T

ool
sofS
truc
tur
edAna
lys
is Uni
t-
6
Whati
sSt
ruct
uredAnal
ysi
s?
Str
uct
uredAnal
ysisisadevel
opmentmet
hodthatall
owst
heanal
ystt
o
under
standt
hesyst
em andi
t
sacti
vi
ti
esi
nalogi
calway.
Iti
sas ystemati
capproach,whichusesgraphicalt
ool
sthatanal
yzeand
ref
inetheobjecti
vesofanexi sti
ngsystem anddevelopanew system
speci
fi
cat
ionwhichcanbeeasil
yunderstandabl
ebyuser.
I
thasf
oll
owi
ngat
tr
ibut
es−
 I
tisgr
aphi
cwhi
chspec
if
iest
hepr
esent
ati
onofappl
i
cat
ion.
 I
tdi
vi
dest
hepr
ocessessot
hati
tgi
vesacl
earpi
ctur
eofsyst
em f
low.
 I
tislogi
calr
athert
hanphysi
cali.
e.,t
heel
ement
sofsyst
em donot
dependonvendororhar
dware.
 I
tisanappr
oacht
hatwor
ksf
rom hi
gh-
levelover
viewst
olower
-l
evel
detai
l
s.

St
ruct
uredAnal
ysi
sTool
s
Duri
ng Str
uctured Anal
ysi
s,var
ious t
ool
s and t
echni
ques ar
e used f
orsy
stem
devel
opment.Theyare−

 Dat
aFl
owDi
agr
ams

 Dat
aDi
cti
onar
y

 Deci
si
onTr
ees

 Deci
si
onTabl
es

 St
ruct
uredEngl
i
sh

 Pseudocode
Dat
aFl
owDi
agr
ams(
DFD)orBubbl
eChar
t:
-
Itisa t
echni
que devel
oped byLar
ryConst
ant
ine t
o expr
esst
he r
equi
rement
sof
syst
em i
nagraphi
calfor
m.
 I
tshowst
hef
lowofdat
abet
weenvar
iousf
unct
ionsofsyst
em andspeci
fi
eshow
t
hecur
rentsyst
em i
simpl
ement
ed.
 I
tisani
nit
ialst
ageofdesi
gnphaset
hatf
unct
ional
l
ydi
vi
dest
her
equi
rement
speci
fi
cat
ionsdownt
othel
owestl
evelofdet
ail
.
 I
tsgr
aphi
calnat
uremakesi
tagoodcommuni
cat
iont
oolbet
weenuserand
anal
ystoranal
ystandsyst
em desi
gner
.
 I
tgi
vesanovervi
ewofwhatdataasyst
em processes,whatt
ransf
ormat
ionsare
per
for
med,whatdat
aarest
ored,whatr
esul
tsareproducedandwheretheyfl
ow.

Basi
cEl
ement
sofDFD
DFDiseasyt
ounderst
andandqui
teeffect
ivewhentherequi
reddesignis
notcl
earandtheuserwant
sanot at
ionallanguageforcommunicati
on.
However,i
trequi
resalar
genumberofi
ter
ati
onsf
orobt
aini
ngt
hemost
accur
ateandcomplet
esol
uti
on.

TypesofDFD
DFDsareoftwotypes:Physi
calDFD andLogicalDFD.Thefoll
owi
ng
t
abl
eli
stst
hepoi
ntst
hatdi
ff
erent
iat
eaphysi
calDFDf r
om al
ogi
calDFD.

Cont
extDi
agr
am:
-
Acontextdiagram helpsi nunderst
andi
ngtheentir
esyst
em byoneDFD
whi
chgi vestheover vi
ew ofasyst em.Itstar
tswi t
hment
ioningmajor
pr
ocesseswi t
hl it
tl
edet ai
l
sandt hengoesontogivi
ngmoredetail
soft
he
pr
ocesseswi t
ht hetop-downapproach.
Thecont
extdi
agr
am ofmessmanagementi
sshownbel
ow.

Da
taDi
ct
iona
ry:
-
•Astruct
uredpl
acet
okeepdeta
il
soft
hec
ont
ent
sof
da
taf
lows
,proces
ses,
anddat
astor
e.
•I
tisas
truc
tur
edr
epos
it
oryofda
taa
boutda
ta.
•I
tisas
etofde
fini
ti
onsofa
llDF
Del
eme
nts
.

E
xampl
e:
-
 Adv
ant
agesofDa
taDi
ct
iona
ry:
-

•Document
ati
on-i
tisav
alua
bler
efe
renc
eina
ny
or
gani
zat
ion.
•I
timprovesanaly
st/
usercommuni
cat
ionbyes
tabl
i
shi
ng
cons
ist
entdefi
ni
tionsofvar
iousel
ement
s,t
ermsand
proc
edures
•I
tisi
mpor
tants
tepi
nbui
l
dingada
taba
se.
 E
xampl
e:
-

Deci
sionTr
ee:
-Decisiontreesareamethodfordefiningcomplex
rel
ati
onshi
ps by descri
bing decisions and avoi
ding t
he probl
ems in
communicati
on.Adecisi
ont reeisadiagram t
hatshowsal
ter
nati
veact
ions
andconditi
onswit
hinhor izontalt
reeframework.Thus,itdepict
swhich
condi
ti
onstoconsi
derfir
st,second,andsoon.
Decisi
on trees depi ctthe rel
ati
onship ofeach condi t
ion and their
permissi
ble acti
ons.A square node i ndi
cates an act
ion and a ci
rcl
e
i
ndicates a condit
ion.Itfor
ces analyststo consi
dert he sequence of
decisi
onsandi dent
ifi
estheact
ualdecisionthatmustbemade.
Themaj orli
mit
ati
onofadeci si
ontreeisthati
tlacksinf
ormati
on
i
ni t
sf or
matt odescri
bewhatot hercombinati
onsofconditi
ons
you can take f
ortest
ing.I
ti sa singl
er epresent
ati
on ofthe
rel
ati
onshipsbet
weencondit
ionsandactions.

Forexampl
e,r
efert
hef
oll
owi
ngdeci
si
ont
ree−
Bookstor
esgetat r
adediscountof25%;foror
dersfrom l
i
brar
ies
andindiv
idual
s,5% al
lowedonor der
sof6-19copiesperbook
ti
tl
e;10%onor der
sfor20-49copiesperbookt
it
le;15%onorders
for50copiesormoreperbooktit
le
Deci
si
onTabl
es
Deci
siontabl
esar
eamethodofdescr
ibi
ngthecompl
exlogi
cal
r
elat
ionshi
pinapr
eci
semannerwhi
chi
seasi
l
yunderst
andabl
e.
 I
tisusef
ulinsituat
ionswher
ether
esul
ti
ngact
ionsdepend
on t
he occurrence ofone orsever
alcombinat
ions of
i
ndependentcondit
ions.
 I
ti s a mat
ri
x cont
aini
ng r
ow orcol
umns f
ordef
ini
ng a
probl
em andtheact
ions.
Component
sofaDeci
si
onTabl
e
 Condit
ionStub −I
tisi
ntheupperl
eftquadr
antwhi
chl
i
stsal
l
thecondit
iontobechecked.
 Acti
onStub −Iti
sint
helowerlef
tquadr
antwhi
choutl
i
nes
allt
heacti
ontobecar
ri
edoutt
omeetsuchcondi
ti
on.
 Condi
ti
onEnt
ry 
−Iti
sinupperr
ightquadr
antwhi
chpr
ovi
des
 answer
stoquest
ionsaskedi
ncondi
ti
onst
ubquadr
ant
.
 Act
ionEnt ry 
−I tisinlowerri
ghtquadrantwhichi
ndi
cat
es
the appropri
ate act
ion r
esul
ti
ng f
rom the answer
stothe
condit
ionsinthecondit
ionent
ryquadrant.
Theent r
iesindecisi
ontabl
ear egi
venbyDecisi
onRuleswhich
defi
nether el
ati
onshi
psbetweencombinat
ionsofcondi
ti
onsand
coursesofacti
on.Inrul
essect
ion,
 Yshowst
heexi
stenceofacondi
ti
on.

 Nr
epr
esent
sthecondi
t
ion,whi
chi
snotsat
isf
ied.

 Abl
ank-agai
nstact
ionst
atesi
tist
obei
gnor
ed.

 X(
oracheckmar
kwi
l
ldo)agai
nstact
ionst
atesi
tist
obecar
ri
edout
.

St
ruct
uredEngl
i
sh
Str
uct
ur eEngli
shisder i
vedfrom str
uctur
edprogramminglanguagewhich
gi
vesmor eunderstandableandpr eci
sedescri
pti
onofprocess.I
tisbased
on procedur
allogict hatuses construct
ion and i
mperati
ve sent
ences
desi
gnedt operf
orm operat
ionforacti
on.
 I
tisbestusedwhensequencesandl
oopsi napr ogr
am mus tbe
consi
der
ed and t
he pr
obl
em needs sequences ofact
ions wit
h
deci
si
ons.
 I
tdoesnothavest r
ictsyntaxrul
e.I
texpr essesal
llogi
cint
ermsof
sequent
ialdeci
si
onstruct
uresandit
erat
ions.
 Desi
gnsaremadet
hroughI
F,THEN,ELSE,andSO
stat
ement
s.
AnExampl
e:-
I
For derisfrom Bookstor
eand-IForderisfor6copiesor
mor eperbooktitl
eTHEN:Di scounti
s25% ELSE( orderi
s
forfewerthan6copi esperbookt i
tl
e)SO:nodi scounti
s
all
owedELSE( or
derisfr
om li
brari
esorindi
vi
dual
s)