
heacknowl
edgementwassosi
gned.
I
nHi
ndust
anAppar
elI
ndust
ri
esv
.Fai
rDealCor
p.New Del
hiAI
R2000Guj261 
i
t
was hel
dthat"
the pay
mentofcheque whi
ch i
s di
shonour
ed woul
d amount
t
o acknowl
edgementofdebtandl
i
abi
l
ityandbynecessar
yconsequencet
her
ewi
l
l
be 
sav
ingofI
mit
ati
onas 
env
isagedbySect
ion18 
ofLi
mit
ati
onAct
. 
Achequewoul
d
pr
imaf
aci
eamountt
oanadmi
ssi
onofdebtunl
esscont
rar
yint
ent
ionhasbeen
expr
essedbyt
heper
soni
ssui
ngt
hecheque.

"
Thepr
inci
pleonwhi
chSect
ion18i
sbased 
i
sthatt
hebarofl
i
mit
ati
onshoul
dnot
be 
all
owedt
ooper
atei
ncasesi
nwhi
cht
heex
ist
enceofa 
clai
misacknowl
edgedby
per
sonswhoar
e undert
hel
i
abi
l
ity
.

I
nTi
lakRam v
.Nat
huAI
R1967SC935i
t 
 waspoi
ntedoutt
hatt
he 
Sect
ionr
equi
res
(
i)anadmi
ssi
onoracknowl
edgement(
ii
)suchacknowl
edgementmustbeofa
l
i
abi
l
ityi
n r
espectofpr
oper
tyorr
ight(
ii
i)i
tmustbemadebef
oret
heexpi
ryofper
iod
ofl
i
mit
ati
on(
iv)i
tshoul
dbei
nwr
it
ingandsi
gnedbyt
hepar
tyagai
nstwhom such
pr
oper
tyorr
ighti
s cl
aimed.

ACQUI
SITI
ONOFOWNERSHI
PBYPOSSESSI
ON

Thegener
alr
uleofl
aw ofl
i
mi1at
ioni
sthat
,itonl
ybar
sther
emedy
-anddoes
not
 ext
ingui
sht
her
ighti
tsel
f.I
not
herwor
dsl
awofl
i
mit
ati
onl
aysdownt
her
ulet
hat
whenasui
torappeal
 
orappl
i
cat
ioni
sfi
l
edaf
tert
hepr
escr
ibedper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on,
t
hensuchsui
torappealorappl
i
cat
ionshal
lbedi
smi
ssed,
suchdi
smi
ssalmeanst
he
cour
twi
l
lnotgr
antr
emedyi
faskedf
oraf
tert
hepr
escr
ibedofl
i
mit
ati
onbut
 l
awdoes
notdi
sput
ether
ightofl
i
tigant
.

Sect
ion27ofActi
stheexcept
iont
othi
sgener
alpr
inci
plesof
arassui
tsf
or
possessi
onofpr
oper
tyar
econcer
nedandl
aysdownt
hataf
tert
heexpi
ryofper
iod
t
huspr
escr
ibedf
ori
nst
it
uti
ngasui
tforpossessi
onofanypr
oper
ty,t
heper
sonwho
shoul
dhav
einst
it
utedsuchsui
tbuthasf
ail
ed 
todoso,
shal
lceaset
ohav
eanyr
ight
t
othepr
oper
ty.Af
tert
heexpi
ryofi
tsper
iodt
hel
awdecl
aressi
mpl
y 
thatnotonl
ythe
r
emedy
 i
sbar
redbutt
hatt
it
lei
s ex
tincti
nfav
ouroft
hepossessor
.

I
nBanar
siDasv
.Ji
wanRam,AI
R1995P&H85 
i
twasobser
ved"Abar
eper
usal
of
 Sect
ion27ofI
ndi
anLi
mit
ati
onActwoul
dshowt
hataf
terexpi
ryoft
heper
iodof
l
i
mit
ati
on 
prescr
ibedf
orf
il
ingsui
tforpossessi
onundert
heLi
mit
ati
onAct
,ev
ent
he
r
ightt
osuef
or 
possessi
oni
sext
ingui
shed.
"

 
Art
icl
e64ofSchedul
eofLi
mit
ati
onActsay
sthatper
iod 
ofl
i
mit
ati
onf
orsui
tfor
possessi
on 
ofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tybasedonpr
evi
ouspossessi
onandnotont
it
le,
whent
hepl
aint
if
fwhi
l
einpossessi
onoft
hepr
oper
tyhasbeendi
spossessedi
s
"
twel
vey
ear
s"andsuchper
iodbegi
nst
orunf
rom t
hedat
eofsuchdi
spossessi
onof
pl
aint
if
f.Ar
ti
cle 65 say
sthat
 per
iod ofl
i
mit
ati
on f
or 
fi
li
ng sui
tforpossessi
on
of
 i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyoranyi
nter
estt
her
einbasedont
it
lei
s"t
wel
vey
ear
s"and
per
iod ofl
i
mit
ati
onbegi
nst
orunwhent
hepossessi
onofdef
endantbecomes
adv
erset
othepl
aint
if
f.So i
nal
lsui
tsf
orpossessi
onbasedondi
spossessi
on
whet
herpl
aint
if
fhadt
it
leornot
,thebur
denofpr
oofi
sont
hepl
aint
if
ftopr
ovet
hat
hewasi
npossessi
onandwasdi
spossessedwi
thi
n12y
ear
sof
 f
il
ingsui
tandi
nsui
t
f
or 
possessi
onbasedont
it
le,bur
denofpr
oofi
s ondef
endantt
opr
ovet
hat
 hi
s
possessi
onov
ersui
tpr
oper
tybecomesadv
erset
o pl
aint
if
fforbey
ond12y
ear
sof
t
hesui
t,upont
hepr
oofofdef
endantbei
ngi
nadv
ersepossessi
onf
orpr
oper
tyf
or
per
iodofbey
ond12y
ear
s(aper
iodwhi
chAr
ti
cle65pr
escr
ibeswi
thi
nwhi
chpl
aint
if
f
canf
il
esui
tforpossessi
onont
hebasi
soft
it
le)
,pl
aint
if
fsr
ightt
o pr
oper
tywi
l
l
ext
ingui
sh0possessor
.

The conceptofadv
erse possessi
on cont
empl
ates a host
il
e possessi
on i
.e.
,a
possessi
onwhi
chi
sexpr
essl
yori
mpl
i
edl
yindeni
aloft
het
it
leoft
het
rueowner
.
Possessi
on t
o be adv
erse mustbe a possessi
on bya per
son who does not
acknowl
edget
heot
her
'sr
ight
sbutdeni
est
hem.

Thef
ullper
iodpr
escr
ibedf
orasui
tforpossessi
onmusthav
eexpi
red,
other
wiset
he
t
it
leoft
het
rueowneri
snotext
ingui
shedi
nfav
ourofwr
ongdoer
.Anownerdoesnot
l
osehi
sri
ghtt
oitmer
ely
 becausei
thappensnott
obei
npossessi
onofi
tfort
wel
ve
y
ear
s buthi
sri
ghti
s ext
ingui
shed onl
y when somebody el
se i
sin adv
erse
possessi
onofpr
oper
tyofl
awf
ulownerandnosui
tforpossessi
onhasbeen 
fi
led
wi
thi
n pr
escr
ibed per
iod ofl
i
mit
ati
on.I
nst
it
uti
on oft
he sui
tforpossessi
on i
s
suf
fi
cientt
obart
heoper
ati
onof
 Sect
ion27ofLi
mit
ati
onAct
.

I
MPORTANTQUESTI
ONS
Q.
1. 
Wher
e once 
ti
me 
has begun 
to r
un,
 
no subsequent
 di
sabi
l
ity
 or i
nabi
l
ity
 t9
sue 
stopsi
t"
.Expl
ainwi
thi
l
lust
rat
ionsandexcept
ions.
 

Q.
2. 
What i
s t
he ef
fect of
 f
raud or
 mi
stake 
on t
he 
comput
ati
on 
of t
he 
per
iod
of
 l
imi
tat
ion?

Q.
3. 
Giv
eil
l
ust
rat
ions t
o expl
ain what
 i
s and 
what i
s not "
suf
fi
cient cause"
 f
or
t
he 
pur
poseof
 t
heext
ensi
onoft
heper
iodofl
i
mit
ati
on.

Q.
4.What
 i
stheef
fect
 ofacknowl
edgementof
 l
iabi
l
ityont
he 
per
i09 
ofl
i
mit
ati
on?
Di
scuss.

Q.
5. 
Limi
tat
ion 
bar
s t
he 
remedy
 but
 does 
not
 ext
ingui
shes 
the 
ri
ght
. 
Expl
ain?